Fast Spiking Basket cells (Tzilivaki et al 2019)

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Accession:237595
"Interneurons are critical for the proper functioning of neural circuits. While often morphologically complex, dendritic integration and its role in neuronal output have been ignored for decades, treating interneurons as linear point neurons. Exciting new findings suggest that interneuron dendrites support complex, nonlinear computations: sublinear integration of EPSPs in the cerebellum, coupled to supralinear calcium accumulations and supralinear voltage integration in the hippocampus. These findings challenge the point neuron dogma and call for a new theory of interneuron arithmetic. Using detailed, biophysically constrained models, we predict that dendrites of FS basket cells in both hippocampus and mPFC come in two flavors: supralinear, supporting local sodium spikes within large-volume branches and sublinear, in small-volume branches. Synaptic activation of varying sets of these dendrites leads to somatic firing variability that cannot be explained by the point neuron reduction. Instead, a 2-stage Artificial Neural Network (ANN), with both sub- and supralinear hidden nodes, captures most of the variance. We propose that FS basket cells have substantially expanded computational capabilities sub-served by their non-linear dendrites and act as a 2-layer ANN."
Reference:
1 . Tzilivaki A, Kastellakis G, Poirazi P (2019) Challenging the point neuron dogma: FS basket cells as 2-stage nonlinear integrators Nature Communications 10(1):3664 [PubMed]
Citations  Citation Browser
Model Information (Click on a link to find other models with that property)
Model Type: Neuron or other electrically excitable cell;
Brain Region(s)/Organism: Hippocampus; Prefrontal cortex (PFC);
Cell Type(s): Hippocampus CA3 interneuron basket GABA cell; Neocortex layer 5 interneuron;
Channel(s):
Gap Junctions:
Receptor(s):
Gene(s):
Transmitter(s):
Simulation Environment: NEURON; MATLAB; Python;
Model Concept(s): Active Dendrites; Detailed Neuronal Models;
Implementer(s): Tzilivaki, Alexandra [alexandra.tzilivaki at charite.de]; Kastellakis, George [gkastel at gmail.com];
Search NeuronDB for information about:  Hippocampus CA3 interneuron basket GABA cell;
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TzilivakiEtal_FSBCs_model
Multicompartmental_Biophysical_models
mechanism
x86_64
.libs
ampa.mod *
ampain.mod *
cadyn.mod *
cadynin.mod *
cal.mod *
calc.mod *
calcb.mod *
can.mod *
cancr.mod *
canin.mod *
car.mod *
cat.mod *
catcb.mod *
cpampain.mod *
gabaa.mod *
gabaain.mod *
gabab.mod *
h.mod *
hcb.mod *
hin.mod *
ican.mod *
iccb.mod *
iccr.mod *
icin.mod *
iks.mod *
ikscb.mod *
ikscr.mod *
iksin.mod *
kadist.mod *
kadistcr.mod *
kadistin.mod *
kaprox.mod *
kaproxcb.mod *
kaproxin.mod *
kca.mod *
kcain.mod *
kct.mod *
kctin.mod *
kdr.mod *
kdrcb.mod *
kdrcr.mod *
kdrin.mod *
naf.mod *
nafcb.mod *
nafcr.mod *
nafin.mod *
nafx.mod *
nap.mod *
netstim.mod *
NMDA.mod *
NMDAIN.mod *
sinclamp.mod *
vecstim.mod *
ampa.c
ampa.lo
ampain.c
ampain.lo
cadyn.c
cadyn.lo
cadynin.c
cadynin.lo
cal.c
cal.lo
calc.c
calc.lo
calcb.c
calcb.lo
can.c
can.lo
cancr.c
cancr.lo
canin.c
canin.lo
car.c
car.lo
cat.c
cat.lo
catcb.c
catcb.lo
cpampain.c
cpampain.lo
gabaa.c
gabaa.lo
gabaain.c
gabaain.lo
gabab.c
gabab.lo
h.c
h.lo
hcb.c
hcb.lo
hin.c
hin.lo
ican.c
ican.lo
iccb.c
iccb.lo
iccr.c
iccr.lo
icin.c
icin.lo
iks.c
iks.lo
ikscb.c
ikscb.lo
ikscr.c
ikscr.lo
iksin.c
iksin.lo
kadist.c
kadist.lo
kadistcr.c
kadistcr.lo
kadistin.c
kadistin.lo
kaprox.c
kaprox.lo
kaproxcb.c
kaproxcb.lo
kaproxin.c
kaproxin.lo
kca.c
kca.lo
kcain.c
kcain.lo
kct.c
kct.lo
kctin.c
kctin.lo
kdr.c
kdr.lo
kdrcb.c
kdrcb.lo
kdrcr.c
kdrcr.lo
kdrin.c
kdrin.lo
libnrnmech.la *
mod_func.c
mod_func.lo *
naf.c
naf.lo
nafcb.c
nafcb.lo
nafcr.c
nafcr.lo
nafin.c
nafin.lo
nafx.c
nafx.lo
nap.c
nap.lo
netstim.c
netstim.lo
NMDA.c
NMDA.lo
NMDAIN.c
NMDAIN.lo
sinclamp.c
sinclamp.lo
special
vecstim.c
vecstim.lo
                            
/* Created by Language version: 6.2.0 */
/* NOT VECTORIZED */
#define NRN_VECTORIZED 0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "scoplib_ansi.h"
#undef PI
#define nil 0
#include "md1redef.h"
#include "section.h"
#include "nrniv_mf.h"
#include "md2redef.h"
 
#if METHOD3
extern int _method3;
#endif

#if !NRNGPU
#undef exp
#define exp hoc_Exp
extern double hoc_Exp(double);
#endif
 
#define nrn_init _nrn_init__kcain
#define _nrn_initial _nrn_initial__kcain
#define nrn_cur _nrn_cur__kcain
#define _nrn_current _nrn_current__kcain
#define nrn_jacob _nrn_jacob__kcain
#define nrn_state _nrn_state__kcain
#define _net_receive _net_receive__kcain 
#define rates rates__kcain 
#define states states__kcain 
 
#define _threadargscomma_ /**/
#define _threadargsprotocomma_ /**/
#define _threadargs_ /**/
#define _threadargsproto_ /**/
 	/*SUPPRESS 761*/
	/*SUPPRESS 762*/
	/*SUPPRESS 763*/
	/*SUPPRESS 765*/
	 extern double *getarg();
 static double *_p; static Datum *_ppvar;
 
#define t nrn_threads->_t
#define dt nrn_threads->_dt
#define gbar _p[0]
#define ik _p[1]
#define po _p[2]
#define m _p[3]
#define ek _p[4]
#define cai _p[5]
#define ki _p[6]
#define ko _p[7]
#define Dm _p[8]
#define _g _p[9]
#define _ion_ko	*_ppvar[0]._pval
#define _ion_ki	*_ppvar[1]._pval
#define _ion_ik	*_ppvar[2]._pval
#define _ion_dikdv	*_ppvar[3]._pval
#define _ion_cai	*_ppvar[4]._pval
 
#if MAC
#if !defined(v)
#define v _mlhv
#endif
#if !defined(h)
#define h _mlhh
#endif
#endif
 
#if defined(__cplusplus)
extern "C" {
#endif
 static int hoc_nrnpointerindex =  -1;
 /* external NEURON variables */
 extern double celsius;
 /* declaration of user functions */
 static void _hoc_rates(void);
 static int _mechtype;
extern void _nrn_cacheloop_reg(int, int);
extern void hoc_register_prop_size(int, int, int);
extern void hoc_register_limits(int, HocParmLimits*);
extern void hoc_register_units(int, HocParmUnits*);
extern void nrn_promote(Prop*, int, int);
extern Memb_func* memb_func;
 extern void _nrn_setdata_reg(int, void(*)(Prop*));
 static void _setdata(Prop* _prop) {
 _p = _prop->param; _ppvar = _prop->dparam;
 }
 static void _hoc_setdata() {
 Prop *_prop, *hoc_getdata_range(int);
 _prop = hoc_getdata_range(_mechtype);
   _setdata(_prop);
 hoc_retpushx(1.);
}
 /* connect user functions to hoc names */
 static VoidFunc hoc_intfunc[] = {
 "setdata_kcain", _hoc_setdata,
 "rates_kcain", _hoc_rates,
 0, 0
};
 /* declare global and static user variables */
#define b b_kcain
 double b = 0.008;
#define m_inf m_inf_kcain
 double m_inf = 0;
#define taumin taumin_kcain
 double taumin = 0;
#define tau_m tau_m_kcain
 double tau_m = 0;
 /* some parameters have upper and lower limits */
 static HocParmLimits _hoc_parm_limits[] = {
 0,0,0
};
 static HocParmUnits _hoc_parm_units[] = {
 "tau_m_kcain", "ms",
 "taumin_kcain", "ms",
 "b_kcain", "/ms",
 "gbar_kcain", "mho/cm2",
 "ik_kcain", "mA/cm2",
 0,0
};
 static double delta_t = 0.01;
 static double m0 = 0;
 static double v = 0;
 /* connect global user variables to hoc */
 static DoubScal hoc_scdoub[] = {
 "m_inf_kcain", &m_inf_kcain,
 "tau_m_kcain", &tau_m_kcain,
 "taumin_kcain", &taumin_kcain,
 "b_kcain", &b_kcain,
 0,0
};
 static DoubVec hoc_vdoub[] = {
 0,0,0
};
 static double _sav_indep;
 static void nrn_alloc(Prop*);
static void  nrn_init(_NrnThread*, _Memb_list*, int);
static void nrn_state(_NrnThread*, _Memb_list*, int);
 static void nrn_cur(_NrnThread*, _Memb_list*, int);
static void  nrn_jacob(_NrnThread*, _Memb_list*, int);
 
static int _ode_count(int);
static void _ode_map(int, double**, double**, double*, Datum*, double*, int);
static void _ode_spec(_NrnThread*, _Memb_list*, int);
static void _ode_matsol(_NrnThread*, _Memb_list*, int);
 
#define _cvode_ieq _ppvar[5]._i
 static void _ode_matsol_instance1(_threadargsproto_);
 /* connect range variables in _p that hoc is supposed to know about */
 static const char *_mechanism[] = {
 "6.2.0",
"kcain",
 "gbar_kcain",
 0,
 "ik_kcain",
 "po_kcain",
 0,
 "m_kcain",
 0,
 0};
 static Symbol* _k_sym;
 static Symbol* _ca_sym;
 
extern Prop* need_memb(Symbol*);

static void nrn_alloc(Prop* _prop) {
	Prop *prop_ion;
	double *_p; Datum *_ppvar;
 	_p = nrn_prop_data_alloc(_mechtype, 10, _prop);
 	/*initialize range parameters*/
 	gbar = 10;
 	_prop->param = _p;
 	_prop->param_size = 10;
 	_ppvar = nrn_prop_datum_alloc(_mechtype, 6, _prop);
 	_prop->dparam = _ppvar;
 	/*connect ionic variables to this model*/
 prop_ion = need_memb(_k_sym);
 nrn_promote(prop_ion, 1, 0);
 	_ppvar[0]._pval = &prop_ion->param[2]; /* ko */
 	_ppvar[1]._pval = &prop_ion->param[1]; /* ki */
 	_ppvar[2]._pval = &prop_ion->param[3]; /* ik */
 	_ppvar[3]._pval = &prop_ion->param[4]; /* _ion_dikdv */
 prop_ion = need_memb(_ca_sym);
 nrn_promote(prop_ion, 1, 0);
 	_ppvar[4]._pval = &prop_ion->param[1]; /* cai */
 
}
 static void _initlists();
  /* some states have an absolute tolerance */
 static Symbol** _atollist;
 static HocStateTolerance _hoc_state_tol[] = {
 0,0
};
 static void _update_ion_pointer(Datum*);
 extern Symbol* hoc_lookup(const char*);
extern void _nrn_thread_reg(int, int, void(*)(Datum*));
extern void _nrn_thread_table_reg(int, void(*)(double*, Datum*, Datum*, _NrnThread*, int));
extern void hoc_register_tolerance(int, HocStateTolerance*, Symbol***);
extern void _cvode_abstol( Symbol**, double*, int);

 void _kcain_reg() {
	int _vectorized = 0;
  _initlists();
 	ion_reg("k", -10000.);
 	ion_reg("ca", -10000.);
 	_k_sym = hoc_lookup("k_ion");
 	_ca_sym = hoc_lookup("ca_ion");
 	register_mech(_mechanism, nrn_alloc,nrn_cur, nrn_jacob, nrn_state, nrn_init, hoc_nrnpointerindex, 0);
 _mechtype = nrn_get_mechtype(_mechanism[1]);
     _nrn_setdata_reg(_mechtype, _setdata);
     _nrn_thread_reg(_mechtype, 2, _update_ion_pointer);
  hoc_register_prop_size(_mechtype, 10, 6);
  hoc_register_dparam_semantics(_mechtype, 0, "k_ion");
  hoc_register_dparam_semantics(_mechtype, 1, "k_ion");
  hoc_register_dparam_semantics(_mechtype, 2, "k_ion");
  hoc_register_dparam_semantics(_mechtype, 3, "k_ion");
  hoc_register_dparam_semantics(_mechtype, 4, "ca_ion");
  hoc_register_dparam_semantics(_mechtype, 5, "cvodeieq");
 	hoc_register_cvode(_mechtype, _ode_count, _ode_map, _ode_spec, _ode_matsol);
 	hoc_register_tolerance(_mechtype, _hoc_state_tol, &_atollist);
 	hoc_register_var(hoc_scdoub, hoc_vdoub, hoc_intfunc);
 	ivoc_help("help ?1 kcain /home/cluster/aleka/MainPath/Desktop/FSBC_model/Multicompartmental_Biophysical_models/mechanism/x86_64/kcain.mod\n");
 hoc_register_limits(_mechtype, _hoc_parm_limits);
 hoc_register_units(_mechtype, _hoc_parm_units);
 }
static int _reset;
static char *modelname = "Slow Ca-dependent potassium current";

static int error;
static int _ninits = 0;
static int _match_recurse=1;
static void _modl_cleanup(){ _match_recurse=1;}
static int rates(double);
 
static int _ode_spec1(_threadargsproto_);
/*static int _ode_matsol1(_threadargsproto_);*/
 static int _slist1[1], _dlist1[1];
 static int states(_threadargsproto_);
 
/*CVODE*/
 static int _ode_spec1 () {_reset=0;
 {
   rates ( _threadargscomma_ cai ) ;
   Dm = ( m_inf - m ) / tau_m ;
   }
 return _reset;
}
 static int _ode_matsol1 () {
 rates ( _threadargscomma_ cai ) ;
 Dm = Dm  / (1. - dt*( ( ( ( - 1.0 ) ) ) / tau_m )) ;
 return 0;
}
 /*END CVODE*/
 static int states () {_reset=0;
 {
   rates ( _threadargscomma_ cai ) ;
    m = m + (1. - exp(dt*(( ( ( - 1.0 ) ) ) / tau_m)))*(- ( ( ( m_inf ) ) / tau_m ) / ( ( ( ( - 1.0 ) ) ) / tau_m ) - m) ;
   }
  return 0;
}
 
static int  rates (  double _lcai ) {
   double _la ;
 _la = _lcai / b ;
   m_inf = _la / ( _la + 1.0 ) ;
   tau_m = taumin + 1.0 * 1.0 * b / ( _lcai + b ) ;
    return 0; }
 
static void _hoc_rates(void) {
  double _r;
   _r = 1.;
 rates (  *getarg(1) );
 hoc_retpushx(_r);
}
 
static int _ode_count(int _type){ return 1;}
 
static void _ode_spec(_NrnThread* _nt, _Memb_list* _ml, int _type) {
   Datum* _thread;
   Node* _nd; double _v; int _iml, _cntml;
  _cntml = _ml->_nodecount;
  _thread = _ml->_thread;
  for (_iml = 0; _iml < _cntml; ++_iml) {
    _p = _ml->_data[_iml]; _ppvar = _ml->_pdata[_iml];
    _nd = _ml->_nodelist[_iml];
    v = NODEV(_nd);
  ko = _ion_ko;
  ki = _ion_ki;
  cai = _ion_cai;
     _ode_spec1 ();
  }}
 
static void _ode_map(int _ieq, double** _pv, double** _pvdot, double* _pp, Datum* _ppd, double* _atol, int _type) { 
 	int _i; _p = _pp; _ppvar = _ppd;
	_cvode_ieq = _ieq;
	for (_i=0; _i < 1; ++_i) {
		_pv[_i] = _pp + _slist1[_i];  _pvdot[_i] = _pp + _dlist1[_i];
		_cvode_abstol(_atollist, _atol, _i);
	}
 }
 
static void _ode_matsol_instance1(_threadargsproto_) {
 _ode_matsol1 ();
 }
 
static void _ode_matsol(_NrnThread* _nt, _Memb_list* _ml, int _type) {
   Datum* _thread;
   Node* _nd; double _v; int _iml, _cntml;
  _cntml = _ml->_nodecount;
  _thread = _ml->_thread;
  for (_iml = 0; _iml < _cntml; ++_iml) {
    _p = _ml->_data[_iml]; _ppvar = _ml->_pdata[_iml];
    _nd = _ml->_nodelist[_iml];
    v = NODEV(_nd);
  ko = _ion_ko;
  ki = _ion_ki;
  cai = _ion_cai;
 _ode_matsol_instance1(_threadargs_);
 }}
 extern void nrn_update_ion_pointer(Symbol*, Datum*, int, int);
 static void _update_ion_pointer(Datum* _ppvar) {
   nrn_update_ion_pointer(_k_sym, _ppvar, 0, 2);
   nrn_update_ion_pointer(_k_sym, _ppvar, 1, 1);
   nrn_update_ion_pointer(_k_sym, _ppvar, 2, 3);
   nrn_update_ion_pointer(_k_sym, _ppvar, 3, 4);
   nrn_update_ion_pointer(_ca_sym, _ppvar, 4, 1);
 }

static void initmodel() {
  int _i; double _save;_ninits++;
 _save = t;
 t = 0.0;
{
  m = m0;
 {
   rates ( _threadargscomma_ cai ) ;
   m = 0.0 ;
   }
  _sav_indep = t; t = _save;

}
}

static void nrn_init(_NrnThread* _nt, _Memb_list* _ml, int _type){
Node *_nd; double _v; int* _ni; int _iml, _cntml;
#if CACHEVEC
    _ni = _ml->_nodeindices;
#endif
_cntml = _ml->_nodecount;
for (_iml = 0; _iml < _cntml; ++_iml) {
 _p = _ml->_data[_iml]; _ppvar = _ml->_pdata[_iml];
#if CACHEVEC
  if (use_cachevec) {
    _v = VEC_V(_ni[_iml]);
  }else
#endif
  {
    _nd = _ml->_nodelist[_iml];
    _v = NODEV(_nd);
  }
 v = _v;
  ko = _ion_ko;
  ki = _ion_ki;
  cai = _ion_cai;
 initmodel();
 }}

static double _nrn_current(double _v){double _current=0.;v=_v;{ {
   ek = 25.0 * log ( ko / ki ) ;
   po = m * m ;
   ik = gbar * po * ( v - ek ) ;
   }
 _current += ik;

} return _current;
}

static void nrn_cur(_NrnThread* _nt, _Memb_list* _ml, int _type){
Node *_nd; int* _ni; double _rhs, _v; int _iml, _cntml;
#if CACHEVEC
    _ni = _ml->_nodeindices;
#endif
_cntml = _ml->_nodecount;
for (_iml = 0; _iml < _cntml; ++_iml) {
 _p = _ml->_data[_iml]; _ppvar = _ml->_pdata[_iml];
#if CACHEVEC
  if (use_cachevec) {
    _v = VEC_V(_ni[_iml]);
  }else
#endif
  {
    _nd = _ml->_nodelist[_iml];
    _v = NODEV(_nd);
  }
  ko = _ion_ko;
  ki = _ion_ki;
  cai = _ion_cai;
 _g = _nrn_current(_v + .001);
 	{ double _dik;
  _dik = ik;
 _rhs = _nrn_current(_v);
  _ion_dikdv += (_dik - ik)/.001 ;
 	}
 _g = (_g - _rhs)/.001;
  _ion_ik += ik ;
#if CACHEVEC
  if (use_cachevec) {
	VEC_RHS(_ni[_iml]) -= _rhs;
  }else
#endif
  {
	NODERHS(_nd) -= _rhs;
  }
 
}}

static void nrn_jacob(_NrnThread* _nt, _Memb_list* _ml, int _type){
Node *_nd; int* _ni; int _iml, _cntml;
#if CACHEVEC
    _ni = _ml->_nodeindices;
#endif
_cntml = _ml->_nodecount;
for (_iml = 0; _iml < _cntml; ++_iml) {
 _p = _ml->_data[_iml];
#if CACHEVEC
  if (use_cachevec) {
	VEC_D(_ni[_iml]) += _g;
  }else
#endif
  {
     _nd = _ml->_nodelist[_iml];
	NODED(_nd) += _g;
  }
 
}}

static void nrn_state(_NrnThread* _nt, _Memb_list* _ml, int _type){
Node *_nd; double _v = 0.0; int* _ni; int _iml, _cntml;
#if CACHEVEC
    _ni = _ml->_nodeindices;
#endif
_cntml = _ml->_nodecount;
for (_iml = 0; _iml < _cntml; ++_iml) {
 _p = _ml->_data[_iml]; _ppvar = _ml->_pdata[_iml];
 _nd = _ml->_nodelist[_iml];
#if CACHEVEC
  if (use_cachevec) {
    _v = VEC_V(_ni[_iml]);
  }else
#endif
  {
    _nd = _ml->_nodelist[_iml];
    _v = NODEV(_nd);
  }
 v=_v;
{
  ko = _ion_ko;
  ki = _ion_ki;
  cai = _ion_cai;
 { error =  states();
 if(error){fprintf(stderr,"at line 52 in file kcain.mod:\n	SOLVE states METHOD cnexp\n"); nrn_complain(_p); abort_run(error);}
 } }}

}

static void terminal(){}

static void _initlists() {
 int _i; static int _first = 1;
  if (!_first) return;
 _slist1[0] = &(m) - _p;  _dlist1[0] = &(Dm) - _p;
_first = 0;
}