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Go back Intracellular element List   Name/ Description 1 Apolipoprotein E4 (Apo E4)    Inheritance of the apolipoprotein (apo) E4 isotype of apoE is a major risk factor for late-onset AD 2 BACE1 (beta-secretase)    A protease that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce beta-amyloid (1-42) which forms amyloid plaques 3 Copper    Intracellular copper concentraion 4 Cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc)    5 Drebrin    Drebrin is a widespread actin-associating protein originally identified in neuronal cells 6 Frizzled receptor    7 MAP Kinase    8 mitogen activated kinase    Mitogen activated kinases are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that respond to extracellular stimuli (mitogens) and regulate various cellular activities, such as gene expression, mitosis, differentiation, and cell survival/apoptosis. 9 Neprilysin    Neprilysin is a rate-limiting peptidase, which participates in the catabolism of Abeta in brain. 10 Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT)    An intracellular aggregate 11 p-21 activated kinase (PAK)    The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) 1-3 are serine/threonine protein kinases whose activity is stimulated by the binding of active Rac and Cdc42 GTPases. PAKs serve as important regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics and cell motility. 12 Presenilin-1    13 protein kinase A    Protein kinase A refers to a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on the level of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the cell. PKA is also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 14 protein kinase C    Protein kinase C is a family of protein kinases consisting of ~10 isozymes. 15 Rho kinases (ROCK1/2)    A regulator of synaptic plasticity 16 Spinophilin    Spinophilin, a protein that interacts with actin and protein phosphatase-1, is highly enriched in dendritic spines. 17 Tau protein    18 TNFalpha    Tumor Necrosis Factor type-1: Cell death receptor 19 Toll-like receptor (TLR)    TLR signaling causes synaptic impairment