Unbalanced peptidergic inhibition in superficial cortex underlies seizure activity (Hall et al 2015)

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Accession:235768
" ...Loss of tonic neuromodulatory excitation, mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine or serotonin (5HT3A) receptors, of 5HT3-immunopositive interneurons caused an increase in amplitude and slowing of the delta rhythm until each period became the "wave" component of the spike and wave discharge. As with the normal delta rhythm, the wave of a spike and wave discharge originated in cortical layer 5. In contrast, the "spike" component of the spike and wave discharge originated from a relative failure of fast inhibition in layers 2/3-switching pyramidal cell action potential outputs from single, sparse spiking during delta rhythms to brief, intense burst spiking, phase-locked to the field spike. The mechanisms underlying this loss of superficial layer fast inhibition, and a concomitant increase in slow inhibition, appeared to be precipitated by a loss of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-mediated local circuit inhibition and a subsequent increase in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-mediated disinhibition. Blockade of NPY Y1 receptors was sufficient to generate spike and wave discharges, whereas blockade of VIP receptors almost completely abolished this form of epileptiform activity. These data suggest that aberrant, activity-dependent neuropeptide corelease can have catastrophic effects on neocortical dynamics."
Reference:
1 . Hall S, Hunt M, Simon A, Cunnington LG, Carracedo LM, Schofield IS, Forsyth R, Traub RD, Whittington MA (2015) Unbalanced Peptidergic Inhibition in Superficial Neocortex Underlies Spike and Wave Seizure Activity. J Neurosci 35:9302-14 [PubMed]
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Model Information (Click on a link to find other models with that property)
Model Type: Realistic Network;
Brain Region(s)/Organism: Neocortex; Thalamus;
Cell Type(s): Thalamus geniculate nucleus/lateral principal GLU cell; Thalamus reticular nucleus GABA cell; Neocortex U1 L2/6 pyramidal intratelencephalic GLU cell; Neocortex U1 L6 pyramidal corticalthalamic GLU cell; Neocortex fast spiking (FS) interneuron; Neocortex spiking regular (RS) neuron; Neocortex spiking low threshold (LTS) neuron;
Channel(s): I Na,p; I Na,t; I L high threshold; I T low threshold; I A; I K; I M; I h; I K,Ca; I Calcium; I A, slow;
Gap Junctions: Gap junctions;
Receptor(s): GabaA; AMPA; NMDA;
Gene(s):
Transmitter(s):
Simulation Environment: FORTRAN;
Model Concept(s): Epilepsy;
Implementer(s): Traub, Roger D [rtraub at us.ibm.com];
Search NeuronDB for information about:  Thalamus geniculate nucleus/lateral principal GLU cell; Thalamus reticular nucleus GABA cell; Neocortex U1 L2/6 pyramidal intratelencephalic GLU cell; Neocortex U1 L6 pyramidal corticalthalamic GLU cell; GabaA; AMPA; NMDA; I Na,p; I Na,t; I L high threshold; I T low threshold; I A; I K; I M; I h; I K,Ca; I Calcium; I A, slow;
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HallEtAl2015
readme.html
dexptablebig_setup.f *
dexptablesmall_setup.f *
fnmda.f *
groucho_gapbld.f *
groucho_gapbld_mix.f *
integrate_deepaxaxx.f *
integrate_deepbaskx.f *
integrate_deepLTSx.f *
integrate_deepng.f *
integrate_nontuftRSXXB.f *
integrate_nrtxB.f *
integrate_spinstelldiegoxB.f *
integrate_supaxaxx.f *
integrate_supbaskx.f *
integrate_supLTSX.f *
integrate_supng.f *
integrate_suppyrFRBxPB.f *
integrate_suppyrRS.f *
integrate_suppyrRS[1].f *
integrate_suppyrRSXPB.f *
integrate_tcrxB.f *
integrate_tuftIBVx3B.f *
integrate_tuftRSXXB.f *
makefile *
otis_table_setup.f *
spikewaveS1.pdf
spikewaveS1.png
spikewaveS5.f *
spikewaveS5.pdf
spikewaveS5.png
synaptic_compmap_construct.f *
synaptic_map_construct.f *
                            
! 7 Sept. 2006: start with integrate_tuftRSXX.f from isoldeepVFOK, and
! add GABA-B
c 31 March 2005: lower axonal gNa density and shift gNaF rate functions
c 4 Nov. 2003, modify layVtup.f as integration program for layer V
c tufted RS pyramidal cell, for use with groucho.f

c20 May 2003: adapt non-tufted RS layer 5 cell, layVrsp.f, to tufted
c layer 5 cell - should be either RS or IB, depending on params.
c Total number of compartments = 61, axon 56-61; 18 levels; level 0 = axon.
c 14 May 2003.  Copy program from Rose and modify for mpi.
c 19 June 2001. Taken from scortpd.f.  Parallel.
c 19 June 2001: layer V RS cell with "thin" dendrite, no apical tuft.
c See Kim & Connors, Mason & Larkman.
c 44 SD compartments, 6 axonal, total 50.
c 5 basal and 6 apical oblique dendrites, each with 3 compartments.
c 10-compartment apical dendrite, no branches (apart from obliques)

c 13 April 2001, version of scortp.f, for looking at dendritic activities.
c  7 April 2001, parallel version of scort.f
c 30 March 2001: layer 2/3 pyramidal cell, with geometry (as much as
c possible) from Guy Major thesis; start with tcr.f.
c Total 74 compartments: 6 axon.  8 basal and 3 oblique dendrites, each
c with 3 compartments: apical shaft and branch; 8 3-segment pieces in
c the "apical tuft".

c Revised tcr.f, using modifications developed in short.f
c 22 Feb. 2001: alter persistent gNaP to have lower threshold and
c 1st power activation; in addition, try increasing activation
c threshold of fast gNa, as per Parri & Crunelli 1998.
c 25 Jan. 2001, single TCR cell, modification of nrt.f
c TCR cell has 10 short dendrites, each with 13 compartments.
c Soma is compartment 1; axon is 132-137, with structure as in
c  nRT cell model.  Each dendrite has 2 layers of trifurcations.

c 28 Dec. 2000, begin converting interneuron program to nRT cell.
c Soma will be comp. 1.  4 equivalent dendrites, each with 13 comps.
c (so 53 SD compartments).  Branching axon with 6 compartments - 59
c compartments in all.  Try one integration program for whole structure.
c Currents: leak, fast Na (naf), persistent Na (nap), fast DR (kdr),
c A-current (ka), K2 current, M-current (km), C current (kc), AHP
c (kahp), T-current (cat), high-thresh. Ca (CAL), h-current = anomalous
c rectifier (ar).
        SUBROUTINE integrate_tuftRSXXB (O, time, numcell, V, curr,
     &   initialize, firstcell, lastcell,
     &   gAMPA, gNMDA, gGABA_A, gGABA_B,
     &   Mg, gapcon, totaxgj, gjtable, dt,
     & totaxgj_mix, gjtable_mix, num_other, vax,
     &  chi,mnaf,mnap,
     &  hnaf,mkdr,mka,
     &  hka,mk2,hk2,
     &  mkm,mkc,mkahp,
     &  mcat,hcat,mcal,
     &  mar,field_1mm,field_2mm)

        SAVE

       integer, parameter:: numcomp = 61
c numcomp = number of compartments, including 6 in the axon.

       integer numcell, totaxgj, gjtable(totaxgj,4)
       integer initialize, firstcell, lastcell
       integer num_other, totaxgj_mix,
     &   gjtable_mix (totaxgj_mix,4)
       INTEGER J1, I, J, K, L, O, K1, k2, k3
       REAL*8 Z, Z1, Z2, Z3,z4,curr(numcomp,numcell),c(numcomp)
       REAL*8 mg, dt, time, gapcon
c      real*8 vax (num_other)
       real*8 vax (numcomp,num_other)  ! Note

c CINV is 1/C, i.e. inverse capacitance
       real*8 v(numcomp,numcell),chi(numcomp,numcell),
     x mnaf(numcomp,numcell),mnap(numcomp,numcell),
     x hnaf(numcomp,numcell),mkdr(numcomp,numcell),
     x mka(numcomp,numcell),hka(numcomp,numcell),
     x mk2(numcomp,numcell),    cinv(numcomp),
     x hk2(numcomp,numcell),mkm(numcomp,numcell),
     x mkc(numcomp,numcell),mkahp(numcomp,numcell),
     x mcat(numcomp,numcell),
     x hcat(numcomp,numcell),mcal(numcomp,numcell),
     x mar(numcomp,numcell),
     x jacob(numcomp,numcomp),betchi(numcomp),
     x gam(0:numcomp,0:numcomp),gL(numcomp),gnaf(numcomp),
     x gnap(numcomp),gkdr(numcomp),gka(numcomp),
     x gk2(numcomp),gkm(numcomp),
     x gkc(numcomp),gkahp(numcomp),
     x gcat(numcomp),gcaL(numcomp),gar(numcomp),
     x gampa(numcomp,numcell),ggaba_b(numcomp,numcell),
     x gnmda(numcomp,numcell),ggaba_a(numcomp,numcell),
     x cafor(numcomp)

        real*8
     X alpham_naf(0:640),betam_naf(0:640),dalpham_naf(0:640),
     X   dbetam_naf(0:640),
     X alphah_naf(0:640),betah_naf(0:640),dalphah_naf(0:640),
     X   dbetah_naf(0:640),
     X alpham_kdr(0:640),betam_kdr(0:640),dalpham_kdr(0:640),
     X   dbetam_kdr(0:640),
     X alpham_ka(0:640), betam_ka(0:640),dalpham_ka(0:640) ,
     X   dbetam_ka(0:640),
     X alphah_ka(0:640), betah_ka(0:640), dalphah_ka(0:640),
     X   dbetah_ka(0:640),
     X alpham_k2(0:640), betam_k2(0:640), dalpham_k2(0:640),
     X   dbetam_k2(0:640),
     X alphah_k2(0:640), betah_k2(0:640), dalphah_k2(0:640),
     X   dbetah_k2(0:640),
     X alpham_km(0:640), betam_km(0:640), dalpham_km(0:640),
     X   dbetam_km(0:640),
     X alpham_kc(0:640), betam_kc(0:640), dalpham_kc(0:640),
     X   dbetam_kc(0:640),
     X alpham_cat(0:640),betam_cat(0:640),dalpham_cat(0:640),
     X   dbetam_cat(0:640),
     X alphah_cat(0:640),betah_cat(0:640),dalphah_cat(0:640),
     X   dbetah_cat(0:640),
     X alpham_caL(0:640),betam_caL(0:640),dalpham_caL(0:640),
     X   dbetam_caL(0:640),
     X alpham_ar(0:640), betam_ar(0:640), dalpham_ar(0:640),
     X   dbetam_ar(0:640)
       real*8 outrcd(20)

        INTEGER NEIGH(numcomp, 7), NNUM(numcomp)

       real*8 persistentNa_shift, fastNa_shift_SD
       real*8                     fastNa_shift_axon

c the f's are the functions giving 1st derivatives for evolution of
c the differential equations for the voltages (v), calcium (chi), and
c other state variables.
       real*8 fv(numcomp), fchi(numcomp),
     x fmnaf(numcomp),fhnaf(numcomp),fmkdr(numcomp),
     x fmka(numcomp),fhka(numcomp),
     x fmk2(numcomp),fhk2(numcomp),fmnap(numcomp),
     x fmkm(numcomp),fmkc(numcomp),fmkahp(numcomp),
     x fmcat(numcomp),fhcat(numcomp),
     x fmcal(numcomp),fmar(numcomp)

c below are for calculating the partial derivatives
       real*8 dfv_dv(numcomp,numcomp), dfv_dchi(numcomp),
     x    dfv_dmnaf(numcomp),
     x    dfv_dmnap(numcomp),
     x  dfv_dhnaf(numcomp),dfv_dmkdr(numcomp),
     x  dfv_dmka(numcomp),dfv_dhka(numcomp),
     x  dfv_dmk2(numcomp),dfv_dhk2(numcomp),
     x  dfv_dmkm(numcomp),dfv_dmkc(numcomp),
     x  dfv_dmkahp(numcomp),dfv_dmcat(numcomp),
     x  dfv_dhcat(numcomp),dfv_dmcal(numcomp),
     x  dfv_dmar(numcomp)

        real*8 dfchi_dv(numcomp), dfchi_dchi(numcomp),
     x dfmnaf_dmnaf(numcomp),
     x dfmnaf_dv(numcomp),dfhnaf_dhnaf(numcomp),
     x dfmnap_dmnap(numcomp), dfmnap_dv(numcomp),
     x dfhnaf_dv(numcomp),
     x dfmkdr_dmkdr(numcomp),dfmkdr_dv(numcomp),
     x dfmka_dmka(numcomp),dfmka_dv(numcomp),
     x dfhka_dhka(numcomp),dfhka_dv(numcomp),
     x dfmk2_dmk2(numcomp),dfmk2_dv(numcomp),
     x dfhk2_dhk2(numcomp),dfhk2_dv(numcomp),
     x dfmkm_dmkm(numcomp),dfmkm_dv(numcomp),
     x dfmkc_dmkc(numcomp),dfmkc_dv(numcomp),
     x dfmcat_dmcat(numcomp),
     x dfmcat_dv(numcomp),dfhcat_dhcat(numcomp),
     x dfhcat_dv(numcomp),
     x dfmcal_dmcal(numcomp),dfmcal_dv(numcomp),
     x dfmar_dmar(numcomp),
     x dfmar_dv(numcomp),dfmkahp_dchi(numcomp),
     x dfmkahp_dmkahp(numcomp), dt2

      REAL*8 vL(numcomp),vk(numcomp),vna,var,vca,vgaba_a
      REAL*8 OPEN(numcomp),gamma(numcomp),gamma_prime(numcomp)
c gamma is function of chi used in calculating KC conductance
       REAL*8 alpham_ahp(numcomp),alpham_ahp_prime(numcomp)
       REAL*8 gna_tot(numcomp),gk_tot(numcomp)
       REAL*8 gca_tot(numcomp),gar_tot(numcomp)
       REAL*8 gca_high(numcomp)
c this will be gCa conductance corresponding to high-thresh channels
       REAL*8 A, BB1, BB2
       real*8 depth(18), membcurr(18), field_1mm, field_2mm
       integer level(numcomp)

! do initialization on 1st time step
c      if (O == 1) then
       if (initialize == 0) then

c Program assumes A, BB1, BB2 defined in calling program
c as follows:
         A = DEXP(-2.847d0)
         BB1 = DEXP(-.693d0)
         BB2 = DEXP(-3.101d0)

       CALL  LAYVTU_RS_SETUP
     X   (alpham_naf, betam_naf, dalpham_naf, dbetam_naf,
     X    alphah_naf, betah_naf, dalphah_naf, dbetah_naf,
     X    alpham_kdr, betam_kdr, dalpham_kdr, dbetam_kdr,
     X    alpham_ka , betam_ka , dalpham_ka , dbetam_ka ,
     X    alphah_ka , betah_ka , dalphah_ka , dbetah_ka ,
     X    alpham_k2 , betam_k2 , dalpham_k2 , dbetam_k2 ,
     X    alphah_k2 , betah_k2 , dalphah_k2 , dbetah_k2 ,
     X    alpham_km , betam_km , dalpham_km , dbetam_km ,
     X    alpham_kc , betam_kc , dalpham_kc , dbetam_kc ,
     X    alpham_cat, betam_cat, dalpham_cat, dbetam_cat,
     X    alphah_cat, betah_cat, dalphah_cat, dbetah_cat,
     X    alpham_caL, betam_caL, dalpham_caL, dbetam_caL,
     X    alpham_ar , betam_ar , dalpham_ar , dbetam_ar)

        CALL LAYVTU_RS_MAJ (GL,GAM,GKDR,GKA,GKC,GKAHP,GK2,GKM,
     X              GCAT,GCAL,GNAF,GNAP,GAR,
     X    CAFOR,JACOB,C,BETCHI,NEIGH,NNUM,depth,level)

          do i = 1, numcomp
             cinv(i) = 1.d0 / c(i)
          end do

        do i = 1, numcomp
           if (i.le. 55) then
             vL(i) = -70.d0
           else
             vL(i) = -70.d0
           endif
         end do

        do i = 1, numcomp
           if (i.le. 55) then
             vK(i) = -95.d0
           else
             vK(i) = - 95.d0
           endif
         end do

        VNA = 50.d0
        VCA = 125.d0
        VAR = -43.d0
        VAR = -35.d0
c -43 mV from Huguenard & McCormick
c       VGABA_A = -81.d0
        VGABA_A = -75.d0

c ? initialize membrane state variables?
!         curr = 0.d0
        v = VL(1)

        k1 = idnint (4.d0 * (v(1,1) + 120.d0))

      hnaf = alphah_naf(k1)/(alphah_naf(k1)+betah_naf(k1))
      hka = alphah_ka(k1)/(alphah_ka(k1)+betah_ka(k1))
      hk2 = alphah_k2(k1)/(alphah_k2(k1)+betah_k2(k1))
      hcat=alphah_cat(k1)/(alphah_cat(k1)+betah_cat(k1))
c     mar=alpham_ar(k1)/(alpham_ar(k1)+betam_ar(k1))
      mar= .25d0
      mnaf = 0.d0
      mnap = 0.d0
      mkdr = 0.d0
      mka = 0.d0
      mk2 = 0.d0
      mkm = 0.d0
      mkc = 0.d0
      mkahp = 0.d0
      mcat = 0.d0
      mcal = 0.d0
      chi = 0.d0

! z1, z2, z3 as per layVtup.f.2Jun03: altered Sept. 7, 2006
c          z1 = 0.2d0
           z1 = 0.05d0
           z2 = 3.6d0
c          z3 = 0.4d0
           z3 = 0.2d0
           z4 = 0.7d0
           do i = 1, 55
         gnap(i) = z1 * gnap(i)
         gkc (i) = z2 * gkc (i)
         gCaL(i) = z3 * gCaL(I)
         gnaf(i) = z4 * gnaf(I)
           end do
c above should give RS cell.    

c Inrease gCaL just past bifurcation, so that tuft can make Ca spike
         gCaL(48) = 4.5d0 * gCaL(48)
         gCaL(49) = 4.5d0 * gCaL(49)


           goto 4000

! End initialization
           endif

           do i = 1, 18
            membcurr(i) = 0.d0
           end do

c          do L = 1, numcell
           do L = firstcell, lastcell

       DO 301, I = 1, numcomp
          FV(I) = -GL(I) * (V(I,L) - VL(i)) * cinv(i)
          DO 302, J = 1, NNUM(I)
             K = NEIGH(I,J)
302     FV(I) = FV(I) + GAM(I,K) * (V(K,L) - V(I,L)) * cinv(i)
301    CONTINUE


        CALL FNMDA (V, OPEN, numcell, numcomp, MG, L, 
     &    A, BB1, BB2)

      DO 421, I = 1, numcomp
       FV(I) = FV(I) + ( CURR(I,L)
     X   - (gampa(I,L) + open(i) * gnmda(I,L))*V(I,L)
     X   - ggaba_a(I,L)*(V(I,L)-Vgaba_a) 
     X   - ggaba_b(I,L)*(V(I,L)-VK(i)  ) ) * cinv(i)
c above assumes equil. potential for AMPA & NMDA = 0 mV
421      continue

! gj code here

       do m = 1, totaxgj
        if (gjtable(m,1).eq.L) then
         L1 = gjtable(m,3)
         igap1 = gjtable(m,2)
         igap2 = gjtable(m,4)
 	fv(igap1) = fv(igap1) + gapcon *
     &   (v(igap2,L1) - v(igap1,L)) * cinv(igap1)
        else if (gjtable(m,3).eq.L) then
         L1 = gjtable(m,1)
         igap1 = gjtable(m,4)
         igap2 = gjtable(m,2)
 	fv(igap1) = fv(igap1) + gapcon *
     &   (v(igap2,L1) - v(igap1,L)) * cinv(igap1)
        endif
       end do ! do m

       do m = 1, totaxgj_mix
        if (gjtable_mix(m,3).eq.L) then
         L1 = gjtable_mix(m,1)
         igap1 = gjtable_mix(m,4)
 	fv(igap1) = fv(igap1) + gapcon *
c    &   (vax(L1) - v(igap1,L)) * cinv(igap1)
     &   (vax(igap1,L1) - v(igap1,L)) * cinv(igap1)
        endif
       end do ! do m

       do i = 1, numcomp
        gamma(i) = dmin1 (1.d0, .004d0 * chi(i,L))
        if (chi(i,L).le.250.d0) then
          gamma_prime(i) = .004d0
        else
          gamma_prime(i) = 0.d0
        endif
c         endif
       end do

      DO 88, I = 1, numcomp
       gna_tot(i) = gnaf(i) * (mnaf(i,L)**3) * hnaf(i,L) +
     x     gnap(i) * mnap(i,L)
       gk_tot(i) = gkdr(i) * (mkdr(i,L)**4) +
     x             gka(i)  * (mka(i,L)**4) * hka(i,L) +
     x             gk2(i)  * mk2(i,L) * hk2(i,L) +
     x             gkm(i)  * mkm(i,L) +
     x             gkc(i)  * mkc(i,L) * gamma(i) +
     x             gkahp(i)* mkahp(i,L)
       gca_tot(i) = gcat(i) * (mcat(i,L)**2) * hcat(i,L) +
     x              gcaL(i) * (mcaL(i,L)**2)
       gca_high(i) =
     x              gcaL(i) * (mcaL(i,L)**2)
       gar_tot(i) = gar(i) * mar(i,L)


       FV(I) = FV(I) - ( gna_tot(i) * (v(i,L) - vna)
     X  + gk_tot(i) * (v(i,L) - vK(i))
     X  + gca_tot(i) * (v(i,L) - vCa)
     X  + gar_tot(i) * (v(i,L) - var) ) * cinv(i)
c        endif
88           continue

         do i = 1, numcomp
         do j = 1, numcomp
          if (i.ne.j) then
            dfv_dv(i,j) = jacob(i,j)
          else
            dfv_dv(i,j) = jacob(i,i) - cinv(i) *
     X  (gna_tot(i) + gk_tot(i) + gca_tot(i) + gar_tot(i)
     X   + ggaba_a(i,L) + ggaba_b(i,L) + gampa(i,L)
     X   + open(i) * gnmda(I,L) )
          endif
         end do
         end do

           do i = 1, numcomp
        dfv_dchi(i)  = - cinv(i) * gkc(i) * mkc(i,L) *
     x                     gamma_prime(i) * (v(i,L)-vK(i))
        dfv_dmnaf(i) = -3.d0 * cinv(i) * (mnaf(i,L)**2) *
     X    (gnaf(i) * hnaf(i,L)          ) * (v(i,L) - vna)
        dfv_dmnap(i) = - cinv(i) *
     X    (               gnap(i)) * (v(i,L) - vna)
        dfv_dhnaf(i) = - cinv(i) * gnaf(i) * (mnaf(i,L)**3) *
     X                    (v(i,L) - vna)
        dfv_dmkdr(i) = -4.d0 * cinv(i) * gkdr(i) * (mkdr(i,L)**3)
     X                   * (v(i,L) - vK(i))
        dfv_dmka(i)  = -4.d0 * cinv(i) * gka(i) * (mka(i,L)**3) *
     X                   hka(i,L) * (v(i,L) - vK(i))
        dfv_dhka(i)  = - cinv(i) * gka(i) * (mka(i,L)**4) *
     X                    (v(i,L) - vK(i))
        dfv_dmk2(i)  = - cinv(i)*gk2(i)*hk2(i,L)*(v(i,L)-vK(i))
        dfv_dhk2(i)  = - cinv(i)*gk2(i)*mk2(i,L)*(v(i,L)-vK(i))
        dfv_dmkm(i)  = - cinv(i) * gkm(i) * (v(i,L) - vK(i))
      dfv_dmkc(i) = - cinv(i) * gkc(i)*gamma(i) * (v(i,L)-vK(i))
        dfv_dmkahp(i)= - cinv(i) * gkahp(i) * (v(i,L) - vK(i))
        dfv_dmcat(i)  = -2.d0 * cinv(i) * gcat(i) * mcat(i,L) *
     X                    hcat(i,L) * (v(i,L) - vCa)
        dfv_dhcat(i) = - cinv(i) * gcat(i) * (mcat(i,L)**2) *
     X                  (v(i,L) - vCa)
        dfv_dmcal(i) = -2.d0 * cinv(i) * gcal(i) * mcal(i,L) *
     X                      (v(i,L) - vCa)
        dfv_dmar(i) = - cinv(i) * gar(i) * (v(i,L) - var)
            end do

         do i = 1, numcomp
          fchi(i) = - cafor(i) * gca_high(i) * (v(i,L) - vca)
c         fchi(i) = - cafor(i) * gca_tot (i) * (v(i,L) - vca)
     x       - betchi(i) * chi(i,L)
          dfchi_dv(i) = - cafor(i) * gca_high(i)
c         dfchi_dv(i) = - cafor(i) * gca_tot (i)
          dfchi_dchi(i) = - betchi(i)
         end do

       do i = 1, numcomp
c Note possible increase in rate at which AHP current develops
c       alpham_ahp(i) = dmin1(0.2d-4 * chi(i,L),0.01d0)
        alpham_ahp(i) = dmin1(1.0d-4 * chi(i,L),0.01d0)
c       alpham_ahp(i) = dmin1(1.0d-4 * chi(i,L),0.02d0)
        if (chi(i,L).le.500.d0) then
c         alpham_ahp_prime(i) = 0.2d-4
          alpham_ahp_prime(i) = 1.0d-4
        else
          alpham_ahp_prime(i) = 0.d0
        endif
       end do

       do i = 1, numcomp
        fmkahp(i) = alpham_ahp(i) * (1.d0 - mkahp(i,L))
     x                  -.001d0 * mkahp(i,L)
c    x                  -.010d0 * mkahp(i,L)
        dfmkahp_dmkahp(i) = - alpham_ahp(i) - .001d0
c       dfmkahp_dmkahp(i) = - alpham_ahp(i) - .010d0
        dfmkahp_dchi(i) = alpham_ahp_prime(i) *
     x                     (1.d0 - mkahp(i,L))
       end do

          do i = 1, numcomp

       K1 = IDNINT ( 4.d0 * (V(I,L) + 120.d0) )
       IF (K1.GT.640) K1 = 640
       IF (K1.LT.  0) K1 =   0

c      persistentNa_shift =  0.d0
c      persistentNa_shift =  8.d0
       persistentNa_shift = 10.d0
       K2 = IDNINT ( 4.d0 * (V(I,L)+persistentNa_shift+ 120.d0) )
       IF (K2.GT.640) K2 = 640
       IF (K2.LT.  0) K2 =   0

c            fastNa_shift = -2.0d0
c            fastNa_shift = -2.5d0
             fastNa_shift_SD = -3.5d0
c            fastNa_shift_axon = fastNa_shift_SD + 7.d0
             fastNa_shift_axon = fastNa_shift_SD + 4.d0
       K0 = IDNINT ( 4.d0 * (V(I,L)+  fastNa_shift_SD+ 120.d0) )
       K3 = IDNINT ( 4.d0 * (V(I,L)+  fastNa_shift_axon+ 120.d0) )
       IF (K0.GT.640) K0 = 640
       IF (K0.LT.  0) K0 =   0
       IF (K3.GT.640) K3 = 640
       IF (K3.LT.  0) K3 =   0

         if (i.le.55) then
        fmnaf(i) = alpham_naf(k0) * (1.d0 - mnaf(i,L)) -
     X              betam_naf(k0) * mnaf(i,L)
        fhnaf(i) = alphah_naf(k0) * (1.d0 - hnaf(i,L)) -
     X              betah_naf(k0) * hnaf(i,L)
         else
        fmnaf(i) = alpham_naf(k3) * (1.d0 - mnaf(i,L)) -
     X              betam_naf(k3) * mnaf(i,L)
        fhnaf(i) = alphah_naf(k3) * (1.d0 - hnaf(i,L)) -
     X              betah_naf(k3) * hnaf(i,L)
         endif


        fmnap(i) = alpham_naf(k2) * (1.d0 - mnap(i,L)) -
     X              betam_naf(k2) * mnap(i,L)
        fmkdr(i) = alpham_kdr(k1) * (1.d0 - mkdr(i,L)) -
     X              betam_kdr(k1) * mkdr(i,L)
        fmka(i)  = alpham_ka (k1) * (1.d0 - mka(i,L)) -
     X              betam_ka (k1) * mka(i,L)
        fhka(i)  = alphah_ka (k1) * (1.d0 - hka(i,L)) -
     X              betah_ka (k1) * hka(i,L)
        fmk2(i)  = alpham_k2 (k1) * (1.d0 - mk2(i,L)) -
     X              betam_k2 (k1) * mk2(i,L)
        fhk2(i)  = alphah_k2 (k1) * (1.d0 - hk2(i,L)) -
     X              betah_k2 (k1) * hk2(i,L)
        fmkm(i)  = alpham_km (k1) * (1.d0 - mkm(i,L)) -
     X              betam_km (k1) * mkm(i,L)
        fmkc(i)  = alpham_kc (k1) * (1.d0 - mkc(i,L)) -
     X              betam_kc (k1) * mkc(i,L)
        fmcat(i) = alpham_cat(k1) * (1.d0 - mcat(i,L)) -
     X              betam_cat(k1) * mcat(i,L)
        fhcat(i) = alphah_cat(k1) * (1.d0 - hcat(i,L)) -
     X              betah_cat(k1) * hcat(i,L)
        fmcaL(i) = alpham_caL(k1) * (1.d0 - mcaL(i,L)) -
     X              betam_caL(k1) * mcaL(i,L)
        fmar(i)  = alpham_ar (k1) * (1.d0 - mar(i,L)) -
     X              betam_ar (k1) * mar(i,L)

       dfmnaf_dv(i) = dalpham_naf(k0) * (1.d0 - mnaf(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetam_naf(k0) * mnaf(i,L)
       dfmnap_dv(i) = dalpham_naf(k2) * (1.d0 - mnap(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetam_naf(k2) * mnap(i,L)
       dfhnaf_dv(i) = dalphah_naf(k1) * (1.d0 - hnaf(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetah_naf(k1) * hnaf(i,L)
       dfmkdr_dv(i) = dalpham_kdr(k1) * (1.d0 - mkdr(i,L)) -
     X            dbetam_kdr(k1) * mkdr(i,L)
       dfmka_dv(i)  = dalpham_ka(k1) * (1.d0 - mka(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetam_ka(k1) * mka(i,L)
       dfhka_dv(i)  = dalphah_ka(k1) * (1.d0 - hka(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetah_ka(k1) * hka(i,L)
       dfmk2_dv(i)  = dalpham_k2(k1) * (1.d0 - mk2(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetam_k2(k1) * mk2(i,L)
       dfhk2_dv(i)  = dalphah_k2(k1) * (1.d0 - hk2(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetah_k2(k1) * hk2(i,L)
       dfmkm_dv(i)  = dalpham_km(k1) * (1.d0 - mkm(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetam_km(k1) * mkm(i,L)
       dfmkc_dv(i)  = dalpham_kc(k1) * (1.d0 - mkc(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetam_kc(k1) * mkc(i,L)
       dfmcat_dv(i) = dalpham_cat(k1) * (1.d0 - mcat(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetam_cat(k1) * mcat(i,L)
       dfhcat_dv(i) = dalphah_cat(k1) * (1.d0 - hcat(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetah_cat(k1) * hcat(i,L)
       dfmcaL_dv(i) = dalpham_caL(k1) * (1.d0 - mcaL(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetam_caL(k1) * mcaL(i,L)
       dfmar_dv(i)  = dalpham_ar(k1) * (1.d0 - mar(i,L)) -
     X                  dbetam_ar(k1) * mar(i,L)

       dfmnaf_dmnaf(i) =  - alpham_naf(k0) - betam_naf(k0)
       dfmnap_dmnap(i) =  - alpham_naf(k2) - betam_naf(k2)
       dfhnaf_dhnaf(i) =  - alphah_naf(k1) - betah_naf(k1)
       dfmkdr_dmkdr(i) =  - alpham_kdr(k1) - betam_kdr(k1)
       dfmka_dmka(i)  =   - alpham_ka (k1) - betam_ka (k1)
       dfhka_dhka(i)  =   - alphah_ka (k1) - betah_ka (k1)
       dfmk2_dmk2(i)  =   - alpham_k2 (k1) - betam_k2 (k1)
       dfhk2_dhk2(i)  =   - alphah_k2 (k1) - betah_k2 (k1)
       dfmkm_dmkm(i)  =   - alpham_km (k1) - betam_km (k1)
       dfmkc_dmkc(i)  =   - alpham_kc (k1) - betam_kc (k1)
       dfmcat_dmcat(i) =  - alpham_cat(k1) - betam_cat(k1)
       dfhcat_dhcat(i) =  - alphah_cat(k1) - betah_cat(k1)
       dfmcaL_dmcaL(i) =  - alpham_caL(k1) - betam_caL(k1)
       dfmar_dmar(i)  =   - alpham_ar (k1) - betam_ar (k1)

          end do

       dt2 = 0.5d0 * dt * dt

        do i = 1, numcomp
          v(i,L) = v(i,L) + dt * fv(i)
           do j = 1, numcomp
        v(i,L) = v(i,L) + dt2 * dfv_dv(i,j) * fv(j)
           end do
        v(i,L) = v(i,L) + dt2 * ( dfv_dchi(i) * fchi(i)
     X          + dfv_dmnaf(i) * fmnaf(i)
     X          + dfv_dmnap(i) * fmnap(i)
     X          + dfv_dhnaf(i) * fhnaf(i)
     X          + dfv_dmkdr(i) * fmkdr(i)
     X          + dfv_dmka(i)  * fmka(i)
     X          + dfv_dhka(i)  * fhka(i)
     X          + dfv_dmk2(i)  * fmk2(i)
     X          + dfv_dhk2(i)  * fhk2(i)
     X          + dfv_dmkm(i)  * fmkm(i)
     X          + dfv_dmkc(i)  * fmkc(i)
     X          + dfv_dmkahp(i)* fmkahp(i)
     X          + dfv_dmcat(i)  * fmcat(i)
     X          + dfv_dhcat(i) * fhcat(i)
     X          + dfv_dmcaL(i) * fmcaL(i)
     X          + dfv_dmar(i)  * fmar(i) )

        chi(i,L) = chi(i,L) + dt * fchi(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfchi_dchi(i) * fchi(i) + dfchi_dv(i) * fv(i))
        mnaf(i,L) = mnaf(i,L) + dt * fmnaf(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfmnaf_dmnaf(i) * fmnaf(i) + dfmnaf_dv(i)*fv(i))
        mnap(i,L) = mnap(i,L) + dt * fmnap(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfmnap_dmnap(i) * fmnap(i) + dfmnap_dv(i)*fv(i))
        hnaf(i,L) = hnaf(i,L) + dt * fhnaf(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfhnaf_dhnaf(i) * fhnaf(i) + dfhnaf_dv(i)*fv(i))
        mkdr(i,L) = mkdr(i,L) + dt * fmkdr(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfmkdr_dmkdr(i) * fmkdr(i) + dfmkdr_dv(i)*fv(i))
        mka(i,L) =  mka(i,L) + dt * fmka(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfmka_dmka(i) * fmka(i) + dfmka_dv(i) * fv(i))
        hka(i,L) =  hka(i,L) + dt * fhka(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfhka_dhka(i) * fhka(i) + dfhka_dv(i) * fv(i))
        mk2(i,L) =  mk2(i,L) + dt * fmk2(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfmk2_dmk2(i) * fmk2(i) + dfmk2_dv(i) * fv(i))
        hk2(i,L) =  hk2(i,L) + dt * fhk2(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfhk2_dhk2(i) * fhk2(i) + dfhk2_dv(i) * fv(i))
        mkm(i,L) =  mkm(i,L) + dt * fmkm(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfmkm_dmkm(i) * fmkm(i) + dfmkm_dv(i) * fv(i))
        mkc(i,L) =  mkc(i,L) + dt * fmkc(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfmkc_dmkc(i) * fmkc(i) + dfmkc_dv(i) * fv(i))
        mkahp(i,L) = mkahp(i,L) + dt * fmkahp(i) + dt2 *
     X (dfmkahp_dmkahp(i)*fmkahp(i) + dfmkahp_dchi(i)*fchi(i))
        mcat(i,L) =  mcat(i,L) + dt * fmcat(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfmcat_dmcat(i) * fmcat(i) + dfmcat_dv(i) * fv(i))
        hcat(i,L) =  hcat(i,L) + dt * fhcat(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfhcat_dhcat(i) * fhcat(i) + dfhcat_dv(i) * fv(i))
        mcaL(i,L) =  mcaL(i,L) + dt * fmcaL(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfmcaL_dmcaL(i) * fmcaL(i) + dfmcaL_dv(i) * fv(i))
        mar(i,L) =   mar(i,L) + dt * fmar(i) + dt2 *
     X   (dfmar_dmar(i) * fmar(i) + dfmar_dv(i) * fv(i))
c            endif
         end do

! Add membrane currents into membcurr for appropriate compartments
          do i = 1, 6
           j = level(i)
           membcurr(j) = membcurr(j) + fv(i) * c(i)
          end do
          do i = 13, 17
           j = level(i)
           membcurr(j) = membcurr(j) + fv(i) * c(i)
          end do
          do i = 24, 28
           j = level(i)
           membcurr(j) = membcurr(j) + fv(i) * c(i)
          end do
          do i = 35, 55
           j = level(i)
           membcurr(j) = membcurr(j) + fv(i) * c(i)
          end do

          end do ! do L

         field_1mm = 0.d0
         field_2mm = 0.d0

         do i = 1, 18
          field_1mm = field_1mm + membcurr(i) / dabs(1000.d0 - depth(i))
          field_2mm = field_2mm + membcurr(i) / dabs(2000.d0 - depth(i))
         end do

4000          END


C  SETS UP TABLES FOR RATE FUNCTIONS
       SUBROUTINE LAYVTU_RS_SETUP
     X   (alpham_naf, betam_naf, dalpham_naf, dbetam_naf,
     X    alphah_naf, betah_naf, dalphah_naf, dbetah_naf,
     X    alpham_kdr, betam_kdr, dalpham_kdr, dbetam_kdr,
     X    alpham_ka , betam_ka , dalpham_ka , dbetam_ka ,
     X    alphah_ka , betah_ka , dalphah_ka , dbetah_ka ,
     X    alpham_k2 , betam_k2 , dalpham_k2 , dbetam_k2 ,
     X    alphah_k2 , betah_k2 , dalphah_k2 , dbetah_k2 ,
     X    alpham_km , betam_km , dalpham_km , dbetam_km ,
     X    alpham_kc , betam_kc , dalpham_kc , dbetam_kc ,
     X    alpham_cat, betam_cat, dalpham_cat, dbetam_cat,
     X    alphah_cat, betah_cat, dalphah_cat, dbetah_cat,
     X    alpham_caL, betam_caL, dalpham_caL, dbetam_caL,
     X    alpham_ar , betam_ar , dalpham_ar , dbetam_ar)
      INTEGER I,J,K
      real*8 minf, hinf, taum, tauh, V, Z, shift_hnaf,
     X  shift_mkdr,
     X alpham_naf(0:640),betam_naf(0:640),dalpham_naf(0:640),
     X   dbetam_naf(0:640),
     X alphah_naf(0:640),betah_naf(0:640),dalphah_naf(0:640),
     X   dbetah_naf(0:640),
     X alpham_kdr(0:640),betam_kdr(0:640),dalpham_kdr(0:640),
     X   dbetam_kdr(0:640),
     X alpham_ka(0:640), betam_ka(0:640),dalpham_ka(0:640) ,
     X   dbetam_ka(0:640),
     X alphah_ka(0:640), betah_ka(0:640), dalphah_ka(0:640),
     X   dbetah_ka(0:640),
     X alpham_k2(0:640), betam_k2(0:640), dalpham_k2(0:640),
     X   dbetam_k2(0:640),
     X alphah_k2(0:640), betah_k2(0:640), dalphah_k2(0:640),
     X   dbetah_k2(0:640),
     X alpham_km(0:640), betam_km(0:640), dalpham_km(0:640),
     X   dbetam_km(0:640),
     X alpham_kc(0:640), betam_kc(0:640), dalpham_kc(0:640),
     X   dbetam_kc(0:640),
     X alpham_cat(0:640),betam_cat(0:640),dalpham_cat(0:640),
     X   dbetam_cat(0:640),
     X alphah_cat(0:640),betah_cat(0:640),dalphah_cat(0:640),
     X   dbetah_cat(0:640),
     X alpham_caL(0:640),betam_caL(0:640),dalpham_caL(0:640),
     X   dbetam_caL(0:640),
     X alpham_ar(0:640), betam_ar(0:640), dalpham_ar(0:640),
     X   dbetam_ar(0:640)
C FOR VOLTAGE, RANGE IS -120 TO +40 MV (absol.), 0.25 MV RESOLUTION


       DO 1, I = 0, 640
          V = dble(I)
          V = (V / 4.d0) - 120.d0

c gNa
           minf = 1.d0/(1.d0 + dexp((-V-38.d0)/10.d0))
           if (v.le.-30.d0) then
            taum = .025d0 + .14d0*dexp((v+30.d0)/10.d0)
           else
            taum = .02d0 + .145d0*dexp((-v-30.d0)/10.d0)
           endif
c from principal c. data, Martina & Jonas 1997, tau x 0.5
c Note that minf about the same for interneuron & princ. cell.
           alpham_naf(i) = minf / taum
           betam_naf(i) = 1.d0/taum - alpham_naf(i)

            shift_hnaf =  0.d0
        hinf = 1.d0/(1.d0 +
     x     dexp((v + shift_hnaf + 62.9d0)/10.7d0))
        tauh = 0.15d0 + 1.15d0/(1.d0+dexp((v+37.d0)/15.d0))
c from princ. cell data, Martina & Jonas 1997, tau x 0.5
            alphah_naf(i) = hinf / tauh
            betah_naf(i) = 1.d0/tauh - alphah_naf(i)

          shift_mkdr = 0.d0
c delayed rectifier, non-inactivating
       minf = 1.d0/(1.d0+dexp((-v-shift_mkdr-29.5d0)/10.0d0))
            if (v.le.-10.d0) then
             taum = .25d0 + 4.35d0*dexp((v+10.d0)/10.d0)
            else
             taum = .25d0 + 4.35d0*dexp((-v-10.d0)/10.d0)
            endif
              alpham_kdr(i) = minf / taum
              betam_kdr(i) = 1.d0 /taum - alpham_kdr(i)
c from Martina, Schultz et al., 1998. See espec. Table 1.

c A current: Huguenard & McCormick 1992, J Neurophysiol (TCR)
            minf = 1.d0/(1.d0 + dexp((-v-60.d0)/8.5d0))
            hinf = 1.d0/(1.d0 + dexp((v+78.d0)/6.d0))
        taum = .185d0 + .5d0/(dexp((v+35.8d0)/19.7d0) +
     x                            dexp((-v-79.7d0)/12.7d0))
        if (v.le.-63.d0) then
         tauh = .5d0/(dexp((v+46.d0)/5.d0) +
     x                  dexp((-v-238.d0)/37.5d0))
        else
         tauh = 9.5d0
        endif
           alpham_ka(i) = minf/taum
           betam_ka(i) = 1.d0 / taum - alpham_ka(i)
           alphah_ka(i) = hinf / tauh
           betah_ka(i) = 1.d0 / tauh - alphah_ka(i)

c h-current (anomalous rectifier), Huguenard & McCormick, 1992
           minf = 1.d0/(1.d0 + dexp((v+75.d0)/5.5d0))
           taum = 1.d0/(dexp(-14.6d0 -0.086d0*v) +
     x                   dexp(-1.87 + 0.07d0*v))
           alpham_ar(i) = minf / taum
           betam_ar(i) = 1.d0 / taum - alpham_ar(i)

c K2 K-current, McCormick & Huguenard
             minf = 1.d0/(1.d0 + dexp((-v-10.d0)/17.d0))
             hinf = 1.d0/(1.d0 + dexp((v+58.d0)/10.6d0))
            taum = 4.95d0 + 0.5d0/(dexp((v-81.d0)/25.6d0) +
     x                  dexp((-v-132.d0)/18.d0))
            tauh = 60.d0 + 0.5d0/(dexp((v-1.33d0)/200.d0) +
     x                  dexp((-v-130.d0)/7.1d0))
             alpham_k2(i) = minf / taum
             betam_k2(i) = 1.d0/taum - alpham_k2(i)
             alphah_k2(i) = hinf / tauh
             betah_k2(i) = 1.d0 / tauh - alphah_k2(i)

c voltage part of C-current, using 1994 kinetics, shift 60 mV
              if (v.le.-10.d0) then
       alpham_kc(i) = (2.d0/37.95d0)*dexp((v+50.d0)/11.d0 -
     x                                     (v+53.5)/27.d0)
       betam_kc(i) = 2.d0*dexp((-v-53.5d0)/27.d0)-alpham_kc(i)
               else
       alpham_kc(i) = 2.d0*dexp((-v-53.5d0)/27.d0)
       betam_kc(i) = 0.d0
               endif

c high-threshold gCa, from 1994, with 60 mV shift & no inactivn.
            alpham_cal(i) = 1.6d0/(1.d0+dexp(-.072d0*(v-5.d0)))
            betam_cal(i) = 0.1d0 * ((v+8.9d0)/5.d0) /
     x          (dexp((v+8.9d0)/5.d0) - 1.d0)

c M-current, from plast.f, with 60 mV shift
        alpham_km(i) = .02d0/(1.d0+dexp((-v-20.d0)/5.d0))
        betam_km(i) = .01d0 * dexp((-v-43.d0)/18.d0)

c T-current, from Destexhe, Neubig et al., 1998
         minf = 1.d0/(1.d0 + dexp((-v-56.d0)/6.2d0))
         hinf = 1.d0/(1.d0 + dexp((v+80.d0)/4.d0))
         taum = 0.204d0 + .333d0/(dexp((v+15.8d0)/18.2d0) +
     x                  dexp((-v-131.d0)/16.7d0))
          if (v.le.-81.d0) then
         tauh = 0.333 * dexp((v+466.d0)/66.6d0)
          else
         tauh = 9.32d0 + 0.333d0*dexp((-v-21.d0)/10.5d0)
          endif
              alpham_cat(i) = minf / taum
              betam_cat(i) = 1.d0/taum - alpham_cat(i)
              alphah_cat(i) = hinf / tauh
              betah_cat(i) = 1.d0 / tauh - alphah_cat(i)

1        CONTINUE

         do 2, i = 0, 639

      dalpham_naf(i) = (alpham_naf(i+1)-alpham_naf(i))/.25d0
      dbetam_naf(i) = (betam_naf(i+1)-betam_naf(i))/.25d0
      dalphah_naf(i) = (alphah_naf(i+1)-alphah_naf(i))/.25d0
      dbetah_naf(i) = (betah_naf(i+1)-betah_naf(i))/.25d0
      dalpham_kdr(i) = (alpham_kdr(i+1)-alpham_kdr(i))/.25d0
      dbetam_kdr(i) = (betam_kdr(i+1)-betam_kdr(i))/.25d0
      dalpham_ka(i) = (alpham_ka(i+1)-alpham_ka(i))/.25d0
      dbetam_ka(i) = (betam_ka(i+1)-betam_ka(i))/.25d0
      dalphah_ka(i) = (alphah_ka(i+1)-alphah_ka(i))/.25d0
      dbetah_ka(i) = (betah_ka(i+1)-betah_ka(i))/.25d0
      dalpham_k2(i) = (alpham_k2(i+1)-alpham_k2(i))/.25d0
      dbetam_k2(i) = (betam_k2(i+1)-betam_k2(i))/.25d0
      dalphah_k2(i) = (alphah_k2(i+1)-alphah_k2(i))/.25d0
      dbetah_k2(i) = (betah_k2(i+1)-betah_k2(i))/.25d0
      dalpham_km(i) = (alpham_km(i+1)-alpham_km(i))/.25d0
      dbetam_km(i) = (betam_km(i+1)-betam_km(i))/.25d0
      dalpham_kc(i) = (alpham_kc(i+1)-alpham_kc(i))/.25d0
      dbetam_kc(i) = (betam_kc(i+1)-betam_kc(i))/.25d0
      dalpham_cat(i) = (alpham_cat(i+1)-alpham_cat(i))/.25d0
      dbetam_cat(i) = (betam_cat(i+1)-betam_cat(i))/.25d0
      dalphah_cat(i) = (alphah_cat(i+1)-alphah_cat(i))/.25d0
      dbetah_cat(i) = (betah_cat(i+1)-betah_cat(i))/.25d0
      dalpham_caL(i) = (alpham_cal(i+1)-alpham_cal(i))/.25d0
      dbetam_caL(i) = (betam_cal(i+1)-betam_cal(i))/.25d0
      dalpham_ar(i) = (alpham_ar(i+1)-alpham_ar(i))/.25d0
      dbetam_ar(i) = (betam_ar(i+1)-betam_ar(i))/.25d0
2      CONTINUE
       END

        SUBROUTINE LAYVTU_RS_MAJ
C BRANCHED ACTIVE DENDRITES
     X             (GL,GAM,GKDR,GKA,GKC,GKAHP,GK2,GKM,
     X              GCAT,GCAL,GNAF,GNAP,GAR,
     X    CAFOR,JACOB,C,BETCHI,NEIGH,NNUM,depth,level)
c Conductances: leak gL, coupling g, delayed rectifier gKDR, A gKA,
c C gKC, AHP gKAHP, K2 gK2, M gKM, low thresh Ca gCAT, high thresh
c gCAL, fast Na gNAF, persistent Na gNAP, h or anom. rectif. gAR.
c Note VAR = equil. potential for anomalous rectifier.
c Soma = comp. 1; 10 dendrites each with 13 compartments, 6-comp. axon
c Drop "glc"-like terms, just using "gl"-like
c CAFOR corresponds to "phi" in Traub et al., 1994
c Consistent set of units: nF, mV, ms, nA, microS

        integer, parameter:: numcomp = 61

      REAL*8 C(numcomp),GL(numcomp),GAM(0:numcomp,0:numcomp)
      REAL*8 GNAF(numcomp),GCAT(numcomp)
      REAL*8 GKDR(numcomp),GKA(numcomp),GAR(numcomp)
      REAL*8 GKC(numcomp),GKAHP(numcomp),GCAL(numcomp)
      REAL*8 GK2(numcomp),GKM(numcomp),GNAP(numcomp),CDENS
      REAL*8 JACOB(numcomp,numcomp),RI_SD,RI_AXON,RM_SD,RM_AXON
      INTEGER LEVEL(numcomp)
      REAL*8 GNAF_DENS(0:18), GCAT_DENS(0:18), GKDR_DENS(0:18)
      REAL*8 GKA_DENS(0:18), GKC_DENS(0:18), GKAHP_DENS(0:18)
      REAL*8 GCAL_DENS(0:18), GK2_DENS(0:18), GKM_DENS(0:18)
      REAL*8 GNAP_DENS(0:18), GAR_DENS(0:18)
      REAL*8 RES, RINPUT
      REAL*8 RSOMA, PI, BETCHI(numcomp), CAFOR(numcomp)
      REAL*8 RAD(numcomp),LEN(numcomp),GAM1,GAM2,ELEN(numcomp)
      REAL*8 RIN, D(numcomp), AREA(numcomp), RI, Z
      INTEGER NEIGH(numcomp, 7), NNUM(numcomp)
C FOR ESTABLISHING TOPOLOGY OF COMPARTMENTS
      real*8 depth(18)

        depth(1) = 1800.d0
        depth(2) = 1845.d0
        depth(3) = 1890.d0
        depth(4) = 1935.d0
        depth(5) = 1760.d0
        depth(6) = 1685.d0
        depth(7) = 1610.d0
        depth(8) = 1535.d0
        depth(9) = 1460.d0
        depth(10) = 1385.d0
        depth(11) = 1310.d0
        depth(12) = 1235.d0
        depth(13) = 1160.d0
        depth(14) = 1085.d0
        depth(15) = 1010.d0
        depth(16) = 935.d0
        depth(17) = 860.d0
        depth(18) = 790.d0

        RI_SD = 250.d0
        RM_SD = 50000.d0
        RI_AXON = 100.d0
        RM_AXON = 1000.d0
        CDENS = 0.9d0

        PI = 3.14159d0

c       gnaf_dens =  5.d0
c       gnaf_dens = 10.d0
        gnaf_dens = 15.d0
c       gnaf_dens(0) = 450.d0
        gnaf_dens(0) = 175.d0
c       gnaf_dens(1) = 200.d0
        gnaf_dens(1) = 175.d0
        gnaf_dens(2) =  75.d0
        gnaf_dens(5) = 150.d0
        gnaf_dens(6) =  75.d0
        gnaf_dens(15) = 3.d0
        gnaf_dens(16) = 3.d0
        gnaf_dens(17) = 3.d0
        gnaf_dens(18) = 3.d0

        gkdr_dens = 0.d0
        gkdr_dens(0) = 450.d0
        gkdr_dens(1) = 170.d0
        gkdr_dens(2) =  75.d0
        gkdr_dens(5) = 120.d0
        gkdr_dens(6) =  75.d0

        do i = 1, 18
          gnap_dens(i) = 0.0040d0 * gnaf_dens(i)
        end do

        do i = 1, 18
          gcat_dens(i) = 0.1d0
c         gcat_dens(i) = 0.5d0
        end do

c       gcaL_dens = 0.5d0
        gcaL_dens = 4.0d0
        gcaL_dens(0) = 0.d0
        gcaL_dens( 8) = 1.d0
        gcaL_dens( 9) = 1.d0
        gcaL_dens(10) = 1.d0
        gcaL_dens(11) = 1.d0
        gcaL_dens(12) = 1.d0
        gcaL_dens(13) = 1.d0
        gcaL_dens(14) = 1.d0
        gcaL_dens(15) = 1.d0
        gcaL_dens(16) = 1.d0
        gcaL_dens(17) = 1.d0
        gcaL_dens(18) = 0.6d0

        gka_dens    = 0.60d0
        gka_dens(1) = 20.d0
        gka_dens(2) =  8.d0
        gka_dens(5) =  8.d0
        gka_dens(6) =  8.d0

        gkc_dens = 0.25d0
         gkc_dens(1) =  8.00d0
         gkc_dens(2) =  8.00d0
         gkc_dens(5) =  8.00d0
         gkc_dens(6) =  8.00d0
         gkc_dens(15) = 0.6d0
         gkc_dens(16) = 0.6d0
         gkc_dens(17) = 0.6d0
         gkc_dens(18) = 0.6d0

c       gkm_dens = 5.0d0
        gkm_dens = 8.5d0
c        gkm_dens(0) = 0.d0
         gkm_dens(0) = 30.d0
         gkm_dens(1) = 8.5d0
          do i = 2, 14
           gkm_dens(i) = 1.6d0 * 8.5d0
          end do
         gkm_dens(15) = 1.6d0 * 2.50d0
         gkm_dens(16) = 1.6d0 * 2.50d0
         gkm_dens(17) = 1.6d0 * 2.50d0
         gkm_dens(18) = 1.6d0 * 2.50d0

c       gk2_dens    = 0.05d0
        gk2_dens    = 0.50d0

        do i = 1, 18
c        gkahp_dens(i) = 0.100d0
         gkahp_dens(i) = 0.200d0
        end do
c       gkahp_dens(15) = 0.05d0
c       gkahp_dens(16) = 0.05d0
c       gkahp_dens(17) = 0.05d0
c       gkahp_dens(18) = 0.05d0

        do i = 1, 17
         gar_dens(i) = 0.10d0
        end do
        gar_dens(18) = 0.2d0

c        if (thisno.eq.0) then
c       WRITE   (6,9988)
9988    FORMAT(2X,'I',4X,'NADENS',' CADENS(L)',' KDRDEN',' KAHPDE',
     X     ' KCDENS',' KADENS',' KMDENS')
c       DO 9989, I = 0, 18
c         WRITE (6,9990) I, gnaf_dens(i), gcaL_dens(i), gkdr_dens(i),
c    X  gkahp_dens(i), gkc_dens(i), gka_dens(i), gkm_dens(i)
9990    FORMAT(2X,I2,2X,F6.2,1X,F6.2,1X,F6.2,1X,F6.2,1X,F6.2,1X,F6.2,
     X     1X,F6.2)
9989    CONTINUE
c         endif


        level(1) = 1
        do i = 2, 12
         level(i) = 2
        end do
        do i = 13, 23
           level(i) = 3
        end do
        do i = 24, 34
           level(i) = 4
        end do
        level(35) = 5
        level(36) = 6
        level(37) = 7
        level(38) = 8
        level(39) = 9
        level(40) = 10
        level(41) = 11
        level(42) = 12
        level(43) = 13
        level(44) = 14
        level(45) = 15
        level(46) = 16
        level(47) = 17

        do i = 48, 55
         level(i) = 18
        end do

        do i =  56, 61
         level(i) = 0
        end do

c connectivity of axon
        nnum( 56) = 2
        nnum( 57) = 3
        nnum( 58) = 3
        nnum( 59) = 3
        nnum( 60) = 1
        nnum( 61) = 1
         neigh(56,1) =  1
         neigh(56,2) = 57
         neigh(57,1) = 56
         neigh(57,2) = 58
         neigh(57,3) = 59
         neigh(58,1) = 57
         neigh(58,2) = 59
         neigh(58,3) = 60
         neigh(59,1) = 57
         neigh(59,2) = 58
         neigh(59,3) = 61
         neigh(60,1) = 58
         neigh(61,1) = 59

c connectivity of SD part
          nnum(1) = 7
          neigh(1,1) = 56
          neigh(1,2) =  2
          neigh(1,3) =  3
          neigh(1,4) =  4
          neigh(1,5) =  5
          neigh(1,6) =  6
          neigh(1,7) = 35

          do i = 2, 6
           nnum(i) = 2
           neigh(i,1) = 1
           neigh(i,2) = i + 11
          end do

          do i = 13, 17
            nnum(i) = 2
            neigh(i,1) = i - 11
            neigh(i,2) = i + 11
          end do

          do i = 24, 28
            nnum(i) = 1
            neigh(i,1) = i - 11
          end do

          do i =  7, 12
            nnum(i) = 2
      if ((i.eq.7).or.(i.eq.12)) neigh(i,1) = 35
      if ((i.eq.8).or.(i.eq.11)) neigh(i,1) = 36
      if ((i.eq.9).or.(i.eq.10)) neigh(i,1) = 37
            neigh(i,2) = i + 11
          end do

          do i = 18, 23
            nnum(i) = 2
            neigh(i,1) = i - 11
            neigh(i,2) = i + 11
          end do

          do i = 29, 34
            nnum(i) = 1
            neigh(i,1) = i - 11
          end do

          nnum(35) = 4
          neigh(35,1) = 1
          neigh(35,2) = 36
          neigh(35,3) =  7
          neigh(35,4) = 12

          nnum(36) = 4
          neigh(36,1) = 35
          neigh(36,2) = 37
          neigh(36,3) =  8
          neigh(36,4) = 11

          nnum(37) = 4
          neigh(37,1) = 36
          neigh(37,2) = 38
          neigh(37,3) =  9
          neigh(37,4) = 10

          nnum(38) = 2
          neigh(38,1) = 37
          neigh(38,2) = 39

          nnum(39) = 2
          neigh(39,1) = 38
          neigh(39,2) = 40

          nnum(40) = 2
          neigh(40,1) = 39
          neigh(40,2) = 41

          nnum(41) = 2
          neigh(41,1) = 40
          neigh(41,2) = 42

          nnum(42) = 2
          neigh(42,1) = 41
          neigh(42,2) = 43

          nnum(43) = 2
          neigh(43,1) = 42
          neigh(43,2) = 44

          nnum(44) = 2
          neigh(44,1) = 43
          neigh(44,2) = 45

          nnum(45) = 2
          neigh(45,1) = 44
          neigh(45,2) = 46

          nnum(46) = 2
          neigh(46,1) = 45
          neigh(46,2) = 47

          nnum(47) = 3
          neigh(47,1) = 46
          neigh(47,2) = 48
          neigh(47,3) = 49

          nnum(48) = 3
          neigh(48,1) = 47
          neigh(48,2) = 49
          neigh(48,3) = 50

          nnum(49) = 3
          neigh(49,1) = 47
          neigh(49,2) = 48
          neigh(49,3) = 51

          nnum(50) = 2
          neigh(50,1) = 48
          neigh(50,2) = 52

          nnum(51) = 2
          neigh(51,1) = 49
          neigh(51,2) = 53

          nnum(52) = 2
          neigh(52,1) = 50
          neigh(52,2) = 54

          nnum(53) = 2
          neigh(53,1) = 51
          neigh(53,2) = 55

          nnum(54) = 1
          neigh(54,1)= 52
          nnum(55) = 1
          neigh(55,1) = 53

c           if (thisno.eq.0) then
c        DO 332, I = 1, numcomp
c          WRITE(6,3330) I, NEIGH(I,1),NEIGH(I,2),NEIGH(I,3),NEIGH(I,4),
c    X NEIGH(I,5),NEIGH(I,6),NEIGH(I,7)
3330     FORMAT(2X, 8I5)
332      CONTINUE
c            endif

          DO 858, I = 1, numcomp
           DO 858, J = 1, NNUM(I)
            K = NEIGH(I,J)
            IT = 0
            DO 859, L = 1, NNUM(K)
             IF (NEIGH(K,L).EQ.I) IT = 1
859         CONTINUE
             IF (IT.EQ.0) THEN
c             WRITE(6,8591) I, K
8591          FORMAT(' ASYMMETRY IN NEIGH MATRIX ',I4,I4)
              STOP
             ENDIF
858       CONTINUE

c length and radius of axonal compartments
c Note shortened "initial segment"
          len(56) = 25.d0
          do i = 57, 61
            len(i) = 50.d0
          end do
          rad( 56) = 0.90d0
          rad( 57) = 0.7d0
          do i = 58, 61
           rad(i) = 0.5d0
          end do

c  length and radius of SD compartments
          len(1) = 25.d0
          rad(1) =  9.d0

          do i = 2, 34
           len(i) = 60.d0
          end do

          do i = 35, 47
           len(i) = 75.d0
          end do

          do i = 48, 55
           len(i) = 60.d0
          end do

          do i = 2, 6
            rad(i) = 0.85d0
          end do
          do i = 13, 17
            rad(i) = 0.85d0
          end do
          do i = 24, 28
            rad(i) = 0.85d0
          end do

          do i = 7, 12
            rad(i) = 0.62d0
          end do
          do i = 18, 23
            rad(i) = 0.62d0
          end do
          do i = 29, 34
            rad(i) = 0.62d0
          end do

          rad(35) = 2.0d0
          rad(36) = 1.9d0
          rad(37) = 1.8d0
          rad(38) = 1.7d0
          rad(39) = 1.6d0
          rad(40) = 1.5d0
          rad(41) = 1.4d0
          rad(42) = 1.3d0
          rad(43) = 1.2d0
          rad(44) = 1.0d0
          rad(45) = 0.8d0
          rad(46) = 0.7d0
          rad(47) = 0.6d0
       do i = 48, 55
          rad(i) = 0.55d0
       end do

c      if (thisno.eq.0) then
        z = 0.d0
        do i = 2, 55
         z = z + 2.d0*pi*len(i)*rad(i)
        end do
c       write(6,9023) z
9023    format(' total dendritic area without spine corr.',f8.1)
c      endif

c            if (thisno.eq.0) then
c       WRITE(6,919)
919     FORMAT('COMPART.',' LEVEL ',' RADIUS ',' LENGTH(MU)')
c       DO 920, I = 1, numcomp
c920      WRITE(6,921) I, LEVEL(I), RAD(I), LEN(I)
921     FORMAT(I3,5X,I2,3X,F6.2,1X,F6.1,2X,F4.3)
c            endif

        DO 120, I = 1, numcomp
          AREA(I) = 2.d0 * PI * RAD(I) * LEN(I)
      if((i.gt.1).and.(i.le.55)) area(i) = 2.d0 * area(i)
C    CORRECTION FOR CONTRIBUTION OF SPINES TO AREA
          K = LEVEL(I)
          C(I) = CDENS * AREA(I) * (1.D-8)

           if (k.ge.1) then
          GL(I) = (1.D-2) * AREA(I) / RM_SD
           else
          GL(I) = (1.D-2) * AREA(I) / RM_AXON
           endif

          GNAF(I) = GNAF_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
          GNAP(I) = GNAP_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
          GCAT(I) = GCAT_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
          GKDR(I) = GKDR_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
          GKA(I) = GKA_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
          GKC(I) = GKC_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
          GKAHP(I) = GKAHP_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
          GCAL(I) = GCAL_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
          GK2(I) = GK2_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
          GKM(I) = GKM_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
          GAR(I) = GAR_DENS(K) * AREA(I) * (1.D-5)
c above conductances should be in microS
120           continue

         Z = 0.d0
         DO 1019, I = 2, 55
           Z = Z + AREA(I)
1019     CONTINUE
c             if (thisno.eq.1) then
c        WRITE(6,1020) Z
c              endif
1020   FORMAT(2X,' TOTAL DENDRITIC AREA (spine corr.)',F7.0)

        DO 140, I = 1, numcomp
        DO 140, K = 1, NNUM(I)
         J = NEIGH(I,K)
           if (level(i).eq.0) then
               RI = RI_AXON
           else
               RI = RI_SD
           endif
         GAM1 =100.d0 * PI * RAD(I) * RAD(I) / ( RI * LEN(I) )

           if (level(j).eq.0) then
               RI = RI_AXON
           else
               RI = RI_SD
           endif
         GAM2 =100.d0 * PI * RAD(J) * RAD(J) / ( RI * LEN(J) )

         GAM(I,J) = 2.d0/( (1.d0/GAM1) + (1.d0/GAM2) )
140     CONTINUE
c gam computed in microS

        DO 299, I = 1, numcomp
299       BETCHI(I) = .075d0
        BETCHI( 1) =  .01d0
        BETCHI( 2) =  .02d0
        BETCHI( 5) =  .02d0
        BETCHI( 6) =  .02d0

        D = 3.d-4
        D(1) = 12.d-3

       DO 160, I = 1, numcomp
160     CAFOR(I) = 5200.d0 / (AREA(I) * D(I))
C     NOTE CORRECTION

        do 200, i = 1, numcomp
200     C(I) = 1000.d0 * C(I)
C     TO GO FROM MICROF TO NF.

      DO 909, I = 1, numcomp
       JACOB(I,I) = - GL(I)
      DO 909, J = 1, NNUM(I)
         K = NEIGH(I,J)
         IF (I.EQ.K) THEN
c            WRITE(6,510) I
510          FORMAT(' UNEXPECTED SYMMETRY IN NEIGH ',I4)
         ENDIF
         JACOB(I,K) = GAM(I,K)
         JACOB(I,I) = JACOB(I,I) - GAM(I,K)
909   CONTINUE

c 15 Jan. 2001: make correction for c(i)
          do i = 1, numcomp
          do j = 1, numcomp
             jacob(i,j) = jacob(i,j) / c(i)
          end do
          end do

c          if (thisno.eq.1) then
       DO 500, I = 1, numcomp
c       WRITE (6,501) I,C(I)
501     FORMAT(1X,I3,' C(I) = ',F7.4)
500     CONTINUE
c               endif

        END