Electrostimulation to reduce synaptic scaling driven progression of Alzheimers (Rowan et al. 2014)

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Accession:154096
"... As cells die and synapses lose their drive, remaining cells suffer an initial decrease in activity. Neuronal homeostatic synaptic scaling then provides a feedback mechanism to restore activity. ... The scaling mechanism increases the firing rates of remaining cells in the network to compensate for decreases in network activity. However, this effect can itself become a pathology, ... Here, we present a mechanistic explanation of how directed brain stimulation might be expected to slow AD progression based on computational simulations in a 470-neuron biomimetic model of a neocortical column. ... "
Reference:
1 . Rowan MS, Neymotin SA, Lytton WW (2014) Electrostimulation to reduce synaptic scaling driven progression of Alzheimer's disease. Front Comput Neurosci 8:39 [PubMed]
Citations  Citation Browser
Model Information (Click on a link to find other models with that property)
Model Type: Realistic Network;
Brain Region(s)/Organism: Neocortex;
Cell Type(s): Neocortex L5/6 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex L2/3 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex V1 interneuron basket PV GABA cell; Neocortex fast spiking (FS) interneuron; Neocortex spiny stellate cell; Neocortex spiking regular (RS) neuron; Neocortex spiking low threshold (LTS) neuron;
Channel(s):
Gap Junctions:
Receptor(s): GabaA; AMPA; NMDA;
Gene(s):
Transmitter(s): Gaba; Glutamate;
Simulation Environment: NEURON; Python;
Model Concept(s): Long-term Synaptic Plasticity; Aging/Alzheimer`s; Deep brain stimulation; Homeostasis;
Implementer(s): Lytton, William [bill.lytton at downstate.edu]; Neymotin, Sam [Samuel.Neymotin at nki.rfmh.org]; Rowan, Mark [m.s.rowan at cs.bham.ac.uk];
Search NeuronDB for information about:  Neocortex L5/6 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex L2/3 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex V1 interneuron basket PV GABA cell; GabaA; AMPA; NMDA; Gaba; Glutamate;
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RowanEtAl2014
mod
infot.mod *
intf6.mod *
intfsw.mod *
misc.mod *
myfft.mod *
nstim.mod *
place.mod *
sampen.mod *
staley.mod *
stats.mod *
tsa.mod *
updown.mod *
vecst.mod *
bpf.h *
misc.h *
mkmod *
parameters.multi *
                            
: $Id: vecst.mod,v 1.499 2011/07/22 22:16:48 billl Exp $
 
:* COMMENT
COMMENT
thresh   turns analog vec to BVBASE,1 vec separating at thresh (scalar or vec)
triplet  return location of a triplet in a vector
onoff    turns state vec on or off depending on values in other vecs
bpeval   used by backprop: vo=outp*(1-outp)*del
w        like where but sets chosen nums // modified from .wh in 1.23
whi      find indices where vec equal to given values
dest.xing(src,tvec,thresh) determines where vector crosses in a positive direction 
dest.snap(src,tvec,dt) interpolate src with tvec to prior dt step, saves only highest value
xzero    count 0 crossings by putting in a 1 or -1
negwrap  wrap negative values around to pos (with flag just set to 0)
indset(ind,val) sets spots indexed by ind to val
ismono([arg]) checks if a vector is monotonically increaseing (-1 decreasing)
count(num) count the number of nums in vec
muladd(mul,add) mul*x+add
binfind(num) find index for num in a sorted vector
scr.fewind(ind,veclist) // uses ind as index into other vecs
ind.findx(vecAlist,vecBlist) // uses ind as index into vecA's to load in vecB's
ind.sindx(vecAlist,vecBlist) // replace ind elements in vecA's with vecB's values
ind.sindv(vecAlist,valvec) // replace ind elements in vecA's with vals
scr.nind(ind,vec1,vec2[,vec3,vec4]) // uses ind to elim elems in other vecs
yv.circ(xv,x0,y0,rad) // put coords of circle into xv and yv
ind.keyind(key,vec1,vec2[,vec3,vec4]) // pick out bzw. values from vectors
ind.slct(key,args,veclist) // pick out bzw. values from vectors
ind.slor(key,args,veclist) // do OR rather than AND function of slct
vdest.intrp(flag) // interpolate numbers replacing numbers given as flag
v.insct(v1,v2)   // return v1 intersect v2
vdest.cull(vsrc,key)   // remove values found in key
vdest.redundout(vsrc[,INDFLAG])  // remove repeat values, with flag return indices
ind.mredundout(veclistA[,INDFLAG,veclistB]) // remove repeats from parallel vectors
v.cvlv(v1,v2)   // convolve v1 with v2
v2d      copy into a double block
d2v      copy out of a double block NB: same as vec.from_double()
smgs     rewrite of sumgauss form ivovect.cpp
smsy     sum syn potentials off a tvec
iwr      write integers
ird      read integers
ident     give pointer addresses and sizes
lcat     concatentate all vectors from a list
fread2   like vec.fread but uses flag==6 for unsigned int
vfill    fill vdest with multiple instances of vsrc until reach size
inv    return inverse of number multiplied by optional num
slone(src,val) select indices where ==VAL from sorted vector SRC
piva.join(pivb,veclista,veclistb) copies values from one set of vecs to other
Non-vector routines
isojt    compare 2 objects to see if they're of the same type
eqojt    compare 2 object pointers to see if they point to same thing
sumabs   return sum of absolute values
rnd    round off to nearest integer
ENDCOMMENT

NEURON {
  SUFFIX nothing
  : BVBASE is bit vector base number (typically 0 or -1)
  GLOBAL BVBASE, RES, VECST_INSTALLED, DEBUG_VECST, VERBOSE_VECST, INTERP_VECST, LOOSE
}

PARAMETER {
  BVBASE = 0.
  VECST_INSTALLED=0
  DEBUG_VECST=0
  VERBOSE_VECST=1
  INTERP_VECST=1 : interpolation
  LOOSE=1e-6
  : code words
  ERR= -1.3480e121
  GET= -1.3479e121
  SET= -1.3478e121
  OK=  -1.3477e121
  NOP= -1.3476e121

  : 0 args
  ALL=-1.3479e120
  NEG=-1.3478e120
  POS=-1.3477e120
  CHK=-1.3476e120
  NOZ=-1.3475e120
  : 1 arg
  GTH=-1.3474e120
  GTE=-1.3473e120
  LTH=-1.3472e120
  LTE=-1.3471e120
  EQU=-1.3470e120
  EQV=-1.3469e120 : value equal to same row value in parallel vector
  EQW=-1.3468e120 : value found in other vector
  EQX=-1.3467e120 : value found in sorted vector
  EQY=-1.34665e120 : value found in sorted vector -- within LOOSE
  NEQ=-1.3466e120
  SEQ=-1.3465e120
  RXP=-1.3464e120
  : 2 args  
  IBE=-1.3463e120
  EBI=-1.3462e120
  IBI=-1.3461e120
  EBE=-1.3460e120
}

ASSIGNED { RES }

VERBATIM
#include "misc.h"
ENDVERBATIM

VERBATIM
// Maintain parallel int vector to avoid slowness of repeated casts 
int cmpdfn (double a, double b) {return ((a)<=(b))?(((a) == (b))?0:-1):1;}
static unsigned int bufsz=0;
unsigned int scrsz=0;
unsigned int *scr=0x0;
unsigned int dcrsz=0;
double   *dcr=0x0;

int *iscr=0x0;
unsigned int iscrsz=0;

int *iscrset (int nx) {
  if (nx>iscrsz) { 
    iscrsz=nx+10000;
    if (iscrsz>0) { iscr=(int *)realloc((void*)iscr,(size_t)iscrsz*sizeof(int));
    } else       { iscr=(int *)ecalloc(iscrsz, sizeof(int)); }
  }
  return iscr;
}

unsigned int *scrset (int nx) {
  if (nx>scrsz) { 
    scrsz=nx+10000;
    if (scrsz>0) { scr=(unsigned int *)realloc((void*)scr,(size_t)scrsz*sizeof(int));
    } else       { scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sizeof(int)); }
  }
  return scr;
}

double *dcrset (int nx) {
  if (nx>dcrsz) { 
    dcrsz=nx+10000;
    if (dcrsz>0) { dcr=(double*) realloc((void*)dcr,(size_t)dcrsz*sizeof(double)); 
    } else       { dcr=(double*)ecalloc(dcrsz, sizeof(double)); }
  }
  return dcr;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.ident() gives addresses and sizes
VERBATIM
static double ident (void* vv) {
  int nx,bsz; double* x;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  bsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);
  printf("Obj*%x Dbl*%x Size: %d Bufsize: %d\n",(unsigned int)vv,(unsigned int)x,nx,bsz);
  return (double)nx;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* v1.indset(ind,x[,y]) sets indexed values to x and other values to optional y
:  v1.indset(ind,vvec[,y]) sets indexed values to vvec values
:  v1.indset(ind,"INC",1) increments values
:  v1.indset(ind,"INC",-1) decrements values
:  v1.indset(v2, "EQU",val,x[,y]) checks if v2 is EQU to val
VERBATIM
static double indset (void* vv) {
  int i, nx, ny, nz, flag, equ; char *op;
  double *x, *y, *z, val, val2, inc;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  ny = vector_arg_px(1, &y);
  val2=flag=equ=inc=0;
  if (hoc_is_object_arg(2)) { 
    flag=1;
    nz = vector_arg_px(2, &z); 
    if (ny!=nz) z=vector_newsize(vector_arg(2),ny);
  } else if (hoc_is_double_arg(2)) { 
    val=*getarg(2); 
  } else if (hoc_is_str_arg(2)) {
    op = gargstr(2);
    if (strcmp(op,"EQU")==0) equ=1; else if (strcmp(op,"INC")==0) inc=1; else {
      printf("indset %s not recog\n",op); hxe(); }
  }
  if (equ) {
    val2 = *getarg(3); val=*getarg(4);
    for (i=0; i<ny; i++) if (y[i]==val2) x[i]=val;
  } else {
    if (ifarg(3)) { 
      val2 = *getarg(3); 
      if (inc && val2==0) {printf("vecst:indset ERRA inc of 0\n"); hxe();}
      if (inc) inc=val2; else for (i=0; i<nx; i++) { x[i]=val2; } // fill it
    }
    for (i=0; i<ny; i++) {
      if (y[i] > nx) {printf("vecst:inset ERRB Index exceeds vector size %g %d\n",y[i],nx); hxe();}
      if (inc!=0) x[(int)y[i]]+=inc; else if (flag) x[(int)y[i]]=z[i]; else x[(int)y[i]]=val;
    }
  }
  return (double)i;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.mkind(ind) creates a simple index for starts of a sorted integer vector v1
VERBATIM
static double mkind(void* vv) {
  int i, j, nx, ny, flag;
  double *x, *y, flox, last, min, max;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  ny = vector_arg_px(1, &y);
  flag=ifarg(2)?(int)*getarg(2):0;
  min=x[0]; max=x[nx-1]; 
  ny=max-min+4+(flag?0:min);
  if (ny>1e6) printf("vecst:mkind() WARNING: index of size %d being built\n",ny);
  y=vector_newsize(vector_arg(1),ny);
  y[0]=0.; y[ny-3]=nx; y[ny-2]=min; y[ny-1]=max; // last 2 record min,max
  if (min==max) {printf("vecst:mkind() ERRA: min==max %g %g\n",min,max); hxe();}
  if (!flag) for (j=1;j<=min;j++) y[j]=0.; else j=1;
  for (i=1,last=floor(min); i<nx; i++) {
    flox=floor(x[i]);
    if (flox==last) continue;
    if (flox<last) {printf("vecst:mkind() ERRB: non-mono vec.x[%d]<x[%d]\n",i,i-1);hxe();}
    for (;flox>=last+1;j++,last++) y[j]=(double)i;
    last=flox;
  }
  return min;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* yv.circ(xv,x0,y0,rad) sets cartesian x,y coords for circle with center x0,y0; radius rad
VERBATIM
static double circ (void* vv) {
  int i, nx, ny, flag, lnew;
  double *x, *y, x0, y0, x1, y1, rad, theta;
  lnew=0;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  ny = vector_arg_px(1, &y);
  if (ny!=nx) { hoc_execerror("v.circ: Vector sizes don't match.", 0); }
  x0=*getarg(2); y0=*getarg(3); rad=*getarg(4); 
  if (ifarg(6)) { // gives center and a point on the circle instead of radius
    x1=rad; y1=*getarg(5);
    rad=sqrt((x0-x1)*(x0-x1) + (y0-y1)*(y0-y1));
    lnew=*getarg(6); // resize the vectors
  } else if (ifarg(5)) lnew=*getarg(5); // resize the vectors
  if (lnew) { nx=lnew; x=vector_newsize(vv,nx); y=vector_newsize(vector_arg(1),ny=nx); }
  for (i=0,theta=0; i<nx; theta+=2*M_PI/(nx-1),i++) {
    x[i]=y0+rad*sin(theta); y[i]=x0+rad*cos(theta); 
  }
  return rad;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.roton(x) rotate 1-10 values onto end of constant-length queue
VERBATIM
static double roton (void* vv) {
	int i, j, nx, nz, flag;
	double *x, *z, val[10];
	nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
        flag=0; 
        if (hoc_is_object_arg(1)) { 
          flag=1; nz = vector_arg_px(1, &z);
        } else { 
          for (i=1;i<=10 && ifarg(i);i++) val[i-1]= *getarg(i);
          nz=i-1;
        }
        if (nz>nx) {printf("v.roton: Can't rotate %d vals on vec of size %d\n",nz,nx); hxe();}
	for (i=nz,j=0; i<nx; i++,j++) x[j]=x[i];
	for (i=nx-nz,j=0; j<nz; i++,j++) x[i]=flag?z[j]:val[j];
	return (double)nz;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* tmp.fewind(ind,veclist)
: picks out numbers from multiple vectors using index ind
VERBATIM
static double fewind (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, nx, ni, nv[VRRY], num, flag; 
  Object* ob;
  double *x, *ind, *vvo[VRRY];
  char *ix;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  ni = vector_arg_px(1, &ind);
  ob = *hoc_objgetarg(2);
  if (ifarg(3)) flag=(int)*getarg(3); else flag=0; // flag==1 for handling non-uniq indices
  num = ivoc_list_count(ob);
  if (num>VRRY) hoc_execerror("ERR: fewind can only handle VRRY vectors", 0);
  if (flag) ix=(char*)ecalloc(nx,sizeof(char));
  if (!flag && nx<ni) {printf("fewind WARNING nx!=ni: %d!=%d, setting nonuniq flag\n",nx,ni);
    flag=1; }
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    nv[i] = list_vector_px(ob, i, &vvo[i]);
    if (nx!=nv[i]) { printf("fewind ERR %d %d %d\n",i,nx,nv[i]);
      hoc_execerror("Vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }
  }
  if (nx>scrsz) { 
    if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
    scrsz=nx+10000;
    scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sizeof(int));
  }
  if (flag) {
    for (i=0;i<nx;i++) ix[i]=0;
    for (i=0,k=0;i<ni && k<nx;i++) {
      j=(int)ind[i];
      if (ix[j]==0) {
        if (j>=nx || j<0) { printf("fewind ERR1A %d %d\n",j,nx); free(ix);hxe();}
        scr[k]=j;
        ix[j]=1; // indicate that has already been used
        k++;
      }
    }
    ni=nx; // index up to max
  } else for (i=0;i<ni;i++) { 
    scr[i]=(int)ind[i]; // copy into integer array 
    if (scr[i]>=nx || scr[i]<0) { printf("fewind ERR1 %d %d\n",scr[i],nx);
    hoc_execerror("Index vector out-of-bounds", 0); }
  }
  if (flag) for (i=0;i<ni;i++) if (ix[i]==0) {printf("fewind ERR2 %d\n",i); hxe();}
  for (j=0;j<num;j++) {
    for (i=0;i<ni;i++) x[i]=vvo[j][scr[i]];    
    for (i=0;i<ni;i++) vvo[j][i]=x[i];   
    vvo[j]=list_vector_resize(ob, j, ni);
  }
  if (flag) free(ix);
  return (double)ni;
}
ENDVERBATIM


:* ind.findx(vecAlist,vecBlist) 
: uses ind as index into vecA's to load in vecB's (for select); a nondestructive fewind()
VERBATIM
static double findx (void* vv) {
  int i, j, ni, nx, av[VRRY], bv[VRRY], num;
  Object *ob1, *ob2;
  double *ind, *avo[VRRY], *bvo[VRRY];
  ni = vector_instance_px(vv, &ind);
  ob1 = *hoc_objgetarg(1);
  ob2 = *hoc_objgetarg(2);
  num = ivoc_list_count(ob1);
  i = ivoc_list_count(ob2);
  if (i!=num) hoc_execerror("findx ****ERRA****: lists have different counts", 0);
  if (num>VRRY) hoc_execerror("findx ****ERRB****: can only handle VRRY vectors", 0);
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    av[i]=list_vector_px(ob1, i, &avo[i]); // source vectors
    if (av[0]!=av[i]) { printf("findx ****ERRC**** %d %d %d\n",i,av[0],av[i]);
      hoc_execerror("Src vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }
  }
  nx=av[0]; // size of source vecs
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    bv[i]=list_vector_px2(ob2, i, &bvo[i], &vv); // dest vectors 
    if (vector_buffer_size(vv)<ni) { 
      printf("findx ****ERRD**** arg#%d need:%d sz:%d\n",num+i+1,ni,vector_buffer_size(vv));
      hoc_execerror("Destination vector with insufficient size: ", 0); 
    } else {
      vector_resize(vv, ni);
    }
  }
  if (ni>scrsz) { 
    if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
    scrsz=ni+10000;
    scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sizeof(int));
  }
  for (i=0;i<ni;i++) { scr[i]=(int)ind[i]; // copy into integer array
    if (scr[i]>=nx || scr[i]<0) { printf("findx ****ERRE**** **** IND:%d SZ:%d\n",scr[i],nx);
      hoc_execerror("Index vector out-of-bounds", 0); }
  }
  for (j=0,i=0;j<num;j++) for (i=0;i<ni;i++) bvo[j][i]=avo[j][scr[i]];    
  return (double)ni;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* ind.lma(vecAlist,vecBlist,beg,end[,mul,add]) 
: copy each vector in Alist to Blist indices from beg to end; with sequential mul/add
: ind picks out specific vectors if not doing all of them
VERBATIM
static double lma (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, ia, ib, ni, nj, nx, av[VRRY], bv[VRRY], num, numb, beg, end, *xx;
  Object *ob1, *ob2;
  double *ind, *avo[VRRY], *bvo[VRRY], mul,mmul,add,madd;
  ni = vector_instance_px(vv, &ind);
  xx=iscrset(ni);
  ob1 = *hoc_objgetarg(1);    ob2 = *hoc_objgetarg(2);
  beg = (int)*getarg(3);      end= (int)*getarg(4);
  mul=ifarg(5)?*getarg(5):1;  add=ifarg(6)?*getarg(6):0;
  num = ivoc_list_count(ob1);
  numb = ivoc_list_count(ob2);
  if ((ni==0 && numb!=num) || (ni>0 && ni!=num)) {
    printf("lma ERRA: wrong# of outvecs: %d (inlist:%d,inds:%d)\n",numb,num,ni); hxe();}
  for (i=0,j=0;i<ni;i++) { 
    if (ind[i]) xx[j++]=i; // make the index array out of a masking vector
    if (j>num){printf("lma ERRA1 OOB: %d %d\n",j,num); hxe();}
  }
  nj=j;
  if (num>VRRY){printf("lma ****ERRB****: can only handle %d vectors\n",VRRY); hxe();}
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    av[i]=list_vector_px(ob1, i, &avo[i]); // source vectors
    if (av[0]!=av[i]) { printf("lma ****ERRC**** %d %d %d\n",i,av[0],av[i]);
      hoc_execerror("Src vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }
  }
  nx=av[0]; // size of source vecs
  if (beg>=end || beg<0 || end>nx) {printf("lma ERRC1 OOB %d - %d (%d)\n",beg,end,nx); hxe();}
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    bv[i]=list_vector_px2(ob2, i, &bvo[i], &vv); // dest vectors 
    if (bv[i]!=(end-beg)) bvo[i]=vector_newsize(vv, end-beg);
  }
  if (nj>0) {
    for (ia=0,ib=0,mmul=1.,madd=0.;ia<nj;ia++,ib++) {
      j=xx[ia];
      for (i=beg,k=0;i<end;i++,k++) bvo[ib][k]=mmul*avo[j][i]+madd;    
      if (mul!=1) mmul*=mul; if (add!=0) madd+=add;
    }
  } else for (j=0,mmul=1,madd=0;j<num;j++) {
    for (i=beg,k=0;i<end;i++,k++) bvo[j][k]=mmul*avo[j][i]+madd;    
    if (mul!=1) mmul*=mul; if (add!=0) madd+=add;
  }
  return (double)j;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* ind.sindx(vecAlist,vecBlist)
: uses ind as index into vecA's to replace with elements from vecB's
VERBATIM
static double sindx (void* vv) {
  int i, j, ni, nx, av[VRRY], bv[VRRY], num;
  Object *ob1, *ob2;
  double *ind, *avo[VRRY], *bvo[VRRY];
  ni = vector_instance_px(vv, &ind);
  ob1 = *hoc_objgetarg(1);
  ob2 = *hoc_objgetarg(2);
  num = ivoc_list_count(ob1);
  i = ivoc_list_count(ob2);
  if (num!=i) hoc_execerror("sindx ****ERRA****: two vec lists have different counts", 0);
  if (num>VRRY) hoc_execerror("sindx ****ERRB****: can only handle VRRY vectors", 0);
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    av[i]=list_vector_px(ob1, i, &avo[i]); // dest vectors
    if (av[0]!=av[i]) { printf("sindx ****ERRC**** %d %d %d\n",i,av[0],av[i]);
      hoc_execerror("Dest. vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }
  }
  nx=av[0]; // size of dest vecs
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    bv[i]=list_vector_px(ob2, i, &bvo[i]); // source vectors 
  if (bv[i]!=ni) { 
    printf("sindx ****ERRD**** arg#%d does note match ind length %d vs %d\n",num+i+1,ni,bv[i]);
    hoc_execerror("Source vector with insufficient size: ", 0); }
  }
  if (ni>scrsz) { 
    if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
    scrsz=ni+10000;
    scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sizeof(int));
  }
  for (i=0;i<ni;i++) { scr[i]=(int)ind[i]; // copy into integer array
    if (scr[i]>=nx || scr[i]<0) { 
      printf("sindx ****ERRE**** IND:%d SZ:%d\n",scr[i],nx);
      hoc_execerror("Index vector out-of-bounds", 0); }
  }
  for (j=0,i=0;j<num;j++) for (i=0;i<ni;i++) avo[j][scr[i]]=bvo[j][i];
  return (double)ni;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* ind.sindv(vecAlist,valvec)
: uses ind as index into vecA's to replace with values in valvec
VERBATIM
static double sindv(void* vv) {
  int i, j, ni, nx, av[VRRY], bv, num;
  Object* ob;
  double *ind, *avo[VRRY], *bvo;
  ni = vector_instance_px(vv, &ind);
  ob = *hoc_objgetarg(1);
  bv=vector_arg_px(2, &bvo); // source vector
  num = ivoc_list_count(ob);
  if (num>VRRY) hoc_execerror("sindv ****ERRA****: can only handle VRRY vectors", 0);
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    av[i]=list_vector_px(ob, i, &avo[i]); // dest vectors
    if (av[0]!=av[i]) { printf("sindv ****ERRC**** %d %d %d\n",i,av[0],av[i]);
      hoc_execerror("Dest. vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }
  }
  nx=av[0]; // size of source vecs
  if (bv!=num) { 
    printf("sindv ****ERRD**** Vector arg does note match list count %d vs %d\n",num,bv);
    hoc_execerror("Source vector is wrong size: ", 0); }
  if (ni>scrsz) { 
    if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
    scrsz=ni+10000;
    scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sizeof(int));
  }
  for (i=0;i<ni;i++) { scr[i]=(int)ind[i]; // copy into integer array
    if (scr[i]>=nx || scr[i]<0) { 
      printf("sindv ****ERRE**** IND:%d SZ:%d\n",scr[i],nx);
      hoc_execerror("Index vector out-of-bounds", 0); }
  }
  for (j=0,i=0;j<num;j++) for (i=0;i<ni;i++) avo[j][scr[i]]=bvo[j];
  return (double)ni;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* ind.slct(key,args,veclist)
: picks out indices of numbers in key from multiple vectors
VERBATIM
static double slct (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, m, n, p, ni, nk, na, nv[VRRY], num, fl, lc, field[VRRY], lt, rt, flag;
  Object* lob;
  double *ind, *key, *arg, *vvo[VRRY], val;

  ni = vector_instance_px(vv, &ind); // vv is ind
  nk = vector_arg_px(1, &key);
  na = vector_arg_px(2, &arg);
  lob = *hoc_objgetarg(3);
  if (ifarg(4)) flag=(int)*getarg(4); else flag=0;// flag==1 to return first found
  num = ivoc_list_count(lob);
  if (num>VRRY) hoc_execerror("ERR: vecst::slct can only handle VRRY vectors", 0);

  for (i=0,j=0;i<num;i++,j++) {     // pick up vectors
    nv[i] = list_vector_px(lob, i, &vvo[i]);
    if (key[j]>=EQV && key[j]<=EQY) { // EQV-EQY take extra vec arg of any size
      i++;
      nv[i] = list_vector_px(lob, i, &vvo[i]);// pick up extra vector of any size
    } else if (ni!=nv[i]) {
      printf("vecst::slct ERR %d %d %d %d %d\n",i,j,k,ni,nv[i]);
      hoc_execerror("index and searched vectors must all be same size: ", 0); 
    }
  }
  for (j=0;j<nk;j++) { // look for fields in a mkcode() coded double
    field[j]=-1;
    if (key[j]<=EBE && key[j]>=ALL) { field[j]=0;
    } else for (m=1;m<=5;m++) {
      if (key[j]<=EBE*(m+1) && key[j]>=ALL*(m+1)) { // m is is field key 1-5
        key[j]/=(m+1);
        field[j]=m;
      }
    }
    if (field[j]==-1) {printf("vecst::slct ERRF %d %g\n",j,key[j]); hxe(); }
  }
  if (2*nk!=na) { printf("vecst::slct ERR3 %d %d\n",nk,na); 
    hoc_execerror("Arg vector must be double key length",0); }
  for (i=0,n=0;i<nk;i++) if (key[i]>=EQV && key[i]<=EQY) n++; // special cases take 2 vec args
  if (nk+n!=num) { 
    printf("vecst::slct ERR2 %d(keys)+%d(EQV/W)!=%d(vecs)\n",nk,n,num); 
    hoc_execerror("Key length must be number of vecs + num of EQV/W",0); }
  for (j=0,k=0,m=0;j<ni;j++) { // j steps through elements of vectors
    for (i=0,m=0,n=0,fl=1;i<num;i++,n++,m+=2) { // i steps thru key, m thru args
      if (field[n]==0) val=vvo[i][j]; else UNCODE(vvo[i][j],field[n],val);
      if (key[n]==ALL) continue; // OK - do nothing
      if (key[n]==NOZ)        { if (val==0.) {fl=0; break;} else continue; 
      } else if (key[n]==POS) { if (val<=0.) {fl=0; break;} else continue; 
      } else if (key[n]==NEG) { if (val>=0.) {fl=0; break;} else continue; 
      } else if (key[n]==GTH) { if (val<=arg[m]) {fl=0; break;} else continue; 
      } else if (key[n]==GTE) { if (val< arg[m]) {fl=0; break;} else continue; 
      } else if (key[n]==LTH) { if (val>=arg[m]) {fl=0; break;} else continue; 
      } else if (key[n]==LTE) { if (val> arg[m]) {fl=0; break;} else continue; 
      } else if (key[n]==EQU) { if (val!=arg[m]) {fl=0; break;} else continue; 
      } else if (key[n]==EQV) { if (val!=vvo[i+1][j]) { 
          fl=0; break;} else { i++; continue; }
      } else if (key[n]==EQW) {  // check value against values in following vec
        fl=0; // assume it's not going to match
        for (p=0;p<nv[i+1];p++) if (val==vvo[i+1][p]) {fl=1; break;}
        if (fl==0) break; else { i++; continue; }
      } else if (key[n]==EQX) {  // check value against values in sorted vec
        fl=0; // assume it's not going to match
        lt=0; rt=nv[i+1]-1;
        while (lt <= rt) {
          p = (lt+rt)/2;
          if (val>vvo[i+1][p]) lt=p+1; else if (val<vvo[i+1][p]) rt=p-1; else {fl=1; break;}
        }
        if (fl==0) break; else { i++; continue; }
      } else if (key[n]==EQY) {  // check value against values in sorted vec
        fl=0; // assume it's not going to match
        lt=0; rt=nv[i+1]-1;
        while (lt <= rt) {
          p = (lt+rt)/2;
          if (val>vvo[i+1][p]+LOOSE) lt=p+1; else if (val<vvo[i+1][p]-LOOSE) rt=p-1; else {
            fl=1; break; }
        }
        if (fl==0) break; else { i++; continue; }
      } else if (key[n]==NEQ) { if (val==arg[m]) {fl=0; break;} else continue; 
      } else if (key[n]==IBE) { if ((val< arg[m])||(val>=arg[m+1])) {
          fl=0; break; } else continue;  // IBE="[)" include-bracket-exclude
      } else if (key[n]==EBI) { if ((val<=arg[m])||(val> arg[m+1])) { 
          fl=0; break; } else continue;   // "(]" : exclude-bracket-include
      } else if (key[n]==IBI) { if ((val< arg[m])||(val> arg[m+1])) {
          fl=0; break; } else continue;   // "[]" : include-bracket-include
      } else if (key[n]==EBE) { if ((val<=arg[m])||(val>=arg[m+1])) {
          fl=0; break; } else continue;   // "()" : exclude-bracket-exclude
      } else {printf("vecst::slct ERR4 %g\n",key[n]); hoc_execerror("Unknown key",0);}
    }
    if (fl) { 
      ind[k++]=j; // all equal
      if (flag==1) break;
    } 
  }
  vector_resize(vv, k);
  return (double)k;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* ind.slor(key,args,vec1,vec2[,vec3,vec4,...])
: picks out indices of numbers in key from multiple vectors
VERBATIM
static double slor (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, m, n, p, ni, nk, na, nv[VRRY], num, fl, field[VRRY], lt, rt;
  Object* lob;
  double *ind, *key, *arg, *vvo[VRRY], val;

  ni = vector_instance_px(vv, &ind); // vv is ind
  nk = vector_arg_px(1, &key);
  na = vector_arg_px(2, &arg);
  lob = *hoc_objgetarg(3);
  num = ivoc_list_count(lob);
  if (num>VRRY) hoc_execerror("ERR: vecst::slor can only handle VRRY vectors", 0);

  for (i=0,j=0;i<num;i++,j++) {     // pick up vectors
    nv[i] = list_vector_px(lob, i, &vvo[i]);
    if (key[j]>=EQV && key[j]<=EQY) { // EQV-EQY take extra vec arg of any size
      i++;
      nv[i] = list_vector_px(lob, i, &vvo[i]);// pick up extra vector of any size
    } else if (ni!=nv[i]) {
      printf("vecst::slor ERR %d %d %d %d %d\n",i,j,k,ni,nv[i]);
      hoc_execerror("index and searched vectors must all be same size: ", 0); 
    }
  }
  for (j=0;j<num;j++) { // look for fields
    field[j]=-1;
    if (key[j]<=EBE && key[j]>=ALL) { field[j]=0;
    } else for (m=1;m<=5;m++) {
      if (key[j]<=EBE*(m+1) && key[j]>=ALL*(m+1)) { // m is is field key 1-5
        key[j]/=(m+1);
        field[j]=m;
      }
    }
    if (field[j]==-1) {printf("vecst::slor ERRF %g\n",key[j]); hxe(); }
  }
  if (2*nk!=na) { printf("vecst::slor ERR3 %d %d\n",nk,na); 
    hoc_execerror("Arg vector must be double key length",0); }
  for (i=0,n=0;i<nk;i++) if (key[i]>=EQV && key[i]<=EQY) n++; // special case takes 2 vec args
  if (nk+n!=num) { 
    printf("vecst::slor ERR2 %d(keys)+%d(EQV)!=%d(vecs)\n",nk,n,num); 
    hoc_execerror("Key length must be number of vecs + num of EQV",0); }
  for (j=0,k=0,m=0;j<ni;j++) { // j steps through elements of vectors
    for (i=0,m=0,n=0,fl=0;i<num;i++,n++,m+=2) { // i steps thru key, m thru args
      if (field[n]==0) val=vvo[i][j]; else UNCODE(vvo[i][j],field[n],val);
      if (key[n]==ALL) {fl=1; break;} // OK - do nothing
      if (key[n]==NOZ)        { if (val==0.) continue; else {fl=1; break;} 
      } else if (key[n]==POS) { if (val<=0.) continue; else {fl=1; break;} 
      } else if (key[n]==NEG) { if (val>=0.) continue; else {fl=1; break;} 
      } else if (key[n]==GTH) { if (val<=arg[m]) continue; else {fl=1; break;} 
      } else if (key[n]==GTE) { if (val< arg[m]) continue; else {fl=1; break;} 
      } else if (key[n]==LTH) { if (val>=arg[m]) continue; else {fl=1; break;} 
      } else if (key[n]==LTE) { if (val> arg[m]) continue; else {fl=1; break;} 
      } else if (key[n]==EQU) { if (val!=arg[m]) continue; else {fl=1; break;} 
      } else if (key[n]==EQV) { if (val!=vvo[i+1][j]) continue; else { 
          i++; fl=1; break; }
      } else if (key[n]==EQW) {  // check value against values in following vec
        fl=0; // assume it's not going to match
        for (p=0;p<nv[i+1];p++) if (val==vvo[i+1][p]) {fl=1; break;}
        if (fl==1) break; else { i++; continue; }
      } else if (key[n]==EQX) {  // check value against values in sorted vec
        fl=0; // assume it's not going to match
        lt=0; rt=nv[i+1]-1;
        while (lt <= rt) {
          p = (lt+rt)/2;
          if (val>vvo[i+1][p]) lt=p+1; else if (val<vvo[i+1][p]) rt=p-1; else {fl=1; break;}
        }
        if (fl==1) break; else { i++; continue; }
      } else if (key[n]==EQY) {  // check value against values in sorted vec
        printf("EQY not implemented for slor()\n"); hxe();
      } else if (key[n]==NEQ) { if (val==arg[m]) continue; else {fl=1; break;} 
      } else if (key[n]==IBE) { if ((val< arg[m])||(val>=arg[m+1])) {
          continue; } else {fl=1; break;}  // IBE="[)" include-bracket-exclude
      } else if (key[n]==EBI) { if ((val<=arg[m])||(val> arg[m+1])) { 
          continue; } else {fl=1; break;}   // "(]" : exclude-bracket-include
      } else if (key[n]==IBI) { if ((val< arg[m])||(val> arg[m+1])) {
          continue; } else {fl=1; break;}   // "[]" : include-bracket-include
      } else if (key[n]==EBE) { if ((val<=arg[m])||(val>=arg[m+1])) {
          continue; } else {fl=1; break;}   // "()" : exclude-bracket-exclude
      } else {printf("vecst::slor ERR4 %g\n",key[n]); hoc_execerror("Unknown key",0);}
    }
    if (fl) ind[k++]=j; // all equal
  }
  vector_resize(vv, k);
  return (double)k;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* src.whi(valvec,indvec[,&i0,&i1,...]) returns index of first one for each val
VERBATIM
static double whi (void* vv) {
  int i, j, nx, na, nb, cnt; double *x, *val, *ind;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  i = vector_arg_px(1, &val);
  na = vector_arg_px(2, &ind);
  if (i!=na) {printf("vecst:whi() takes 2 eq length vecs:%d %d\n",i,na); hxe();}
  scrset(na);  
  for (i=0;i<na;i++) {scr[i]=0; ind[i]=-1.;}
  for (i=0,cnt=0;i<nx;i++) for (j=0;j<na;j++) { 
    if (x[i]==val[j]) {
      if (scr[j]) printf("WARNING %g found mult times (%g,%d)\n",val[j],ind[j],i); else {
        ind[j]=(double)i; scr[j]=1; cnt++; 
      }
    }
  }
  for (nb=3;ifarg(nb);nb++) {} // count args
  nb--;
  if (nb>2) {
    if (nb-2!=na) {printf("vecst:whi() wrong #args:%d %d\n",na,nb-2); hxe();}
    for (i=3,j=0;j<na;i++,j++) *(hoc_pgetarg(i)) = ind[j];
  }
  return (double)cnt/na; // % found
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.iwr(FILEOBJ[,skipsz]) write Vector as integers to FileObj
: FILEOBJ must be open for writing
: skipsz is a flag to skip writing the # of ints to file
VERBATIM
static double iwr (void* vv) {
  int i, j, nx; size_t r;
  double *x;
  FILE* f, *hoc_obj_file_arg();
  f = hoc_obj_file_arg(1);
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  scrset(nx);
  for (i=0;i<nx;i++) scr[i]=(int)x[i]; // copy into integer array 
  if(!ifarg(2) || !((int)*getarg(2))) r=fwrite(&nx,sizeof(int),1,f);  // write out the size
  r=fwrite(scr,sizeof(int),nx,f);
  return (double)nx;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.ird() read integers
VERBATIM
static double ird (void* vv) {
  int i, j, nx, n; size_t r;
  double *x;
  FILE* f, *hoc_obj_file_arg();
  f = hoc_obj_file_arg(1);
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  r=fread(&n,sizeof(int),1,f);  // size
  if (n>scrsz) { 
    if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
    scrsz=n+10000;
    scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sizeof(int));
  }
  if (n!=nx) { 
    nx=vector_buffer_size(vv);
    if (n<=nx) {
      vector_resize(vv, n); nx=n; 
    } else {
      printf("%d > %d :: ",n,nx);
      hoc_execerror("Vector max capacity too small for ird ", 0);
    }
  }
  r=fread(scr,sizeof(int),n,f);
  for (i=0;i<nx;i++) x[i]=(double)scr[i];
  return (double)n;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.fread2()
VERBATIM
static double fread2 (void* vv) {
  int i, j, nx, n, type, maxsz; size_t r;
  double *x;
  FILE* fp, *hoc_obj_file_arg();
  BYTEHEADER

  fp = hoc_obj_file_arg(1);
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);
  n = (int)*getarg(2);
  type = (int)*getarg(3);
  if (n>maxsz) {
    printf("%d > %d :: ",n,maxsz);
    hoc_execerror("Vector max capacity too small for fread2 ", 0);
  } else {
    vector_resize(vv, n);
  }
  if (type==6 || type==16) {         // unsigned ints
    unsigned int *xs;
    if (n>scrsz) { 
      if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
      scrsz=n+10000;
      scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sizeof(int));
    }
    xs=(unsigned int*)scr;
    r=fread(xs,sizeof(int),n,fp);
    if (type==16) BYTESWAP_FLAG=1;
    for (i=0;i<n;i++) {
      BYTESWAP(scr[i],int)
      x[i]=(double)scr[i];
    }
    return (double)n;
  } if (type==3 || type==13) { // straight float reads
    float *xf = (float *)malloc(n * (unsigned)sizeof(float));
    r=fread(xf,sizeof(float),n,fp);
    if (type==13) BYTESWAP_FLAG=1;
    for (i=0;i<n;i++) {
      BYTESWAP(xf[i],float)
      x[i]=(double)xf[i];
    }
    free((char *)xf);    
  } else hoc_execerror("Type unsupported in fread2 ", 0);
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.revec() -- append() except that sets vector to size 0 before appending
VERBATIM
static double revec (void* vv) {
  int i,j,k, nx, ny; double *x, *y;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  if (nx==0) x=vector_newsize(vv,nx=100);
  for (i=1,k=0;ifarg(i);i++,k++) {
    if (hoc_is_double_arg(i)) {
      if (k>=nx) x=vector_newsize(vv,nx*=4);
      x[k]=*getarg(i);
    } else {
      ny=vector_arg_px(i, &y);
      if (k+ny>=nx) x=vector_newsize(vv,nx=2*(nx+ny));
      for (j=0;j<ny;j++,k++) x[k]=y[j];
      k--; // back up one
    }
  }
  vector_resize(vv,k);
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.has(val[,outvec]) -- a contains that returns the results
VERBATIM
static double has (void* vv) {
  int i, j, nx, ny;
  double *x, *y, val; void* vc;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  val=*getarg(1);
  ny=0;
  if (ifarg(2)) if (hoc_is_object_arg(2)) {
    ny=vector_arg_px(2, &y); vc=vector_arg(2); 
    if (ny==0) y=vector_newsize(vc,ny=100);
  }
  for (i=0,j=0;i<nx;i++) if (x[i]==val) {
    if (ifarg(2)) {
      if (ny) {
        // append index to vector like indvwhere()
        if (j>=ny) y=vector_newsize(vc,ny*=4);
        y[j++]=(double)i;
      } else {
        *(hoc_pgetarg(2)) = (double)i;
        return 1.0;
      }
    } else return 1;
  }
  if (j>0) vector_resize(vc,j); // only fall through here when doing indvwhere
  return (double)j; 
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* ind.insct(v1,v2)
: return v1 intersect v2
VERBATIM
static double insct (void* vv) {
	int i, j, k, nx, nv1, nv2, maxsz;
	double *x, *v1, *v2;
	nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
        if (maxsz==0) maxsz=1000;
        maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);
        x=vector_newsize(vv, maxsz);
	nv1 = vector_arg_px(1, &v1);
	nv2 = vector_arg_px(2, &v2);
        for (i=0,k=0;i<nv1;i++) for (j=0;j<nv2;j++) if (v1[i]==v2[j]) {
          if (k==maxsz) x=vector_newsize(vv, maxsz*=2);
          x[k++]=v1[i]; 
        }
        vector_resize(vv, k);
	return (double)k;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* ind.linsct(vlist,this_many)
: return indices that show up this_many times or more in the vectors in vlist
VERBATIM
static double linsct (void* vv) {
  int i,j,k,nx,maxsz,min,cnt,lt,rt,p,iv,jv,jj,fl; ListVec* pL;
  double *x, val;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);
  if (maxsz==0) maxsz=1000;
  x=vector_newsize(vv, maxsz);
  pL = AllocListVec(*hoc_objgetarg(1));
  min= (int)*getarg(2);
  for (iv=0;iv<pL->isz;iv++) {
    if (!ismono1(pL->pv[iv],pL->plen[iv],2)){printf("linsct() ERRA not monotonic %d\n",iv); hxe();}
    if (pL->pv[iv][0]<0){printf("linsct() ERRB neg value in %d is %g\n",iv,pL->pv[iv][0]);hxe();}
  }
  for (iv=0,k=0;iv<=pL->isz-min+1;iv++) for (j=0;j<pL->plen[iv];j++) {
    val=pL->pv[iv][j];
    for (i=0,fl=0;i<k;i++) if (val==x[i]) {fl=1; break;}
    if (fl) continue;  // already on the list
    for (jv=iv+1,cnt=1;jv<pL->isz;jv++) {
      fl=lt=0; rt=pL->plen[jv]-1;
      while (lt <= rt) {
        p = (lt+rt)/2;
        if (val>pL->pv[jv][p]) lt=p+1; else if (val<pL->pv[jv][p]) rt=p-1; else {
          fl=1; break;}
      }
      if (fl) cnt++;
      if (cnt>=min) {
        if (k==maxsz) x=vector_newsize(vv, maxsz*=2);
        x[k++]=val;
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  vector_resize(vv, k);
  return (double)k;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* vdest.vfill(vsrc)
: fill vdest with multiple instances of vsrc until reach size
VERBATIM
static double vfill (void* vv) {
	int i, nx, nv1;
	double *x, *v1;
	nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
	nv1 = vector_arg_px(1, &v1);
        for (i=0;i<nx;i++) x[i]=v1[i%nv1];
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* vec.cull(src,key)
: remove numbers in vec that are found in the key
VERBATIM
static double cull (void* vv) {
	int i, j, k, nx, nv1, nv2, flag;
	double *x, *v1, *v2, val;
	nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
	nv1 = vector_arg_px(1, &v1);
        if (hoc_is_double_arg(2)) { val=*getarg(2); nv2=0; } else nv2=vector_arg_px(2, &v2);
        x=vector_newsize(vv,nx=nv1);
        for (i=0,k=0;i<nv1;i++) {
          flag=1;
          if (nv2) { for (j=0;j<nv2;j++) if (v1[i]==v2[j]) flag=0;
          } else                         if (v1[i]==val  ) flag=0;
          if (flag) x[k++]=v1[i];
        }
        vector_resize(vv, k);
	return (double)k;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* dest.redundout(src[,INDFLAG])
: flag redundant numbers; must sort src first
: with indflag set just returns indices of locations rather than values
VERBATIM
static double redundout (void* vv) {
  int i, j, nx, nv1, maxsz, ncntr, indflag, cntflag;
  double *x, *v1, *cntr, val;
  void *vc;
  if (ifarg(2)) indflag=(int)*getarg(2); else indflag=0; 
  if (ifarg(3)) { cntflag=1; 
    ncntr = vector_arg_px(3, &cntr);  vc=vector_arg(3); 
    ncntr = vector_buffer_size(vc);   vector_resize(vc, ncntr);
    for (i=0;i<ncntr;i++) cntr[i]=1.; // will be at least 1 of each #
  } else cntflag=0;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);  vector_resize(vv, maxsz);
  nv1 = vector_arg_px(1, &v1);
  val=v1[0]; x[0]=(indflag?0:val);
  if (cntflag) {
    for (j=1,i=1;i<nv1&&j<maxsz&&j<ncntr;i++) {
      if (v1[i]!=val) { val=v1[i]; x[j++]=(indflag?i:val); } else cntr[j-1]+=1;
    }
  } else {
    for (j=1,i=1;i<nv1&&j<maxsz;i++) if (v1[i]!=val) { val=v1[i]; x[j++]=(indflag?i:val); }
  }
  if (j>=maxsz) { 
    printf("\tredundout WARNING: ran out of room: %d<needed\n",maxsz);
  } else { vector_resize(vv, j); }
  if (cntflag) if (j>=ncntr) { 
    printf("\tredundout WARNING: cntr ran out of room: %d<needed\n",ncntr);
  } else { vector_resize(vc, j); }
  return (double)j;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* ind.mredundout(veclistA[,INDFLAG,veclistB])
: check redundancy across multiple parallel vectors veclistA
: with indflag 1, returns index of matchs in ind but does not alter vecs in veclistA
: will also remove from veclistB in parallel 
: leaves the last of a series of matches 
: with indflag set just returns indices of locations rather than values
: NB using indices will to .remove match items will give results that differ from 
: direct use (last vs first of a series -- will be seen in the other columns -- ie veclistB)
VERBATIM
static double mredundout (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, m, p, q, maxsz, ns, nx, av[VRRY], bv[VRRY], num, numb, indflag, match;
  Object *ob, *ob2;
  double *x, *avo[VRRY], *bvo[VRRY], val[VRRY];
  void *vva[VRRY],*vvb[VRRY];
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  ob = *hoc_objgetarg(1);
  if (ifarg(2)) indflag=(int)*getarg(2); else indflag=0; 
  if (ifarg(3)) { 
    ob2 = *hoc_objgetarg(3);
    numb = ivoc_list_count(ob2);
  } else numb=0;
  maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);
  if (indflag) vector_resize(vv, maxsz); // else vector is not used
  num = ivoc_list_count(ob);
  if (num>VRRY) hoc_execerror("mredundout ****ERRA****: can only handle VRRY vectors", 0);
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    av[i]=list_vector_px2(ob, i, &avo[i], &vva[i]);
    if (av[0]!=av[i]) { printf("mredundout ****ERRC**** %d %d %d\n",i,av[0],av[i]);
      hoc_execerror("Vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }
  }
  ns=av[0]; // size of source vecs
  for (i=0;i<numb;i++) { 
    bv[i]=list_vector_px2(ob2, i, &bvo[i], &vvb[i]);
    if (ns!=bv[i]) { printf("mredundout ****ERRC2**** %d %d %d\n",i,ns,bv[i]);
      hoc_execerror("Vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }
  }
  if (ns/4>scrsz) { 
    if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
    scrsz=ns/4+10000;
    scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sizeof(int));
  }
  for (j=0;j<num;j++) val[j]=avo[j][0]; // initialize the val array
  for (i=1,k=0;i<ns;i++) { 
    for (j=0,match=1;j<num;j++) {
      if (val[j]!=avo[j][i]) { match=0; break; } // if no match say so
    }
    if (match) { // add this one to the list
      if (k>=scrsz){printf("mredundout****ERRD**** over scr size %d\n",k);hxe();}
      scr[k++]=i; // flag to get rid of this one
    } else for (j=0;j<num;j++) val[j]=avo[j][i]; // copy next set of vals
  }
  if (indflag) { // just fill ind with indices of the repeats
    if (k>maxsz){printf("mredundout****ERRE**** vec overflow %d>%d\n",k,maxsz);hxe();}
    for (i=0;i<k;i++) x[i]=(double)scr[i];
    vector_resize(vv, k);
  } else { // remove all the repeat rows
    if (k == 0) return (double)k;
    for (i=0,p=scr[0]; i<k-1; i++) { // iter thru the inds to remove
      for (m=scr[i],p--; m<scr[i+1]; m++,p++) { // move everything down till next ind
        for (j=0;j<num; j++) avo[j][p]=avo[j][m]; // go through all the A list vecs
        for (j=0;j<numb;j++) bvo[j][p]=bvo[j][m]; // go through B list vecs
      }
    }
    for (m=scr[i],p--; m<ns; m++,p++) { // finish up by moving down from last ind to end
      for (j=0;j<num; j++) avo[j][p]=avo[j][m]; 
      for (j=0;j<numb;j++) bvo[j][p]=bvo[j][m]; 
    }
    for (j=0;j<num; j++) vector_resize(vva[j], ns-k); // resize all the vectors
    for (j=0;j<numb;j++) vector_resize(vvb[j], ns-k);
  }
  return (double)k;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* PIVOTA.join(PIVOTB,VECLISTA,VECLISTB)
:  NB must sort both pivots before use
VERBATIM
static double join (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, m, p, q, maxsz, npiva, npivb, av[VRRY], bv[VRRY], num, numb, indflag, match;
  Object *ob, *ob2;
  double *piva, *pivb, *avo[VRRY], *bvo[VRRY], val[VRRY];
  void *vva[VRRY],*vvb[VRRY];
  npiva = vector_instance_px(vv, &piva);
  npivb = vector_arg_px(1, &pivb);
  ob = *hoc_objgetarg(2);
  ob2 = *hoc_objgetarg(3);
  num = ivoc_list_count(ob);
  numb = ivoc_list_count(ob2);
  if (num>VRRY) hoc_execerror("join ****ERRA****: can only handle VRRY vectors", 0);
  if (num!=numb) hoc_execerror("join ****ERRB****: different #of vecs in lists", 0);
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    av[i]=list_vector_px2(ob, i, &avo[i], &vva[i]);
    if (av[0]!=av[i]) { printf("join ****ERRC**** %d %d %d\n",i,av[0],av[i]);
      hoc_execerror("Vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }
  }
  for (i=0;i<numb;i++) { 
    bv[i]=list_vector_px2(ob2, i, &bvo[i], &vvb[i]);
    if (bv[0]!=bv[i]) { printf("join ****ERRC2**** %d %d %d\n",i,bv[0],bv[i]);
      hoc_execerror("Vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }
  }
  for (i=0,j=0;i<npiva;i++) {
    for (;piva[i]!=pivb[j] && j<npivb;j++); // move forward to find matching pivb[j]
    if (j==npivb) { printf("%g not found in PivotB\n",piva[i]);hxe();}
    for (k=0;k<num;k++) avo[k][i]=bvo[k][j];
  }
  return (double)k;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* vscl() will scale a vector to -1,1
VERBATIM
static double vscl (double *x, double n) {
  int i; 
  double max,min,r,sf,b,a;
  max=-1e9; min=1e9; a=-1; b=1; 
  for (i=0;i<n;i++) { 
    if (x[i]>max) max=x[i];
    if (x[i]<min) min=x[i];
  }
  r=max-min;  // range
  sf = (b-a)/r; // scaling factor
  for (i=0;i<n;i++) x[i]=(x[i]-min)*sf+a;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* vdest.scl(vsrc) nondestructive scaling
VERBATIM
static double scl (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, nx, nsrc, nfilt, ntmp;
  double *x, *src, *filt, *tmp, sum, lpad, rpad;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  nsrc = vector_arg_px(1, &src);
  if (nx!=nsrc) { hoc_execerror("scl:Vectors not same size: ", 0); }
  for (i=0;i<nx;i++) x[i]=src[i];
  vscl(x,nx);
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* vdest.sccvlv(vsrc,vfilt,tmp) // NOT CORRECT -- see scxing()
: scaled convolution -- scale section to -1,1 before multiplying by filter
VERBATIM
static double sccvlv (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, nx, nsrc, nfilt, ntmp;
  double *x, *src, *filt, *tmp, sum, lpad, rpad;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  nsrc = vector_arg_px(1, &src);
  nfilt = vector_arg_px(2, &filt);
  ntmp = vector_arg_px(3, &tmp);
  if (nx!=nsrc) { hoc_execerror("sccvlv:Vectors not same size: ", 0); }
  if (nfilt>nsrc) { hoc_execerror("sccvlv:Filter bigger than source ", 0); }
  if (nfilt!=ntmp){hoc_execerror("sccvlv:Filter (arg2) and tmp vector (arg3) diff size", 0);}
  for (i=0;i<nx;i++) {
    x[i]=0.0;
    for (j=0,k=i-(int)(nfilt/2);j<nfilt&&k>0&&k<nsrc;j++,k++) tmp[j]=src[k];
    vscl(tmp,j-1);
    for (k=0;k<j;k++) x[i]+=filt[k]*tmp[k];
  }
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* vdest.scxing(vsrc,tmp)
: scaled xing -- scale each section to -1,1 before checking # of 0-xing's
VERBATIM
static double scxing (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, nx, nsrc, f, ntmp, maxsz;
  double *x, *src, *filt, *tmp, sum, maxsum, th;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  nsrc = vector_arg_px(1, &src);
  ntmp = vector_arg_px(2, &tmp);
  if (nx!=nsrc) { hoc_execerror("scxing:Vectors not same size: ", 0); }
  th=0.0; 
  maxsum=-1e9;
  for (i=0;i<nx;i++) x[i]=0.; // clear
  for (i=ntmp/2+1;i<nx-ntmp/2-1;i++) {
    for (j=0,k=i-(int)(ntmp/2);j<ntmp;k++,j++) tmp[j]=src[k];
    vscl(tmp,j-1); // scale from -1 to 1
    for (k=0,f=0,sum=0.; k<nsrc; k++) {
      if (tmp[k]>th) { // ? passing thresh
        if (f==0) { 
          sum+=1; // just count the 0xing
          f=1; 
        }
      } else {       // below thresh 
        if (f==1) {
          f=0; // just passed going down 
          sum+=1;
        }
      }
    }
    if (sum>maxsum) maxsum=sum;
    x[i]=sum;
  }
  return (double)maxsum;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* vdest.cvlv(vsrc,vfilt)
: convolution
VERBATIM
static double cvlv (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, nx, nsrc, nfilt;
  double *x, *src, *filt, sum, lpad, rpad;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  nsrc = vector_arg_px(1, &src);
  nfilt = vector_arg_px(2, &filt);
  if (nx!=nsrc) { hoc_execerror("Vectors not same size: ", 0); }
  if (nfilt>nsrc) { hoc_execerror("Filter bigger than source ", 0); }
  for (i=0;i<nx;i++) {
    x[i]=0.0;
    for (j=0,k=i-(int)(nfilt/2);j<nfilt;j++,k++) {
      if (k>0 && k<nsrc-1) x[i]+=filt[j]*src[k];
    }
  }
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* vdest.intrp(flag)
: interpolate numbers replacing numbers given as flag
VERBATIM
static double intrp (void* vv) {
  int i, la, lb, nx;
  double *x, fl, a, b;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  fl = *getarg(1);
  i=0; a=x[0]; la=0;
  if (a==fl) a=0;
  while (i<nx-1) {
    for (i=la+1;x[i]==fl && i<nx-1; i++) ; // find the next one 
    b=x[i]; lb=i;
    for (i=la+1; i<lb; i++) x[i]= a + (b-a)/(lb-la)*(i-la);
    a=b; la=lb;
  }
  return (double)fl;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* vec.sumabs()
: return sum of abs values
VERBATIM
static double sumabs (void* vv) {
  int i, nx;
  double *x, sum;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  for (sum=0,i=0;i<nx; i++) sum+=fabs(x[i]);
  return sum;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* vec.inv([NUMERATOR])
: element=NUMERATOR/element
VERBATIM
static double inv (void* vv) {
  int i, nx;
  double *x, nume;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  if (ifarg(1)) nume=*getarg(1); else nume=1.; 
  for (i=0;i<nx; i++) x[i]=(x[i]==0)?1e9:nume/x[i];
  return (double)i;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* tmp.nind(ind,vec1,vec2[,vec3,vec4,...])
: picks out numbers not in ind from multiple vectors
: ind must be sorted
VERBATIM
static double nind (void* vv) {
	int i, j, k, m, nx, ni, nv[VRRY], num, c, last;
	double *x, *ind, *vvo[VRRY];
	nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
        for (i=0;ifarg(i);i++);
	if (i>VRRY) hoc_execerror("ERR: nind can only handle VRRY vectors", 0);
	num = i-2; // number of vectors to be picked apart 
        for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
          nv[i] = vector_arg_px(i+2, &vvo[i]);
          if (nx!=nv[i]) { printf("nind ERR %d %d %d\n",i,nx,nv[i]);
            hoc_execerror("Vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }
        }
        ni = vector_arg_px(1, &ind);
        c = nx-ni; // the elems indexed are to be eliminated 
        if (ni>scrsz) { 
          if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
          scrsz=ni+10000;
          scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sizeof(int));
        }
        for (i=0,last=-1;i<ni;i++) { 
          scr[i]=(int)ind[i]; // copy into integer array 
          if (scr[i]<0 || scr[i]>=nx) hoc_execerror("nind(): Index out of bounds", 0);
          if (scr[i]<=last) hoc_execerror("nind(): indices should mono increase", 0);
          last=scr[i];
        }
        for (j=0;j<num;j++) { // each output vec 
          for (i=0,last=-1,m=0;i<ni;i++) { // the indices of ind 
            for (k=last+1;k<scr[i];k++) { x[m++]=vvo[j][k]; }
            last=scr[i];
          }
          for (k=last+1;k<nx;k++,m++) { x[m]=vvo[j][k]; }
          for (i=0;i<c;i++) vvo[j][i]=x[i];   
          vv=vector_arg(j+2); vector_resize(vv, c);
        }
	return c;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* ind.keyind(key,vec1,vec2[,vec3,vec4,...])
: picks out indices of numbers in key from multiple vectors
VERBATIM
static double keyind (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, ni, nk, nv[VRRY], num;
  double *ind, *key, *vvo[VRRY];
  ni = vector_instance_px(vv, &ind); // vv is ind
  for (i=0;ifarg(i);i++); i--; // drop back by one to get numarg()
  if (i>VRRY) hoc_execerror("ERR: keyind can only handle VRRY vectors", 0);
  num = i-1; // number of vectors to be picked apart 
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    nv[i] = vector_arg_px(i+2, &vvo[i]);
    if (ni!=nv[i]) { printf("keyind ERR %d %d %d\n",i,ni,nv[i]);
    hoc_execerror("Non-key vectors must be same size: ", 0); }
  }
  nk = vector_arg_px(1, &key);
  if (nk!=num) { printf("keyind ERR2 %d %d\n",nk,num); 
    hoc_execerror("Key length must be number of vecs",0); }
  k=0;
  for (j=0;j<ni;j++) { // j steps through elements of vectors
    for (i=0;i<nk;i++) { // i steps through the key
      if (key[i]==ALL) continue; // OK - do nothing
      if (key[i]==NOZ)        { if (vvo[i][j]==0.) break; else continue; 
      } else if (key[i]==POS) { if (vvo[i][j]<=0.) break; else continue; 
      } else if (key[i]==NEG) { if (vvo[i][j]>=0.) break; else continue; 
      } else if (key[i]!=vvo[i][j]) break; // default
    }
    if (i==nk) ind[k++]=j; // all equal
  }
  vector_resize(vv, k);
  return (double)k;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* v1.thresh() threshold above and below thresh
VERBATIM
static double thresh (void* vv) {
  int i, nx, ny, cnt;
  double *x, *y, th;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  cnt=0;
  if (hoc_is_object_arg(1)) { 
    ny = vector_arg_px(1, &y); th=0;
    if (nx!=ny) { hoc_execerror("Vector sizes don't match in thresh.", 0); }
    for (i=0; i<nx; i++) { if (x[i]>=y[i]) { x[i]= 1.; cnt++;} else { x[i]= BVBASE; } }
  } else { th = *getarg(1);
    for (i=0; i<nx; i++) { if (x[i] >= th) { x[i]= 1.; cnt++;} else { x[i]= BVBASE; } }
  }
  return cnt;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* v1.nearall(max,v2,tql) 
: tql from {tq=new NQS("diff","tmid","t1","t2") tq.listvecs(tql)}
: max is maximum diff to add to the tq db
VERBATIM
static double nearall (void* vv) {
  register int	lo, hi, mid;
  int i, j, k, kk, nx, ny, minind, nv[4];
  Object *ob;
  void* vvl[4];
  double *x, *y, *vvo[4], targ, dist, new, max, tmp;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  max = *getarg(1);
  ny = vector_arg_px(2, &y);
  ob = *hoc_objgetarg(3);
  if ((nv[0]=ivoc_list_count(ob))!=4) {printf("VECST::nearall() ERRA: %d\n",nv[0]); hxe();}
  for (i=0;i<4;i++) { nv[i] = list_vector_px3(ob, i, &vvo[i], &vvl[i]);
    if (nv[i]!=nv[0]){printf("nearall ERRC: %d %d\n",nv[i],nv[0]); hxe();}
  }
  for (j=0,k=0;j<ny;j++) {
    targ=y[j];
    lo=0; hi=nx-1; mid=lo; // binary search from K&R Ch. 6, p. 125
    while (lo<=hi) {
      mid = (hi+lo)/2;
      if ((tmp=x[mid]-targ)>0.) hi=mid-1; else if (tmp<0) lo=mid+1; else break;
    }
    dist=fabs(x[mid]-targ); minind=mid;
    for (i=-1;i<=1;i+=2) { kk=mid+i; // check the flanking values
      if (kk>0 && kk<nx && (new=fabs(x[kk]-targ))<dist) { 
        dist=new;
        minind=kk;
      }
    }
    if (dist<=max) {
      if (k>=nv[1]) { printf("nearall WARN: oor %d %d\n",k,nv[1]); return -1.; }
      vvo[0][k]=dist; vvo[2][k]=targ; vvo[3][k]=x[minind];
      k++;
    }
  }
  if (k>scrsz) { 
    if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
    scrsz=k+10000;
    scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sizeof(int));
  }
  for (kk=0,i=0;i<k;) {
    dist=vvo[0][i]; targ=vvo[3][i]; // value from x[]
    for (minind=i,j=i+1;vvo[3][j]==targ;j++) {
      if (vvo[0][j]<dist) { minind=j; dist=vvo[0][j]; } // find the closest of these
    }
    i=j;
    scr[kk++]=minind;
  }
  for (i=0;i<kk;i++) {
    vvo[0][i]=vvo[0][scr[i]];
    vvo[1][i]=(vvo[2][scr[i]]+vvo[3][scr[i]])/2.;
    vvo[2][i]=vvo[2][scr[i]];
    vvo[3][i]=vvo[3][scr[i]];
  }
  for (i=0;i<4;i++) vector_resize(vvl[i],kk);
  return (double)kk;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.nearest(val,&dist) value of v1 nearest to val, returns index and optional dist
VERBATIM
static double nearest (void* vv) {
  int i, nx, minind, flag=0;
  double *x, targ, dist, new, *to;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  targ = *getarg(1);
  if (ifarg(3)) flag = (int)*getarg(3);
  dist = 1e9;
  for (i=0; i<nx; i++) if ((new=fabs(x[i]-targ))<dist) { 
    if (flag && new==0) continue; // flag signals to not pick self
    dist=new;
    minind=i;
  }
  if (ifarg(2)) *(hoc_pgetarg(2)) = dist;
  return (double)minind;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* v1.approx(v2,epsilon) -- like .eq but looser -- good when have saved and restored a vec
VERBATIM
static double approx (void* vv) {
  int i, j, nx, ny;
  double *x, *y, epsilon;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  ny = vector_arg_px(1, &y);
  if (nx!=ny) { printf("approx different size vectors %d %d\n",nx,ny); return 0; }
  epsilon = (ifarg(2)?*getarg(2):LOOSE);
  for (i=0; i<nx; i++) if (x[i]<y[i]-epsilon || x[i]>y[i]+epsilon) return 0;
  return 1;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.samp(VEC,rate) does something like a resample
VERBATIM
//linear interpolation
static double samp (void* vv) {
  int i, nx, cnt, iOrigSz, maxsz, iNewSz, isrcidx,isrcidx1;
  double *x, *y, dNewSz, scale, dsrcidx, frac;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x); // dest
  iOrigSz = vector_arg_px(1, &y); // source
  dNewSz = *getarg(2);  // new size
  maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv); 
  iNewSz = (int)dNewSz;
  if (iNewSz>maxsz) {printf("VECST samp ERRA: dest vec too small: %d %d\n",iNewSz,maxsz); hxe();}
  vector_resize(vv,iNewSz);

  scale = (double) iOrigSz / (double) iNewSz;
  for(i=0;i<iNewSz;i++){
    dsrcidx = i * scale;
    isrcidx = (int) dsrcidx;
    isrcidx1 = isrcidx+1 < iOrigSz-1 ? isrcidx+1 : iOrigSz-1;
    frac = dsrcidx - isrcidx;
    x[i] = (1-frac) * y[isrcidx] + frac * y[isrcidx1];
  }

  return iNewSz;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* v1.triplet() return location of a triplet
VERBATIM
static double triplet (void* vv) {
  int i, nx;
  double *x, *y, a, b;
  nx = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  a = *getarg(1); b = *getarg(2);
  for (i=0; i<nx; i+=3) if (x[i]==a&&x[i+1]==b) break;
  if (i<nx) return (double)i; else return -1.;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* state.onoff(volts,OBon,thresh,dur,refr)
:  looks at volts vector to decide if have reached threshold thresh
:  OBon takes account of burst dur and refractory period
VERBATIM
static double onoff (void* vv) {
  int i, j, n, nv, non, nt, nd, nr, num;
  double *st, *vol, *obon, *thr, *dur, *refr;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &st);
  nv   = vector_arg_px(1, &vol);
  non  = vector_arg_px(2, &obon);
  nt   = vector_arg_px(3, &thr);
  nd   = vector_arg_px(4, &dur);
  nr   = vector_arg_px(5, &refr);
  if (n!=nv||n!=non||n!=nt||n!=nd||n!=nr) {
    hoc_execerror("v.onoff: vectors not all same size", 0); }
  for (i=0,num=0;i<n;i++) {
    obon[i]--;
    if (obon[i]>0.) { st[i]=1.; continue; } // cell must fire 
    if (vol[i]>=thr[i] && obon[i]<= -refr[i]) { // past refractory period 
        st[i]=1.; obon[i]=dur[i]; num++;
    } else { st[i]= BVBASE; }
  }
  return (double)num;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* vo.bpeval(outp,del)
:  service routine for back-prop: vo=outp*(1-outp)*del
VERBATIM
static double bpeval (void* vv) {
  int i, n, no, nd, flag=0;
  double add,div;
  double *vo, *outp, *del;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &vo);
  no   = vector_arg_px(1, &outp);
  nd   = vector_arg_px(2, &del);
  if (ifarg(3) && ifarg(4)) { add= *getarg(3); div= *getarg(4); flag=1;}
  if (n!=no||n!=nd) hoc_execerror("v.bpeval: vectors not all same size", 0);
  if (flag) {
    for (i=0;i<n;i++) vo[i]=((outp[i]+add)/div)*(1.-1.*((outp[i]+add)/div))*del[i];
  } else {
    for (i=0;i<n;i++) vo[i]=outp[i]*(1.-1.*outp[i])*del[i];
  }
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* v1.sedit() string edit
VERBATIM
static double sedit (void* vv) {
  int i, n, ni, f=0;
  double *x, *ind, th, val;
  Symbol* s; char *op;
  op = gargstr(1);
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  sprintf(op,"hello world");
  return (double)n;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.w() a .where that sets elements in source vector
VERBATIM
static double w (void* vv) {
  int i, n, ni, c, f;
  double *x, *ind, th, val;
  Symbol* s; char *op;
  if (! ifarg(1)) { 
    printf("v1.w('op',thresh[,val,v2])\n"); 
    printf("  a .where that sets elements in v1 to val (default 0), if v2 => only look at these elements\n");
    printf("  'op'=='function name' is a .apply targeted by v2 called as func(x[i],thresh,val)\n");
    return -1.;
  }
  op = gargstr(1);
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  th = *getarg(2);
  f=c=0;
  if (ifarg(3)) { val = *getarg(3); } else { val = 0.0; }
  if (ifarg(4)) {ni = vector_arg_px(4, &ind); f=1;} // just look at the spots indexed
  if (!strcmp(op,"==")) { 
    if (f==1) {for (i=0; i<ni;i++) {if (x[(int)ind[i]]==th) { x[(int)ind[i]]=val;c++;}}
    } else {for (i=0; i<n; i++) {if (x[i]==th) { x[i]=val;c++;}}}
  } else if (!strcmp(op,"!=")) {
    if (f==1) {for (i=0; i<ni;i++) {if (x[(int)ind[i]]!=th) { x[(int)ind[i]]=val;c++;}}
    } else {for (i=0; i<n; i++) {if (x[i]!=th) { x[i]=val;c++;}}}
  } else if (!strcmp(op,">")) {
    if (f==1) {for (i=0; i<ni;i++) {if (x[(int)ind[i]]>th) { x[(int)ind[i]]=val;c++;}}
    } else {for (i=0; i<n; i++) {if (x[i]>th) { x[i]=val;c++;}}}
  } else if (!strcmp(op,"<")) {
    if (f==1) {for (i=0; i<ni;i++) {if (x[(int)ind[i]]<th) { x[(int)ind[i]]=val;c++;}}
    } else {for (i=0; i<n; i++) {if (x[i]<th) { x[i]=val;c++;}}}
  } else if (!strcmp(op,">=")) {
    if (f==1) {for (i=0; i<ni;i++) {if (x[(int)ind[i]]>=th) { x[(int)ind[i]]=val;c++;}}
    } else {for (i=0; i<n; i++) {if (x[i]>=th) { x[i]=val;c++;}}}
  } else if (!strcmp(op,"<=")) {
    if (f==1) {for (i=0; i<ni;i++) {if (x[(int)ind[i]]<=th) { x[(int)ind[i]]=val;c++;}}
    } else {for (i=0; i<n; i++) {if (x[i]<=th) { x[i]=val;c++;}}}
  } else if ((s=hoc_lookup(op))) { // same as .apply but only does indexed ones
    if (f==1) {for (i=0; i<ni;i++) {
        hoc_pushx(x[(int)ind[i]]); hoc_pushx(th); hoc_pushx(val);
      x[(int)ind[i]]=hoc_call_func(s, 3);}
    } else {for (i=0; i<n;i++) {hoc_pushx(x[i]); hoc_pushx(th); hoc_pushx(val);
        x[i]=hoc_call_func(s, 3);}}
  }
  return (double)c;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* ind.slone(SRC,VAL) select indices where ==VAL from sorted vector SRC
VERBATIM
static double slone (void* vv) {
  int i, j, n, ni, nsrc, maxsz;
  double *x, *src, val, max, min;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);  vector_resize(vv, maxsz);
  nsrc = vector_arg_px(1, &src);
  val = *getarg(2);
  if (ifarg(3)) ni=(int)*getarg(3); else {
    min=src[0];  max=src[nsrc-1];
    ni=(int)(val-min)/(max-min)*(double)(nsrc-1); // where expect to find it
  }
  if (src[ni]<val) {
    for (i=ni;src[i]!=val&&i<nsrc;i++); 
  } else {
    for (i=ni;src[i]!=val&&i>=0;i--); 
    for (    ;src[i]==val&&i>=0;i--); 
    i++; // go back to the first one
  }
  for (j=0;src[i]==val && j<maxsz && i<nsrc;i++,j++) x[j]=i;
  if (j==maxsz) printf("vecst slone WARN: OOR %d %d\n",j,maxsz);
  vector_resize(vv, j);
  return (double)(i-1);
}
ENDVERBATIM
  
:* dest.xing(src,tvec,thresh) 
:  dest.xing(src,thresh)  -- returns indices, change into time by .mul(tstep)
:  dest.xing(src)  -- default thresh=0; returns indices
: a .where that looks for threshold crossings and then doesn't pick another till
: comes back down again; places values from tvec in dest; interpolates with INTERP_VECST set
VERBATIM
static double xing (void* vv) {
  int i, j, d2f, nsrc, ndest, ntvec, f, maxsz, tvf;
  double *src, *dest, *dest2, *tvec, th;
  th=0.; tvf=0; // tvf==1: tvec being used
  ndest = vector_instance_px(vv, &dest);
  nsrc = vector_arg_px(1, &src);
  i=2;
  if (ifarg(i)) {
    if (hoc_is_double_arg(i)) th=*getarg(i); else {ntvec=vector_arg_px(i, &tvec); tvf=1;}
    i++;
    if (ifarg(i) && hoc_is_double_arg(i)) th=*getarg(i++);
  }
  maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);
  vector_resize(vv, maxsz);
  if (ifarg(i)){dest2=vector_newsize(vector_arg(i),maxsz); d2f=i;} else d2f=0;
  if (tvf && nsrc!=ntvec) hoc_execerror("v.xing: vectors not all same size", 0);
  for (i=0,f=0,j=0; i<nsrc; i++) {
    if (src[i]>th) { // ? passing thresh 
      if (f==0) { 
        if (j>=maxsz) {
          printf("(%d) :: ",maxsz);
          hoc_execerror("Dest vec too small in xing ", 0);
        }
        if (i>0) { // don't record if first value is above thresh 
          if (INTERP_VECST) {
            if (tvf) {
              dest[j++] = tvec[i-1] + (tvec[i]-tvec[i-1])*(th-src[i-1])/(src[i]-src[i-1]);
            } else {
              dest[j++] = (i-1) + (th-src[i-1])/(src[i]-src[i-1]);
            }
          } else {
            if (tvf) dest[j++]=tvec[i]; else dest[j++]=i;
          }
        }
        f=1; 
      }
    } else {       // below thresh 
      if (f==1) { f=0; } // just passed going down 
      if (d2f) {
        if (INTERP_VECST) {
          if (tvf) {
            dest2[j++] = tvec[i-1] + (tvec[i]-tvec[i-1])*(th-src[i-1])/(src[i]-src[i-1]);
          } else {
            dest2[j++] = (i-1) + (th-src[i-1])/(src[i]-src[i-1]);
          }
        } else {
          if (tvf) dest2[j++]=tvec[i]; else dest2[j++]=i;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  vector_resize(vv, j);
  if (d2f) vector_resize(vector_arg(d2f),j);
  return (double)j;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* dest.snap(src,tvec,dt) 
: interpolate src with tvec to prior dt step, saves only highest value in each interval
: an .interpolate that doesn't loose spikes
VERBATIM
static double snap (void* vv) {
  int i, j, nsrc, ndest, ntvec, f, maxsz, size;
  double *src, *dest, *tvec, mdt, tstop, tt, val;
  ndest = vector_instance_px(vv, &dest);
  nsrc = vector_arg_px(1, &src);
  ntvec = vector_arg_px(2, &tvec);
  mdt = *getarg(3);
  maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);
  tstop = tvec[nsrc-1];
  size=(int)tstop/mdt;
  if (size>maxsz) { 
    printf("%d > %d\n",size,maxsz);
    hoc_execerror("v.snap: insufficient room in dest", 0); }
  vector_resize(vv, size);
  if (nsrc!=ntvec) hoc_execerror("v.snap: src and tvec not same size", 0);
  for (tt=0,i=0;i<size && tt<=tvec[0];i++,tt+=mdt) dest[i]=src[0];
  for (j=1, i--, tt-=mdt; i<size; i++, val=-1e9, tt+=mdt) {
    if (tvec[j]>tt) dest[i]=src[j-1]; else {
      for (;j<nsrc && tvec[j]<=tt;j++) if (src[j]>val) val=src[j];
      if (val==-1e9) printf("vecst:snap() internal ERROR\n");
      dest[i]=val;
    }
  }
  return (double)size;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.xzero(vec[,thresh]) finds indices of zero [or thresh] crossings in vec
VERBATIM
static double xzero (void* vv) {
  int i, n, nv, up, cnt;
  double *x, *vc, th;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  nv = vector_arg_px(1, &vc);
  if (ifarg(2)) { th = *getarg(2); } else { th=0.0;}
  if (vc[0]<th) up=0; else up=1;  // F or T 
  for (i=0,cnt=0; i<nv; i++) {
    if (up) { // look for passing down 
      if (vc[i]<th) up=0;
    } else if (vc[i]>th) { 
      up=1; 
      if (cnt>=nv) x=vector_newsize(vv,(n+=100));
      x[cnt++]=(double)i;
    }
  }
  x=vector_newsize(vv,cnt);
  return (double)cnt;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.peak(vec[,vamp]) puts indices of zero [or thresh] crossings of vec into v1
:  optional vamp gives amplitues
VERBATIM
static double peak (void* vv) {
  int i, n, nc, ny, up, cnt;
  double *x, *y, *vc, last; void* vy;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x); // for indices
  nc = vector_arg_px(1, &vc); // source vectors
  if (n==0) x=vector_newsize(vv,n=100);
  if (ifarg(2)) y=vector_newsize(vy=vector_arg(2),ny=n); else ny=0; // same size as v1
  if (vc[1]-vc[0]<0) up=0; else up=1;  // F or T 
  last=vc[1];
  for (i=2,cnt=0; i<nc; i++) {
    if (up) { // look for starting down
      if (vc[i]-last<0) {
        up=0;
        if (cnt>=n) { x=vector_newsize(vv,(n+=100)); 
              if (ny) y=vector_newsize(vy,n);}
        x[cnt]=(double)(i-1); 
        if (ny) y[cnt]=last;
        cnt++;
      }
    } else if (vc[i]-last>0) up=1; 
    last=vc[i];
  }
  x=vector_newsize(vv,cnt);
  if (ny) y=vector_newsize(vy,cnt);
  return (double)cnt;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.negwrap([FLAG]) wrap neg values to pos, FLAG==0 set them to 0, FLAG!=0 wrap
:  above FLAG
VERBATIM
static double negwrap (void* vv) {
  int i, n;
  double *x, cnt, sig;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  if (ifarg(1)) sig = (int)*getarg(1); else sig=1e9; // default: do wrap
  if (sig==0.) {
    for (i=0,cnt=0; i<n; i++) if (x[i]<0) { 
      x[i]=0.;
      cnt++; 
    }
  } else if (sig==1e9) {
    for (i=0,cnt=0; i<n; i++) if (x[i]<0) { 
      x[i]=-x[i];
      cnt++; 
    }
  } else {
    for (i=0,cnt=0; i<n; i++) if (x[i]<sig) { 
      x[i]=2*sig-x[i]; // sig+(sig-x[i]) wraps around sig
      cnt++; 
    }
  }
  return cnt;
}
ENDVERBATIM
  
:* v1.sw(FROM,TO) switchs all FROMs to TO
VERBATIM
static double sw (void* vv) {
  int i, n;
  double *x, fr, to;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  fr = *getarg(1);
  to = *getarg(2);
  for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
    if (x[i]==fr) { x[i] = to;}
  }
  return (double)n;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* v.b2v(bytevec) copies from vector to bytevec
VERBATIM
static double b2v (void* vv) {
  int i, n, num;
  double *x; bvec* to; Object *ob;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  ob = *(hoc_objgetarg(1));
  to = (bvec*)ob->u.this_pointer; // doesn't check that this is actually a bvec
  if (to->size!=n) { hoc_execerror("Vector and bytevec sizes don't match.", 0); }
  for (i=0; i<n; i++) x[i] = (double)to->x[i];
  return (double)n;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.v2d(&x) copies from vector to double area -- a seg error waiting to happen
VERBATIM
static double v2d (void* vv) {
  int i, n, num;
  double *x, *to;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  to = hoc_pgetarg(1);
  if (ifarg(2)) { num = *getarg(2); } else { num=-1;}
  if (num>-1 && num!=n) { hoc_execerror("Vector size doesn't match.", 0); }
  for (i=0; i<n; i++) {to[i] = x[i];}
  return (double)n;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* v.v2p(&x0[,&x1,&x2...]) copies from vector or vectors to doubles
VERBATIM
static double v2p (void* vv) {
  int i, j, n, cnt;
  double *x;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  for (i=0,j=1,cnt=0;ifarg(j) && i<n;i++,j++) {
    if (hoc_is_double_arg(j)) continue; // skip this one
    *hoc_pgetarg(j)=x[i];
    cnt++;
  }
  return (double)cnt;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.l2p(veclist,index,[&x0,&x1,&x2...]) copies from list of vectors to vector and doubles
VERBATIM
static double l2p (void* vv) {
  int ix, i, j, n, num, cnt;
  double *x, *y;   Object* lob;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  lob = *hoc_objgetarg(1);
  ix=(int)*getarg(2);
  num = ivoc_list_count(lob);
  x=vector_newsize(vv,num);
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) {     // pick up vectors
    cnt = list_vector_px(lob, i, &y);
    if (ix>=cnt) {printf("vecst:l2p() ERRA: %d %d %d\n",i,ix,cnt); hxe();}
    x[i]=y[ix];
  }
  for (i=0,j=3,cnt=0;ifarg(j) && i<num;i++,j++) {
    if (hoc_is_double_arg(j)) continue; // skip this one
    *hoc_pgetarg(j)=x[i];
    cnt++;
  }
  return (double)cnt;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.fetch(val,list,vec) fetches first eg NQS row where v holds val
:* v.fetch(val,list,&x0[,&x1,&x2...])
VERBATIM
static double fetch (void* vv) {
  int ix, i, j, n, ny, cnt;
  double *x, *y, val, ret; ListVec* pL;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  val = *getarg(1);
  pL = AllocListVec(*hoc_objgetarg(2));
  for (ix=0;ix<n;ix++) if (x[ix]==val) break;
  if (ix==n) {if (VERBOSE_VECST) printf("vecst:fetch() WARNING: %g not found\n",val); return ERR;}
  if (hoc_is_object_arg(3)) {
    ny = vector_arg_px(3, &y);
    if (ny>pL->isz) vector_resize(vector_arg(3),pL->isz); // don't make bigger if only want a few
    for (i=0,j=0,cnt=0;i<pL->isz && j<ny;i++,j++) {
      if (ix>pL->plen[i]) {printf("vecst:fetch()ERRB: %d %d %x\n",i,ix,(unsigned int)pL->pv[i]); 
        FreeListVec(&pL); hxe();}
      y[j]=pL->pv[i][ix];
      cnt++;
    }
    ret=y[j-1]; // final value
  } else {
    for (i=0,j=3,cnt=0;i<pL->isz && ifarg(j);i++,j++) {
      if (hoc_is_double_arg(j)) continue; // skip this one
      if (ix>pL->plen[i]) {printf("vecst:fetch()ERRB1: %d %d %x\n",i,ix,(unsigned int)pL->pv[i]); 
        FreeListVec(&pL); hxe();}
      *hoc_pgetarg(j)=ret=pL->pv[i][ix];
      cnt++;      
    }
  }
  FreeListVec(&pL);
  return ret;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 

:* v.covar(list,vec) generates covariance matrix in vec form
:  generally data are in the columns; here data are in the vectors -- ie as if in the rows
VERBATIM
static double covar (void* vv) {
  int ix, i, j, j2, n, m;
  double *x, *y, *mean; ListVec* pL;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x); // number of data vectors
  if (n==0) { pL = AllocListVec(*hoc_objgetarg(1)); // get all of them
  } else       pL = AllocILV(*hoc_objgetarg(1),n,x);
  if (pL->isz<2) {printf("vecst:covar()ERRA: %d\n",pL->isz); FreeListVec(&pL); hxe();}
  n=pL->isz;     // number of data points
  m=pL->plen[0]; // dimensionality of data
  for (i=1;i<pL->isz;i++) if (m!=pL->plen[i]) {
    printf("vecst:covar()ERRB: sz mismatch %d %d@%d\n",m,pL->plen[i],i);FreeListVec(&pL);hxe();}
  y=vector_newsize(vector_arg(2),m*m);
  // pL->pv[i][j] -- i goes through the list and j goes through each vector
  mean=(double*)malloc(sizeof(double)*m);
  for (j=0;j<m;j++) { // Determine means of column vectors of input data matrix
    for (i=0,mean[j]=0.;i<n;i++) mean[j]+=pL->pv[i][j];
    mean[j]/=(double)n;
  }
  for (i=0;i<n;i++) for (j=0;j<m;j++) pL->pv[i][j] -= mean[j]; // center the vectors
  for (j=0;j<m;j++) for (j2=j;j2<m;j2++) { // Calculate the m*m covariance matrix
    for (i=0,y[j*m+j2]=0.;i<n;i++) y[j*m+j2]+=pL->pv[i][j]*pL->pv[i][j2];
    y[j*m+j2]/=(n-1);
    y[j2*m+j]=y[j*m+j2];
  }
  for (i=0;i<n;i++) for (j=0;j<m;j++) pL->pv[i][j] += mean[j]; // restore vectors
  free(mean);
  FreeListVec(&pL);
  return m;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* ind.vlxpose(src_list,dest_list) does 'transpose'
VERBATIM
static double vlxpose (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, n, c, c2, sz, err;
  double *x; ListVec *pL, *pL2; Object* obl;
  err=0;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x); // vector of indices
  if (n==0) { pL = AllocListVec(*hoc_objgetarg(1)); // get all of them
  } else       pL = AllocILV(*hoc_objgetarg(1),n,x);
  pL2 = AllocListVec(obl=*hoc_objgetarg(2));
  c=pL->isz;  c2=pL2->isz;     // number of columns (list length)
  // pL->pv[i][j] -- i goes through the list and j goes through each vector
  for (j=0;j<c;j++) list_vector_resize(obl,j,pL2->pbuflen[j]);
  n=pL->plen[0]; // length of vector
  if (n!=c2) err=1;
  for (j=1;j<c;j++) if (n!=pL->plen[j] || err) {
    printf("vecst:vlxpose()ERRA: %d %d %d\n",n,pL->plen[j],c2); 
    FreeListVec(&pL); FreeListVec(&pL2); hxe(); }
  for (j=0,k=0;j<c;j++,k++) for (i=0;i<c2;i++) { 
    if (k>=pL2->pbuflen[i]) { sz=pL2->pbuflen[i]; // need to grow vector
      sz=(sz<10)?100:(sz*2);
      pL2->pv[i]=list_vector_resize(obl, i, pL2->pbuflen[i]=sz);
    }
    pL2->pv[i][k]=pL->pv[j][i];
  }
  for (j=0;j<c2;j++) list_vector_resize(obl,j,k);
  FreeListVec(&pL);  FreeListVec(&pL2);
  return (double)n;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* ind.ixsort(vec,list) does list.o(ind.x[i]).append(vec.x[i])
VERBATIM
static double ixsort (void* vv) {
  int i, j, n, ntv, c;
  double *x, *tv; ListVec* pL; Object* obl;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x); // vector of indices
  ntv = vector_arg_px(1, &tv);
  if (ntv!=n) {printf("vecst:ixsort()ERR0: diff size %d %d\n",n,ntv); hxe();}
  pL = AllocListVec(obl=*hoc_objgetarg(2));
  if (pL->isz<2) {printf("vecst:ixsort()ERRA: %d\n",pL->isz); FreeListVec(&pL); hxe();}
  c=pL->isz;     // number of columns (list length)
  // pL->pv[i][j] -- i goes through the list and j goes through each vector
  for (j=0;j<c;j++) list_vector_resize(obl, j, pL->pbuflen[j]);
  for (j=0;j<n;j++) {
    i=x[j]; 
    if (i>=c) {printf("vecst:ixsort()ERRB: OOB %d %d\n",i,c); FreeListVec(&pL); hxe();}
    if (pL->plen[i]>=pL->pbuflen[i]) {
      if (pL->pbuflen[i]) pL->pbuflen[i]*=2; else pL->pbuflen[i]=100;
      pL->pv[i]=list_vector_resize(obl, i, pL->pbuflen[i]);
    }
    pL->pv[i][pL->plen[i]++]=tv[j];
  }
  for (j=0;j<c;j++) list_vector_resize(obl, j, pL->plen[j]);
  FreeListVec(&pL);
  return (double)n;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.d2v(&x) copies from double area to vector -- a seg error waiting to happen
VERBATIM
static double d2v (void* vv) {
  int i, n, num;
  double *x, *fr;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  fr = hoc_pgetarg(1);
  if (ifarg(2)) { num = *getarg(2); } else { num=-1;}
  if (num>-1 && num!=n) { hoc_execerror("Vector size doesn't match.", 0); }
  for (i=0; i<n; i++) {x[i] = fr[i];}
  return (double)n;
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* v.lcat(LIST)
VERBATIM
static double lcat (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, n, lc, cap, maxsz;
  Object *ob1;
  double *x, *fr; 
  void *vw;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  vector_resize(vv,maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv)); // open it up fully
  ob1 = *hoc_objgetarg(1);
  lc = ivoc_list_count(ob1);
  for (i=0,j=0;i<lc && j<maxsz;i++) {
    cap = list_vector_px2(ob1, i, &fr, &vw);
    for (k=0;k<cap && j<maxsz;k++,j++) x[j]=fr[k];
  }
  if (i<lc || k<cap) printf("vecst lcat WARN: not all vecs copied\n");
  vector_resize(vv,j);
  return (double)j;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.mkcode(LIST,BITS) -- put together integer vectors from list by bit concatenating
VERBATIM
static double mkcode (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, n, num, bits;
  Object *ob;
  double *x, *vvo[5];
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  ob = *hoc_objgetarg(1);
  if (ifarg(2)) bits = *getarg(2); else bits=3;
  num = ivoc_list_count(ob);
  if (num!=5) hoc_execerror("mkcode ****ERRA****: can only handle 5 vectors", 0);
  for (i=0;i<num;i++) {  j=list_vector_px(ob, i, &vvo[i]);
    if (n!=j) { printf("mkcode ****ERRC**** %d %d %d\n",i,n,j);
      hoc_execerror("Vectors must all be same size: ", 0); }}
  for (i=0;i<n;i++) { // go through the vec length
    for (j=0,x[i]=0;j<5;j++) {
      if (vvo[j][i]<0. || vvo[j][i]>=sc[4] || floor(vvo[j][i]+0.5)!=vvo[j][i]) {
        printf("vec.mkcode OOB %g>%g in vec[%d].x[%d]\n",vvo[j][i],sc[4],j,i); hxe(); }
        x[i]+=vvo[j][i]*sc[j+1];
    }
  }
  return (double)i;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v.uncode(val) -- take apart val and place in vector
: v.uncode(VECLIST) -- take apart vector items and place in vectors in list (cf uncodf)
: v.uncode(vec,field) -- take apart v entries and place requested field in vec
: v.uncode(field,val) -- replace field in v with val (cf recodf)
: v.uncode(field,vec) -- replace field in v with values from vec
VERBATIM
static double uncode (void* vv) {
  int i, j, n, ny, num, field;
  Object *ob;
  double *x, *y, *vvo[5], val, old;
  void *vvv[5];
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  field=0;
  if (!ifarg(1)) { // numarg()==0
    printf("\tv.uncode(val) -- take apart val and place in vector\n\tv.uncode(VECLIST) -- take apart vector items and place in vectors in list (cf uncodf)\n\tv.uncode(vec,field) -- take apart vector items and place requested field in vector\n\tv.uncode(field,val) -- replace field in v with val (cf recodf)\n\tv.uncode(field,vec) -- replace field in v with values from vec\n"); return 0.;
  } else if (!ifarg(2)) { // numarg()==1
    if (hoc_is_double_arg(1)) {
      val = *getarg(1);
      if (vector_buffer_size(vv)<5) {
        hoc_execerror("uncode ****ERRA****: vector too small to resize(5)", 0);}
      vector_resize(vv,5);
      for (i=1;i<=5;i++) UNCODE(val,i,x[i-1])
      return x[0];
    } else {
      ob = *hoc_objgetarg(1);
      num = ivoc_list_count(ob);
      if (num>5) hoc_execerror("uncode ****ERRA****: can only handle 5 vectors", 0);
      for (i=0;i<num;i++) if (! list_vector_px4(ob, i, &vvo[i], n)) {
        printf("uncode ****ERRC**** %d\n",i);
        hoc_execerror("Vectors not big enough: ", 0);
      }
      for (i=0;i<n;i++) for (j=1;j<=num;j++) UNCODE(x[i],j,vvo[j-1][i]);
      return (double)i;
    }
  } else { // numarg()==2
    if (hoc_is_double_arg(1)) { // replace values
      field = (int)chkarg(1,1.,5.);
      ny=-1;
      if (hoc_is_double_arg(2)) {
        val=chkarg(2,0.,sc[4]-1); 
        if (floor(val+0.5)!=val) hoc_execerror("uncode(vec) ****ERRG****: non-int val", 0);
      } else {
        ny=vector_arg_px(2, &y);
        if (ny!=n) hoc_execerror("uncode(vec) ****ERRH****: diff sized vecs", 0);
      }
      for (i=0;i<n;i++) {
        UNCODE(x[i],field,old)
        if (ny>0)  {
          if (y[i]<0.||y[i]>=sc[4]||floor(y[i]+0.5)!=y[i]) {
            printf("vec.uncode ERRJ OOB %g (%g max) at %d\n",y[i],sc[4],i);hxe();}
          x[i] += sc[field]*(y[i]-old);
        } else {
          x[i] += sc[field]*(val -old);
        }
      }
      return (double)i;
    } else {  // fill single vector with values
      ny = vector_arg_px(1, &y);
      field = (int)chkarg(2,1.,5.);
      if (ny!=n) hoc_execerror("uncode(vec) ****ERRI****: diff sized vecs", 0);
      for (i=0;i<n;i++) UNCODE(x[i],field,y[i])
      return (double)i;
    }
  }
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
VERBATIM
//* list_vector_px(LIST,ITEM#,DOUBLE PTR ADDRESS) 
// modeled on vector_arg_px() picks up a vec from a list
int list_vector_px (Object *ob, int i, double** px) {
  Object* obv;
  int sz;
  obv = ivoc_list_item(ob, i);
  if (! ISVEC(obv)) return -1;
  sz = vector_capacity(obv->u.this_pointer);
  *px = vector_vec(obv->u.this_pointer);
  return sz;
}

//* list_vector_px2(LIST,ITEM#,DOUBLE PTR ADDRESS,VEC POINTER ADDRESS) 
//  returns the vector pointer as well as the double pointer
int list_vector_px2 (Object *ob, int i, double** px, void** vv) {
  Object* obv;
  int sz;
  obv = ivoc_list_item(ob, i);
  if (! ISVEC(obv)) return -1;
  sz = vector_capacity(obv->u.this_pointer);
  *px = vector_vec(obv->u.this_pointer);
  *vv = (void*) obv->u.this_pointer;
  return sz;
}

//* list_vector_px3(LIST,ITEM#,DOUBLE PTR ADDRESS,VEC POINTER ADDRESS) 
//  same as px2 but returns max vec size instead of current vecsize
//  side effect -- increase vector size to maxsize
int list_vector_px3 (Object *ob, int i, double** px, void** vv) {
  Object* obv;
  int sz;
  obv = ivoc_list_item(ob, i);
  if (! ISVEC(obv)) return -1;
  sz = vector_buffer_size(obv->u.this_pointer);
  *px = vector_vec(obv->u.this_pointer);
  *vv = (void*) obv->u.this_pointer;
  vector_resize(*vv,sz);
  return sz;
}

//* list_vector_px4(LIST,ITEM#,DOUBLE PTR ADDRESS,desired size)
//  does resizing and returns true
int list_vector_px4 (Object *ob, int i, double** px, unsigned int n) {
  Object* obv;
  void* vv;
  int sz;
  obv = ivoc_list_item(ob, i);
  if (! ISVEC(obv)) return -1;
  sz = vector_buffer_size(obv->u.this_pointer);
  *px = vector_vec(obv->u.this_pointer);
  vv = (void*) obv->u.this_pointer;
  if (n>sz) {
    printf("List vector WARNING: unable to resize to %d requested (%d)\n",n,sz);
    vector_resize(vv,sz);
    return 0;
  } else vector_resize(vv,n);
  return 1;
}

//* list_vector_resize(LIST,ITEM#,NEW SIZE)
double *list_vector_resize (Object *ob, int i, int sz) {
  Object* obv;
  obv = ivoc_list_item(ob, i);
  if (! ISVEC(obv)) return 0x0;
  vector_resize(obv->u.this_pointer,sz);
  return vector_vec(obv->u.this_pointer);
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.ismono([arg]) asks whether is monotonically increasing, with arg==-1 - decreasing
:  with arg==0:all same; 2:no consec ==; 3: incrementing by 1
VERBATIM
double ismono1 (double *x, int n, int flag) {
  int i; double last, gap, ret;
  last=x[0]; ret=1.; // default return value
  if (flag==1) {
    for (i=1; i<n && x[i]>=last; i++) last=x[i];
  } else if (flag==-1) {
    for (i=1; i<n && x[i]<=last; i++) last=x[i];
  } else if (flag==0) {
    for (i=1; i<n && x[i]==last; i++) ;
  } else if (flag==2) {
    for (i=1; i<n && x[i]>last; i++) last=x[i];
  } else if (flag==-2) {
    for (i=1; i<n && x[i]<last; i++) last=x[i];
  } else  if (flag==3) {
    for (i=1; i<n && x[i]==last+1; i++) last=x[i];
  } else  if (flag==4) {
    gap=x[1]-last; ret=gap;
    for (i=1; i<n && x[i]==last+gap; i++) last=x[i];
  } else  if (flag==-3) {
    for (i=1; i<n && x[i]==last-1; i++) last=x[i];
  }
  if (i==n) return ret; else return 0.;
}

static double ismono (void* vv) {
  int i, n, flag;
  double *x,last;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  if (ifarg(1)) { flag = (int)*getarg(1); } else { flag = 1; }
  return (double)ismono1(x,n,flag);
}
ENDVERBATIM
 
:* v1.count(num) returns number of instances of num
VERBATIM
static double count (void* vv) {
  int i, n, cnt;
  double *x,num;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  num = *getarg(1);
  for (cnt=0,i=0; i<n; i++) if (x[i]==num) cnt++;
  return cnt;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.muladd(mul,add) mul*x+add
: eg v1.muladd(-1,1) will swap 0s and 1s
VERBATIM
static double muladd (void* vv) {
  int i,n;
  double *x,mul,add;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  mul = *getarg(1);
  add = *getarg(2);
  for (i=0; i<n; i++) x[i]=x[i]*mul+add;
  return x[0];
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.binfind(num) looks at sorted list to see if contains num
VERBATIM
static double binfind (void* vv) {
  int i, n, lt, rt, mid;
  double *x,num;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  num = *getarg(1);
  lt=0; rt=n-1;
  while (lt <= rt) {
    mid = (lt+rt)/2;
    if (num>x[mid]) lt=mid+1; else if (num<x[mid]) rt=mid-1; else return (double)mid;
  }
  return -1;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.uniq() returns number of unique values in vec
: v1.uniq(v2) -- v2 has the uniq values
: v1.uniq(List) L.o(0) has the uniq values; .o(1) has counts
: v1.uniq(List,1) L.o(1) has the uniq values with preserved order
VERBATIM
static double uniq (void* vv) {
  int i, j, k, n, cnt, ny, nz, flag, lt, rt, mid, res;
  double *x, *y, *z, lastx, num;
  void* voi[2]; Object* ob; char *ix;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  flag=ny=nz=0;
  if (n==0) {printf("vecst:uniq WARNA empty input vector\n"); return 0;}
  if (ifarg(1)) {
    ny=openvec(1,&y);
    if (ny==-1) { // list
      ob= *hoc_objgetarg(1);
      ny=list_vector_px3(ob, 0, &y, &voi[0]);
      nz=list_vector_px3(ob,1,&z,&voi[1]);
      if (nz==0) z=vector_newsize(voi[1],nz=100);
    } else {
      voi[0]=vector_arg(1);   // save vector pointer
    }
    if (ny==0) y=vector_newsize(voi[0],ny=100);
  }
  if (ifarg(2)) {
    if (hoc_is_double_arg(2)) { 
      flag=*getarg(2);
      ix=(char*)ecalloc(n,sizeof(char));
      nz=0;
    } else {
      if (nz>0) {printf("ERROR: uniq(list,vec)\n"); hxe();}
      voi[1]=vector_arg(2);
      if ((nz=openvec(2,&z))==0) z=vector_newsize(voi[1],nz=100);
    }
  }
  scrset(n);
  for (i=0;i<n;i++) scr[i]=i;
  nrn_mlh_gsort(x, scr, n, cmpdfn);
  if (ny) y[0]=x[scr[0]]; 
  if (nz>0) z[0]=1.;
  for (i=1, lastx=x[scr[0]], cnt=1; i<n; i++) {
    if (x[scr[i]]>lastx+hoc_epsilon) {
      if (ny) { 
        if (cnt>=ny) y=vector_newsize(voi[0],ny*=3);
        y[cnt]=x[scr[i]]; 
      }
      if (nz>0) {
        if (cnt>=nz) z=vector_newsize(voi[1],nz*=3);
        z[cnt]=1.;
      }
      cnt++;
      lastx=x[scr[i]];
    } else if (nz>0) z[cnt-1]++;
  }
  if (ny) vector_resize(voi[0], cnt);
  if (nz>0) vector_resize(voi[1], cnt);
  if (flag) { // refill z with the unique values in proper order
    z=vector_newsize(voi[1], cnt);
    for (i=0;i<cnt;i++) ix[i]=1;
    for (i=0,j=0;i<n;i++) {
      lt=0; rt=cnt-1; res=-1; num=x[i];
      while (lt<=rt) { // look for the number in sorted y vector
        mid=(lt+rt)/2;
        if (num>y[mid]) lt=mid+1; else if (num<y[mid]) rt=mid-1; else {res=mid; break;}
      }
      if (y[res]!=num) {printf("uniq ERRC: %d %g %g\n",res,y[res],num); hxe();}
      if (ix[res]) { // haven't got this one yet
        z[j++]=num;
        ix[res]=0;
      }
      if (i%1000==0) {
        for (k=0;k<cnt;k++) if (ix[k]) break;
        if (k==cnt) break; // ix[] filled in completely so exit for loop
      }
    }
    free(ix);
  } 
  return (double)cnt;
}

// x.unq(y,z) calls uniq2() -- functionality same as uniq(List,1)
static double unq (void* vv) {
  int n, cnt; double *x, *y, *z; 
  n=vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  y=vector_newsize(vector_arg(1),n); // all same size
  z=vector_newsize(vector_arg(2),n);
  cnt=uniq2(n,x,y,z);
  y=vector_newsize(vector_arg(1),cnt);
  z=vector_newsize(vector_arg(2),cnt);
  return (double)cnt;
}

//** uniq2() should be called with 3 double arrays and their size
int uniq2 (int n, double *x, double *y, double *z) {
  int i, j, k, cnt, lt, rt, mid, res;  double lastx, num;
  if (n==0) return 0;
  scrset(n);
  for (i=0;i<n;i++) scr[i]=i;
  nrn_mlh_gsort(x, scr, n, cmpdfn); // sort x
  y[0]=x[scr[0]]; // first value
  for (i=1, lastx=x[scr[0]], cnt=1; i<n; i++) {
    if (x[scr[i]]>lastx+hoc_epsilon) {
      y[cnt]=x[scr[i]]; 
      cnt++;
      lastx=x[scr[i]];
    }
  }
  for (i=0;i<cnt;i++) scr[i]=1; // markers for cnt unique values in y
  // places uniq num in y into z in order from original redund x
  for (i=0,j=0;i<n;i++) { // go through all the x values
    lt=0; rt=cnt-1; res=-1; num=x[i]; // num is x value
    while (lt<=rt) { // look for num in sorted y vector -- binary search
      mid=(lt+rt)/2;
      if (num>y[mid]) lt=mid+1; else if (num<y[mid]) rt=mid-1; else {res=mid; break;}
    }
    if (y[res]!=num) {printf("uniq2 ERRC: %d %g %g\n",res,y[res],num); hxe();}
    if (scr[res]) { // haven't got this one yet
      z[j++]=num;
      scr[res]=0; // mark that one as being taken care of
    }
    if (i%10*cnt==0) { // check if we're done every few iterations
      for (k=0;k<cnt;k++) if (scr[k]) break; // still some that haven't been found
      if (k==cnt) break; // scr[] cleared completely so finished
    }
  } 
  return cnt;
}

// v1.nqsvt() for nqs vt iterator
static double nqsvt (void* vv) {
  int i, j, n, flag, cols;
  double *col, *fcd, *ind, *vvo[100];
  Object *fcdo, *vl, *obo;
  Symbol* s; char *proc;
  if ((cols=vector_instance_px(vv, &col))>100) {printf("nqsvt ERRD only 100 cols\n"); hxe();}
  proc = gargstr(1);
  if (!(s=hoc_lookup(proc))) {printf("nqsvt ERRA: proc %s not found\n",proc); hxe();}
  fcdo=*hoc_objgetarg(2);
  vector_arg_px(3, &fcd);
  vl=*hoc_objgetarg(4);
  if (ifarg(5)) {vector_arg_px(5, &ind); flag=1;} else flag=0;
  n=list_vector_px(vl,(int)col[0],&vvo[0]);
  for (i=1; i<cols; i++) if ((j=list_vector_px(vl,(int)col[i],&vvo[i]))!=n) {
    printf("nqvt ERRB irreg cols %d %d %d\n",i,n,j); hxe(); }
  if (flag) { // selected only -- need to write
  } else for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
    for (j=0; j<cols; j++) {
      if (fcd[(int)col[j]]==0) {  
        hoc_pushx(vvo[j][i]);
      } else if (fcd[(int)col[j]]==1) {
        obo=ivoc_list_item(fcdo, (int)vvo[j][i]);
        hoc_pushobj(&obo);
      } else { printf("nqvt ERRC unhandled type: %g\n",fcd[j]); hxe(); }
    }
    hoc_pushx((double)i);
    hoc_call_func(s, cols+1);
  }
  return (double)n;
}

// openvec() will pick up and open up a single vector but also will look for a list
int openvec (int arg, double **y) {
  int max; void* vv;
  Object* ob;
  ob =   *hoc_objgetarg(arg);
  if (! ISVEC(ob)) return -1;
  vector_arg_px(arg, y);
  vv=vector_arg(arg);
  max=vector_buffer_size(vv);
  vector_resize(vv, max);
  if (max==0) printf("openvec(): 0 size vec\n");
  return max;
}

// vector_newsize() will also increase size of vector
double *vector_newsize (void* vv, int n) {
  vector_resize(vv,n);
  return vector_vec(vv);
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.rnd([flag]) rounds off to nearest integer, with flag==1 rounds down
VERBATIM
static double rnd (void* vv) {
  int i, n, flag;
  double *x;
  flag=(ifarg(1)?(int)*getarg(1):0);
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  if (flag) {for (i=0; i<n; i++) x[i]=floor(x[i]);
  } else     for (i=0; i<n; i++) x[i]=floor(x[i]+0.5);
  return (double)i;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* v1.pop() removes last entry and shortens vector
VERBATIM
static double pop (void* vv) {
  int n;
  double *x;
  n = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  if (n==0) {printf("vec.pop ERR: empty vec\n");hxe();}
  vector_resize(vv,n-1);
  return x[n-1];
}
ENDVERBATIM

PROCEDURE Expo (x) {
  TABLE RES FROM -20 TO 20 WITH 5000
  RES = exp(x)
}

FUNCTION EXP (x) {
  if (x>20 || x<-20) { printf("EXP(%g) called with OOB value [-20,20]\n",x) 
    EXP=ERR 
  } else {
    Expo(x)
    EXP=RES
  }
}

FUNCTION SUMEXP () {
  VERBATIM
  double i,min,max,step,sum;
  if (ifarg(2)) { min=*getarg(1); max=*getarg(2); step=ifarg(3)?*getarg(3):1.;
  } else { max=*getarg(1); min=0.; step=1.; }
  if (max>20. || min<-20.) { 
    printf("SUMEXP() called with OOB value: %g %g [-20,20]\n",min,max);
    sum=ERR;
  } else for (i=min,sum=0;i<=max+hoc_epsilon;i+=step) {
    Expo(i);
    sum+=RES;
  }
  _lSUMEXP=sum;
  ENDVERBATIM
}

:* dest.smgs(src,low,high,step,var)
:  rewrite of v.sumgauss() in nrn5.3::ivoc/ivocvect.cpp:1078
:  NEEDS DEBUGGING -- see drline.hoc:smgs() 
VERBATIM
static double smgs (void* vv) {	
  int i, j, nx, xv, nsum, points, maxsz;
  double *x, *sum;
  double  low , high , step , var , svar , scale , arg;

  nsum = vector_instance_px(vv, &sum);
  nx = vector_arg_px(1,&x);
  low = *getarg(2);
  high = *getarg(3);
  step = *getarg(4);
  var = *getarg(5);

  points = (int)((high-low)/step+hoc_epsilon);
  if (nsum!=points) { 
    maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);
    if (points<=maxsz) {
      nsum=points;  vector_resize(vv, nsum); 
    } else {
      printf("%d > %d :: ",points,maxsz);
      hoc_execerror("Vector max capacity too small in smgs ", 0);
    }
  }

  svar = -2.*var*var/step/step;
  scale = 1./sqrt(2.*M_PI)/var;

  for (j=0; j<points;j++) sum[j] = 0.;
  for (i=0;i<nx;i++) {
    xv = (int)((x[i]-low)/step + 0.5);
    for (j=xv; j<points && (arg=(j-xv)*(j-xv)/svar)>-20;j++) {
      Expo(arg);
      sum[j] += RES;
    }
    for (j=xv-1; j>=0 && (arg=(j-xv)*(j-xv)/svar)>-20;j--) {
      Expo(arg);
      sum[j] += RES;
    }
  }
  for (j=0; j<points;j++) sum[j] *= scale;
  return svar;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* dest.smsy(tvec,CVLV_VEC,tstop[,dt,del])
:  sum CVLV_VEC starting at each point given in tvec with optional delay
:  used for summing up syn potentials
VERBATIM
static double smsy (void* vv) {	
  int i, j, k, nx, nc, nsum, points, maxsz;
  double *x, *sum, *c;
  double del,tstop,mdt;

  if (! ifarg(1)) { printf("dest.smsy(tvec,CVLV_VEC,tstop[,dt,del])\n"); return -1.; }

  del=0.; mdt=0.2;
  nsum = vector_instance_px(vv, &sum);
  nx = vector_arg_px(1,&x);
  nc = vector_arg_px(2,&c);
  tstop = *getarg(3);
  if (ifarg(4)) mdt = *getarg(4);
  if (ifarg(5)) del = *getarg(5);

  points=(int)(tstop/mdt+hoc_epsilon);
  if (nsum!=points) { 
    maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);
    if (points<=maxsz) {
      vector_resize(vv, points); points=nsum; 
    } else {
      printf("%d > %d :: ",points,maxsz);
      hoc_execerror("Dest vector too small in smsy ", 0);
    }
  }

  // don't zero out dest vec
  for (i=0;i<nx;i++) for (j=0,k=(x[i]+del)/mdt;j<nc && k<nsum;j++,k++) sum[k] += c[j];
  return points;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* int.vrdh(FILE,veclist,code)
: vector read header will read the headers from vecs saved with vread()
: needs to be generalized so reads code as well, also should do BYTESWAP
VERBATIM 
static double vrdh (void* vv) {	
  int code, i, num, n[2], maxsz; size_t r;
  double *x;
  FILE* f;

  num = vector_instance_px(vv, &x);
  maxsz=vector_buffer_size(vv);
  f =     hoc_obj_file_arg(1);
  num = (int)*getarg(2); // number of vectors to look for

  if (maxsz<2*num){printf("vrdh ERR0 need %d room in vec\n",2*num);hxe();}
  vector_resize(vv, 2*num);

  for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
    r=fread(&n,sizeof(int),2,f); // n[1] is type
    if (n[1]!=3){printf("vrdh ERRA code 3 only implemented %d:%d\n",i,n[1]);hxe();}
    x[2*i]=(double)n[0]; // size
    x[2*i+1]=(double)n[1];
    fseek(f,(long)n[1],SEEK_CUR);
  }
  return (double)num;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* rdmany(FILE,{veclist or vec},code[,num])
VERBATIM
static double rdmany (void* vv) {	
  int code, i, j, ni, vsz, ny, nv, num, cnt, n[2], sz, hd, vflag, iflag, last;
  Object* ob; size_t r;
  double *vvo[100], sf[2], *ind, *y;
  FILE* f;

  vflag=iflag=0;
  ni = vector_instance_px(vv, &ind);
  f =     hoc_obj_file_arg(1);
  ob =   *hoc_objgetarg(2);
  if (ifarg(3)) cnt=(int)*getarg(3); else { cnt=ni; iflag=1; }
  if (strncmp(hoc_object_name(ob),"Vector",6)==0) vflag=1;
  i=2*sizeof(int) + 2*sizeof(double); // size of header with scaling
  j=2*sizeof(int);  // size of header without scaling
  r=fread(&n,sizeof(int),2,f);
  vsz=n[0]; code=n[1];
  fseek(f,(long)-2*sizeof(int),SEEK_CUR);  // go back
  if (DEBUG_VECST) printf("rdmanyDBA: %ld %d %d\n",ftell(f),vsz,code);
  switch (code) {
    // case 1:sz=1; hd=i; break; // char
    case 2:sz=2; hd=i; break; // short
    case 3:sz=4; hd=j; break; // float
    case 4:sz=8; hd=j; break; // double
    // case 5:sz=4; hd=i; break; // int
    default: hoc_execerror("rdmany ERRE: code not recognized", 0);
  }
  if (vflag) {
    ny = vector_arg_px(2, &y);
    num= cnt;
    if (vsz*cnt!=ny) {
      printf("rdmany ERRD: wrong size vec: %d statt (%d*%d) %d\n",ny,vsz,cnt,vsz*cnt); hxe();}
  } else {
    num = ivoc_list_count(ob);
    if (num>100) hoc_execerror("rdmany ERRA: can only handle 100 vectors", 0);
    if (num!=cnt) {printf("rdmany ERRB: %d != %d",num,cnt); hxe();}
    for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
      nv = list_vector_px(ob, i, &vvo[i]);
      if (vsz!=nv){printf("rdmany ERRC: Vectors must all be same size %d %d %d\n",i,vsz,nv);hxe();}
    }
  }
  if (vsz*sz>bufsz) { 
    if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
    scrsz=vsz+10;
    scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(scrsz, sz);
    bufsz=scrsz*sz; // number of chars available
  }
  if (code==2) {
    unsigned short *xs;
    xs=(unsigned short *)scr;
    for (last=-1,i=0;i<num;i++) {
      if (iflag) {  // iflag // "i flag" not "if lag"
        fseek(f,(long)((int)ind[i]-last-1)*(hd+vsz*sizeof(short)),SEEK_CUR); 
        if (DEBUG_VECST) printf("rdmanyDBB %ld ",ftell(f));
        last=(int)ind[i]; 
      }
      r=fread(&n,sizeof(int),2,f);
      r=fread(&sf,sizeof(double),2,f);
      if (n[0]!=vsz){printf("rdmany ERRA vec(%d) %d vs %d\n",iflag?(int)ind[i]:i,vsz,n[0]);hxe();}
      if (n[1]!=code){printf("rdmany ERRB code mismatch %d %d\n",n[1],code);hxe();}
      r=fread(xs,sizeof(short),n[0],f);
      for (j=0;j<vsz;j++) if (vflag) {
            y[i*vsz+j]=(double)(xs[j]/sf[0] + sf[1]);
      } else vvo[i][j]=(double)(xs[j]/sf[0] + sf[1]);
    }
  } else if (code==3) {
    float *xs;
    xs=(float *)scr;
    for (last=-1,i=0;i<num;i++) {
      if (iflag) { 
        fseek(f,(long)((int)ind[i]-last-1)*(hd+vsz*sizeof(float)),SEEK_CUR); 
        last=(int)ind[i]; 
      }
      if (DEBUG_VECST) printf("rdmanyDBC:%ld ",ftell(f));
      r=fread(&n,sizeof(int),2,f);
      if (n[0]!=vsz){printf("rdmany ERRA vec(%d) %d vs %d\n",iflag?(int)ind[i]:i,vsz,n[0]);hxe();}
      if (n[1]!=code){printf("rdmany ERRB code mismatch %d %d\n",n[1],code);hxe();}
      r=fread(xs,sizeof(float),n[0],f);
      for (j=0;j<n[0];j++) if (vflag) {
            y[i*vsz+j]=(double)xs[j];
      } else vvo[i][j]=(double)xs[j];
    }
  } else if (code==4) {
    double *xs;
    xs=(double *)scr;
    for (last=-1,i=0;i<num;i++) {
      if (iflag) { 
        fseek(f,(long)((int)ind[i]-last-1)*(hd+vsz*sizeof(double)),SEEK_CUR); 
        last=(int)ind[i]; 
      }
      if (DEBUG_VECST) printf("rdmanyDBD %ld ",ftell(f));
      r=fread(&n,sizeof(int),2,f);
      if (n[0]!=vsz){printf("rdmany ERRA vec(%d) %d vs %d\n",iflag?(int)ind[i]:i,vsz,n[0]);hxe();}
      if (n[1]!=code){printf("rdmany ERRB code mismatch %d %d\n",n[1],code);hxe();}
      r=fread(xs,sizeof(double),n[0],f); // should just read directly into final array
      for (j=0;j<n[0];j++) if (vflag) y[i*vsz+j]=xs[j]; else vvo[i][j]=xs[j];
    }
  } else printf("rdmany() code %d not implemented\n",code);
  return (double)num;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* rdfile(FILE,{veclist or vec})
: should check speed for reading in and then later picking up individual vec
: would set up internal global pointers *vvo, *vnq but not copy in till needed
: also would want global size,type,scale,offset -- put all in a struct
VERBATIM
static double rdfile (void* vv) {	
  int i, j, k, ni, vsz, ty, ny, nv, num, cnt, n[2], hd, vflag;
  void* vnq[10000]; size_t r;
  size_t sz;
  char* xc; int *xi; float *xf; double *xd; void* xv; unsigned short* xus;
  Object* ob;
  double *vvo[10000], sf[2], *ind, *y;
  FILE* f;

  vflag=0;
  ni = vector_instance_px(vv, &ind);
  f =     hoc_obj_file_arg(1);
  ob =   *hoc_objgetarg(2);
  if (strncmp(hoc_object_name(ob),"Vector",6)==0) vflag=1;

  fseek(f,0,SEEK_END); sz=(int)ftell(f); rewind(f); // get size
  if (DEBUG_VECST) printf("Size %d\n",sz);
  if (sz>scrsz*sizeof(int)) { 
    if (scrsz>0) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; }
    scr=(unsigned int *)ecalloc(1, sz);
    scrsz=sz/sizeof(int); // number of chars available
  }

  xc=(char *)scr;
  r=fread(xc,(size_t)sz,1,f);

  if (vflag) {
    ny = vector_arg_px(2, &y);
  } else {
    num = ivoc_list_count(ob);
    if (num>10000) { printf("rdfile ERRA: can only handle 10000 vectors"); hxe();}
    for (i=0;i<num;i++) { 
      nv = list_vector_px3(ob, i, &vvo[i], &vnq[i]);
      if (i==0) vsz=nv;
      if (vsz!=nv){printf("rdfile ERRC: Vectors must all be same size %d %d %d\n",i,vsz,nv);hxe();}
    }
  }
  for (i=0,k=0,cnt=0;i<sz;cnt++) { // increment i from within loop
    xi=(int*) (xc+i);
    vsz=xi[0];
    ty= xi[1]; i+=(2*sizeof(int)); // picked up 2 ints
    if (vsz<=0 || ty<1 || ty>5) {
      printf("rdfile ERRB: bad size/type: %d/%d in vec# %d\n",vsz,ty,cnt); hxe();}
    if (DEBUG_VECST) printf("%d:%d:%d ",i,ty,vsz);
    if (vflag) { // vector
      if (k+vsz>=ny) {
        printf("rdfile ERRC: No more room in vec: %d %d %d %d\n",ny,k+vsz,cnt,ty); hxe(); }
    } else { // a list
      if (cnt>=num) {
        printf("rdfile ERRD: out of vecs: %d %d %d\n",num,cnt,ty); hxe(); }
      if (vsz>nv) {
        printf("rdfile ERRE: No more room in vec: %d %d %d %d\n",nv,vsz,cnt,ty); hxe(); }
    }
    if (ty==3) { // float must be recast
      xf=(float*)(xc+i);
      if (vflag) {
        for (j=0;j<vsz;j++) y[k+j]=(double)xf[j];
        k+=vsz;
      } else { 
        for (j=0;j<vsz;j++) vvo[cnt][j]=(double)xf[j];
        vector_resize(vnq[cnt],vsz);
      }
      i+=(vsz*sizeof(float));
    } else if (ty==4) { // double is just a memcpy
      xv=(void*)(xc+i);
      if (vflag) {
        memcpy((void*)(y+k),xv,(size_t)(vsz*sizeof(double)));
        k+=vsz;
      } else {
        memcpy((void*)(&vvo[cnt][0]),xv,(size_t)(vsz*sizeof(double)));
        vector_resize(vnq[cnt],vsz);
      }
      i+=(vsz*sizeof(double));
    } else if (ty==2) { // short must be shifted and scaled
      xd =(double *)(xc+i); i+=2*sizeof(double);
      for (j=0;j<2;j++) sf[j]=xd[j];
      xus=(unsigned short*)(xc+i);
      if (vflag) {
        for (j=0;j<vsz;j++) y[k+j]=((double)xus[j])/sf[0] + sf[1];
        k+=vsz;
      } else { 
        for (j=0;j<vsz;j++) vvo[cnt][j]=((double)xus[j])/sf[0] + sf[1];
        vector_resize(vnq[cnt],vsz);
      }
      i+=(vsz*sizeof(short));
    } else printf("rdfile() type %d not implemented\n",ty);
  }
  if (vflag) vector_resize(vector_arg(2), k);
  if (scrsz>1e7) { free(scr); scr=(unsigned int *)NULL; scrsz=0; }
  return (double)num;
}
ENDVERBATIM

:* PROCEDURE install_vecst()
PROCEDURE install_vecst () {
  if (VECST_INSTALLED==1) {
    printf("$Id: vecst.mod,v 1.499 2011/07/22 22:16:48 billl Exp $\n")
  } else {
  VECST_INSTALLED=1
  VERBATIM {
  int i,j; 
  install_vector_method("indset", indset);
  install_vector_method("mkind", mkind);
  install_vector_method("circ", circ);
  install_vector_method("thresh", thresh);
  install_vector_method("triplet", triplet);
  install_vector_method("onoff", onoff);
  install_vector_method("bpeval", bpeval);
  install_vector_method("w", w);
  install_vector_method("whi", whi);
  install_vector_method("sedit", sedit);
  install_vector_method("xing", xing);
  install_vector_method("scxing", scxing);
  install_vector_method("cvlv", cvlv);
  install_vector_method("sccvlv", sccvlv);
  install_vector_method("scl", scl);
  install_vector_method("revec", revec);
  install_vector_method("has", has);
  install_vector_method("intrp", intrp);
  install_vector_method("xzero", xzero);
  install_vector_method("peak", peak);
  install_vector_method("negwrap", negwrap);
  install_vector_method("sw", sw);
  install_vector_method("ismono", ismono);
  install_vector_method("count", count);
  install_vector_method("muladd", muladd);
  install_vector_method("binfind", binfind);
  install_vector_method("unq", unq);
  install_vector_method("uniq", uniq);
  install_vector_method("rnd", rnd);
  install_vector_method("fewind", fewind);
  install_vector_method("findx", findx);
  install_vector_method("lma", lma);
  install_vector_method("sindx", sindx);
  install_vector_method("sindv", sindv);
  install_vector_method("nind", nind);
  install_vector_method("keyind", keyind);
  install_vector_method("slct", slct);
  install_vector_method("slor", slor);
  install_vector_method("insct", insct);
  install_vector_method("linsct", linsct);
  install_vector_method("cull", cull);
  install_vector_method("redundout", redundout);
  install_vector_method("mredundout", mredundout);
  install_vector_method("d2v", d2v);
  install_vector_method("v2d", v2d);
  install_vector_method("v2p", v2p);
  install_vector_method("l2p", l2p);
  install_vector_method("fetch", fetch);
  install_vector_method("covar", covar);
  install_vector_method("ixsort", ixsort);
  install_vector_method("vlxpose", vlxpose);
  install_vector_method("b2v", b2v);
  install_vector_method("iwr", iwr);
  install_vector_method("ird", ird);
  install_vector_method("smgs", smgs);
  install_vector_method("smsy", smsy);
  install_vector_method("ident", ident);
  install_vector_method("lcat", lcat);
  install_vector_method("snap", snap);
  install_vector_method("fread2", fread2);
  install_vector_method("vfill", vfill);
  install_vector_method("vrdh", vrdh);
  install_vector_method("mkcode", mkcode);
  install_vector_method("uncode", uncode);
  install_vector_method("sumabs", sumabs);
  install_vector_method("inv", inv);
  install_vector_method("join", join);
  install_vector_method("slone", slone);
  install_vector_method("pop", pop);
  install_vector_method("rdmany", rdmany);
  install_vector_method("rdfile", rdfile);
  install_vector_method("samp", samp);
  install_vector_method("nearest", nearest);
  install_vector_method("nearall", nearall);
  install_vector_method("approx", approx);
  install_vector_method("nqsvt", nqsvt);
  install_vector_method("roton", roton);
  for (i=0,j=5;i<=5;i++,j--) sc[i]=pow(2,10*j);
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
  }
}

:* isojt(OB1,EXAMPLE_OBJ) return whether OB1 is an instance of EXAMPLE_OBJ
FUNCTION isojt () {
  VERBATIM {
  Object *ob1, *ob2;
  ob1 = *hoc_objgetarg(1); ob2 = *hoc_objgetarg(2);
  if (!ob1) if (!ob2) return 1; else return 0;
  if (!ob2 || ob1->template != ob2->template) {
    return 0;
  }
  return 1;
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

: isojn(OB1,NAME) return whether OB1 is an instance of EXAMPLE_OBJ
FUNCTION isojn () {
  VERBATIM {
  Object *ob1; char* name;
  ob1 = *hoc_objgetarg(1); name = gargstr(2);
  if (strncmp(hoc_object_name(ob1),name,3)==0) _lisojn=1.; else _lisojn=0.;
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

: ojtnum(OBJ) returns object number
: returns internal number of object, eg if vec[3] is Vector[432] returns 432
FUNCTION ojtnum () {
  VERBATIM {
  Object *ob1; char name[50]; int ii;
  ob1 = *hoc_objgetarg(1);
  if (!ob1) return -1;
  if (ifarg(2)) {
    strncpy(name, hoc_object_name(ob1),50);
    for (ii=strlen(name);ii>1;ii--) if (name[ii]==91) {name[ii]=0; break;} // 91 is [
    hoc_assign_str(hoc_pgargstr(2),name);
  }
  return (double)ob1->index;
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

: eqojt(OB1,OB2) return whether OB1 and OB2 point to same object
FUNCTION eqojt () {
  VERBATIM {
  Object *ob1, *ob2;
  ob1 = *hoc_objgetarg(1); ob2 = *hoc_objgetarg(2);
  if (ob1 && ob2 && ob1==ob2) {
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

:* byteswap(FILE)
FUNCTION byteswap () {
  VERBATIM {
  int n[2]; size_t r;
  double ret;
  FILE* f;
  BYTEHEADER

  f =     hoc_obj_file_arg(1);
  r=fread(&n,sizeof(int),2,f);
  if (n[1] < 1 || n[1] > 5) {
    BYTESWAP_FLAG = 1;
    ret = 1.; 
  } else ret = 0.;
  BYTESWAP(n[1],int)
  if (n[1] < 1 || n[1] > 5) { 
    printf("byteswap: Something wrong with location sampled: %d\n",n[1]);
    ret = -1.;
  }
  fseek(f,-2*sizeof(int),SEEK_CUR); // go back to where we started
  return ret;
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}


: mkcodf(val1,val2,val3,val4,val5) stuff 5 vals<=999 into a single double
FUNCTION mkcodf () {
  VERBATIM {
  int i;
  double x,a;
  if (ifarg(6)) {printf("mkcodf() ERR: can only encode 5 values\n"); hxe();}
  for (x=0.,i=1;i<=5;i++) { 
    a=(ifarg(i))?*getarg(i):0.0;  
    if (a<0. || a>=sc[4] || floor(a+0.5)!=a) {
      printf("mkcodf restricted to integers %g [0,%g]\n",a,sc[4]-1);hxe(); }
    x+=a*sc[i];
  }
  return x;
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

: uncodf(code,i) returns field i (1-5) from code
FUNCTION uncodf () {
  VERBATIM {
  int i;
  double x,ret, *ptr;
  x=*getarg(1);
  if (hoc_is_double_arg(2)) {
    i=(int)*getarg(2);
    if (i<1||i>5) {printf("2nd arg must be field# 1-5 (%d)\n",i); hxe();}
    UNCODE(x,i,ret);
    return ret;
  } else {
    for (i=2;i<=6;i++) if (ifarg(i)) {
      ptr = hoc_pgetarg(i);
      UNCODE(x,i-1,*ptr);
    } else break;
    return *ptr;
  }
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

: recodf(i,code,new) replaces field i (1-5) from code with new
FUNCTION recodf () {
  VERBATIM {
  int i;
  double x, y, old;
  i=(int)chkarg(1,1.,5.); x=*getarg(2); y=chkarg(3,0.,sc[4]-1);
  UNCODE(x,i,old);
  return x + sc[i]*(y-old);
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

: flor(val)
FUNCTION flor () {
  VERBATIM {
  return floor(*getarg(1));
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

: ceilg(val)
FUNCTION ceilg () {
  VERBATIM {
  return ceil(*getarg(1));
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

: MINxy(val1,val2)
FUNCTION MINxy () {
  VERBATIM {
  return MIN(*getarg(1),*getarg(2));
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

: MAXxy(val1,val2)
FUNCTION MAXxy () {
  VERBATIM {
  return MAX(*getarg(1),*getarg(2));
  }
  ENDVERBATIM
}

:* PROCEDURE fspitchar
PROCEDURE fspitchar(c) {
VERBATIM
{	
  FILE* f;
  f = hoc_obj_file_arg(2);
  fprintf(f, "%c", (int)_lc);
}
ENDVERBATIM
}

:* PROCEDURE fgchar
FUNCTION fgchar() {
VERBATIM
{	
  FILE* f;
  f = hoc_obj_file_arg(1);
  _lfgchar = (double)fgetc(f);
}
ENDVERBATIM
}

:* FUNCTION Str2Num takes a string arg and returns the # as a double
FUNCTION Str2Num () {
VERBATIM
{
  double d;
  char* c;
  c = gargstr(1);
  d = atof(c);
  return d;
}
ENDVERBATIM
}

:* FUNCTION vlsz() resize all the vectors in a list
FUNCTION vlsz () {
VERBATIM
{	
  int i,j,c,n; double *x, sz, fill; void *vv;
  ListVec* pL; Object* obl;
  pL = AllocListVec(obl=*hoc_objgetarg(1));
  sz=*getarg(2);
  if (ifarg(3)) fill=*getarg(3); else fill=OK;
  c=pL->isz;     // list length
  for (i=0;i<c;i++) {
    pL->pv[i]=list_vector_resize(obl, i, (int)sz);
    if (fill!=OK) for (j=0;j<(int)sz;j++) pL->pv[i][j]=fill;
  }
  FreeListVec(&pL);
  _lvlsz = (double)sz*c;
}
ENDVERBATIM
}

VERBATIM
void FreeListVec(ListVec** pp) {
  ListVec* p = *pp;
  if(p->pv){
    free(p->pv);
    p->pv=0;
  }
  if(p->plen){
    free(p->plen);
    p->plen=0;
  }
  free(p);
  *pp=0;
}

ListVec* AllocListVec (Object* p) {
  int i, iSz; ListVec* pList;  Object* obv;
  if(!IsList(p)){printf("AllocListVec ERRA: arg must be list object!\n"); hxe();}
  pList = (ListVec*)malloc(sizeof(ListVec));
  if(!pList) hxe();
  pList->pL=p; pList->isz=0;  pList->pv=0;  pList->plen=0;
  iSz = pList->isz = ivoc_list_count(p);
  if(iSz < 1) return pList;
  pList->plen = (unsigned int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*iSz);
  if(!pList->plen){printf("AllocListVec ERRB: Out of memory!\n"); hxe();}
  pList->pbuflen = (unsigned int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*iSz);
  pList->pv = (double**)malloc(sizeof(double*)*iSz);
  if(!pList->pv){free(pList->plen); printf("AllocListVec ERRC: Out of memory!\n"); hxe();}
  for(i=0;i<pList->isz;i++) {
    obv = ivoc_list_item(p,i);
    pList->pv[i]=vector_vec(obv->u.this_pointer);
    pList->plen[i]=vector_capacity(obv->u.this_pointer);
    pList->pbuflen[i]=vector_buffer_size(obv->u.this_pointer);;
  }
  return pList;
}

// Allocate a list vec that is indexed
ListVec* AllocILV (Object* p, int nx, double *x) {
  int i, j, iSz, ilc; ListVec* pList; Object* obv;
  if(!IsList(p)){printf("AllocILV ERRA: arg must be list object!\n"); hxe();}
  pList = (ListVec*)malloc(sizeof(ListVec));
  if(!pList) hxe();
  pList->pL=p; iSz=pList->isz=nx; pList->pv=0;  pList->plen=0;
  ilc=ivoc_list_count(p);
  if(iSz<1) return pList;
  pList->plen = (unsigned int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*iSz);
  if(!pList->plen){printf("AllocILV ERRB: Out of memory!\n"); hxe();}
  pList->pbuflen = (unsigned int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*iSz);
  pList->pv = (double**)malloc(sizeof(double*)*iSz);
  if(!pList->pv){free(pList->plen); printf("AllocILV ERRC: Out of memory!\n"); hxe();}
  for(i=0;i<iSz;i++){
    if ((j=(int)x[i])>=ilc){printf("AllocILV ERRD: index OOB: %d>=%d\n",j,ilc); hxe();}
    obv = ivoc_list_item(p,j);
    pList->pv[i]=vector_vec(obv->u.this_pointer);
    pList->plen[i]=vector_capacity(obv->u.this_pointer);
    pList->pbuflen[i]=vector_buffer_size(obv->u.this_pointer);;
  }
  return pList;
}

void ListVecResize (ListVec* p,int newsz) {
  int i,j; Object* obv;
  for(i=0;i<p->isz;i++){
    obv = ivoc_list_item(p->pL, i);
    p->pv[i]=vector_newsize(obv->u.this_pointer,newsz);
    p->plen[i]=newsz;
  }
}

void FillListVec (ListVec* p,double dval) {
  int i,j;
  for(i=0;i<p->isz;i++){
    for(j=0;j<p->plen[i];j++){
      p->pv[i][j]=dval;
    }
  }
}

int IsObj (Object* p,char* s){
  if(!p) return 0;
  if(!s || !strlen(s)) return 0;
  return !strncmp(hoc_object_name(p),s,strlen(s));
}
int IsVector (Object* p){ return IsObj(p,"Vector"); }
int IsList (Object* p){return IsObj(p,"List"); }

int** getint2D(int rows,int cols) {
  int **pp,*pool,*curPtr; int i;
  pp = (int**) malloc(sizeof(int*)*rows);
  if(!pp) { printf("ERR: out of memory!\n"); return 0x0; }
  pool = (int*) malloc(sizeof(int)*rows*cols);
  if(!pool) { printf("ERR: out of memory!\n"); free(pp); return 0x0; }
  curPtr = pool;
  for(i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
    pp[i] = curPtr;
    curPtr += cols;
  }
  return pp;
}

void freeint2D(int*** ppp,int rows) {
  int** pp;
  pp = *ppp;
  free(pp[0]);
  free(pp);
  *ppp = 0;
}

double** getdouble2D(int rows,int cols) {
  double **pp,*pool,*curPtr; int i;
  pp = (double**) malloc(sizeof(double*)*rows);
  if(!pp) { printf("ERR: out of memory!\n"); return 0x0; }
  pool = (double*) malloc(sizeof(double)*rows*cols);
  if(!pool) { printf("ERR: out of memory!\n"); free(pp); return 0x0; }
  curPtr = pool;
  for(i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
    pp[i] = curPtr;
    curPtr += cols;
  }
  return pp;
}

void freedouble2D(double*** ppp,int rows) {
  double** pp;
  pp = *ppp;
  free(pp[0]);
  free(pp);
  *ppp = 0;
}

ENDVERBATIM