Hippocampus temporo-septal engram shift model (Lytton 1999)

 Download zip file   Auto-launch 
Help downloading and running models
Accession:7400
Temporo-septal engram shift model of hippocampal memory. The model posits that memories gradually move along the hippocampus from a temporal encoding site to ever more septal sites from which they are recalled. We propose that the sense of time is encoded by the location of the engram along the temporo-septal axis.
Reference:
1 . Lytton WW, Lipton P (1999) Can the hippocampus tell time? The temporo-septal engram shift model. Neuroreport 10:2301-6 [PubMed]
Citations  Citation Browser
Model Information (Click on a link to find other models with that property)
Model Type: Realistic Network;
Brain Region(s)/Organism: Hippocampus;
Cell Type(s):
Channel(s): I Na,t; I K;
Gap Junctions:
Receptor(s): GabaA; AMPA;
Gene(s):
Transmitter(s):
Simulation Environment: NEURON;
Model Concept(s): Pattern Recognition; Temporal Pattern Generation; Spatio-temporal Activity Patterns; Simplified Models;
Implementer(s): Lytton, William [bill.lytton at downstate.edu];
Search NeuronDB for information about:  GabaA; AMPA; I Na,t; I K;
/
lytton99
README
AMPA.mod
GABAA.mod
kdr.mod
matrix.mod *
naf.mod *
passiv.mod *
pulse.mod *
sinstim.mod *
vecst.mod
vecst.mod.orig
bg.inc *
bg_cvode.inc
boxes.hoc *
declist.hoc *
decvec.hoc *
default.hoc *
directory
fig1.gif
grvec.hoc
init.hoc
ivl.vecs
labels.hoc
loadr.hoc *
local.hoc
mosinit.hoc
net.hoc
netcon.inc
nrnoc.hoc
ovl.vecs
params.hoc *
params.hoc.SAV *
proc.hoc
run.hoc
simctrl.hoc *
spkts.hoc
syncode.hoc
tmpl.hoc
                            
// $Id: run.hoc,v 1.260 2002/05/14 18:44:28 billl Exp $

{ cvode_local(0) cvode_active(0) dt = 0.25 }
// if (1) {  cvode.atol(1e-12)  cvode.rtol(1e-4) } else {
//           cvode.atol(1e-4)   cvode.rtol(0)    }
cvode_what()
byte_store=1

// if we're going backwards need to start with output and compare with input
objref ioro[2],lamio[2]
{ioro[0]=ovl ioro[1]=ivl lamio[0]=lam[0] lamio[1]=lam[1]}
// ioro[0] = new List()
// stimpatt=26
// {npattold = npatt npatt=stimpatt}
// mkorthog(ioro[0],szout,3)
// npatt=npattold 
objref plsl
stimpatt = ioro[0].count
plsl = new List("PULSE")
objref stimvec
stimvec = vec.c

//* prpatt(vec) presents pattern
objref ipattv
ipattv = new Vector()
ipattv.resize(160)
ipattv.fill(0)
ipatt = 0  // the chosen pattern for presentation
proc prpatt () { local ii,jj
  ii = int(rdm.uniform(0,159))
  while (ipattv.x[ii]==1) { ii=int(rdm.uniform(0,159)) }
  print t,ii
  ipattv.x[ii]=1
  for ltr(XO,plsl) {
    if (i1==ii) {
      XO.amp = PAMP
    } else {
      XO.amp = 0.0
    }
  }
}

//* outputData
proc initMisc1() {
  if (cvode_change()) nprl()
  revec(stimvec,42,150,20,19,15,129,92,88,59,113,149,6,72,46,114,93,142,141,9)
  stimvec.reverse // since pop from end
  gotime = trig.start-10
}

proc initMisc2() {
}

proc outputData() {
  if (t>gotime) { 
    prpatt()
    gotime += trig.interval
  }
}

//** rewrite prpatt to choose according to a list
proc prpatt () { local ii,jj
  ii=popvec(stimvec)
  print t,ii
  for ltr(XO,plsl) {
    if (i1==ii) {
      XO.amp = PAMP
    } else {
      XO.amp = 0.0
    }
  }
}

//* Printlist stuff
proc nprl () {
  cvode_what()
  printlist.remove_all()
  record(new List("NRN"),"soma.v(0.5)","vec")
}
nprl()

//* grast() puts filled squares on 1s and 0's on 0s
proc grast () { local i,flag,grnum
  grnum=tstop/2
  if (numarg()==2) { flag=1 } else { flag=0 }
  sprint(grvecstr,"%s%02d:%02d",datestr,runnum-1,ipatt)
  panobjl.object(0).glist.object(0).label(0.1,0.8,grvecstr)
  for lvtr(XO,&x,panobjl.object(0).glist,$o1) {
    if (x==1) { XO.mark(grnum,40,"S",14,2,1)
    } else    { XO.mark(grnum,40,"o",12) }
    if (flag) if ($o2.x[i1]==1) { XO.mark(tstop/2,40,"S",8) }
  }
}

//* comparison of BAM results to vecs
//** prsets([num]) print out position of setbits in ivl/ovl
proc prsets () { local num
  if (numarg()==1) { num=$1 } else { num=-1 }
  for ltr2(XO,YO,ovl,ivl,&y) {
    if (num>-1 && y!=num) continue
    printf("**** %d ****\n",y)
    ind.resize(0) 
    for vtr2(&x[0],&x[1],XO,YO) {
      if (x[0]==1) pushvec(ind,i1) 
      if (x[1]==1) pushvec(ind,i1+80) 
    } 
    ind.sort
    ind.printf 
  }
}

//** prvset(vec) print out setbit inds for a given vec
proc prvset () { ind.indvwhere($o1,">",0) ind.printf }

//** determine spike times and copy vecs into iv,tv
// burstlen=100 // only look at spikeing occurring every 100 ms
// spkts(0,2) // save inds (vec1) and times (vec)
// objref iv,tv
// iv=new Vector() tv=new Vector()
// iv.copy(vec1) tv.copy(vec)


/*
testrun1(12,0)
mktray(0,8,10)
setrange(0,0,tstop,-100,50)
setrange(0,0)
lamio[0].veclist(tmplist2) // the input
show(tmplist2)
grast(ioro[0].object(ipatt))
lamio[1].veclist(tmplist) // the output
show(tmplist)
grast(ioro[1].object(ipatt))
*/

//* show() run out a vector and then superimpose the squares
proc show() { 
  geall(0)
  for ltr2(XO,YO,$o1,panobj.glist) {
    XO.plot(YO,printStep,panobj.curcol,panobj.line)
  }
}

proc precall () { printf("%d fires at %g\n",$1,t) }
proc precall () { }

//* pattwh() tell which indices should be turned on
proc pattwh () { local p1,pa
  if (numarg()==1) { pa = $1 } else { pa = ipatt }
  XO = ivl.object(pa) YO = ovl.object(pa)
  p1 = allocvecs(1)
  printf("Pattern #%d\n",pa)
  mso[p1].indvwhere(XO,"==",1)
  printf("Input  locations: ")
  mso[p1].printf
  mso[p1].indvwhere(YO,"==",1)
  printf("Output locations: ")
  mso[p1].printf
  dealloc(p1)
}

proc run1 () { startsw() run() print stopsw() }

//* testrun() run through all the patterns and compare output
proc testrun () { local ii,jj,p1,p2,p3,ham,min,max
  if (numarg()==2) { min=$1 max=$2} else { min=0 max=npatt-1 }
  veclist.remove_all()
  lam[0].veclist(tmplist)
  p1 = allocvecs(3,szout) p2=p1+1 p3=p2+1
  mso[p1].resize(max-min)  mso[p1].resize(0)
  for ipatt=min,max {
    ipattv = ivl.object(ipatt)
    run()
    pushvec(mso[p1],rdplist(tmplist,mso[p2],mso[p3]))
    savevec(mso[p3])
  }
  print ""  mso[p1].printf  print "mean=",mso[p1].mean
  dealloc(p1)
}

//* testrun1() just test 1 of them
// this is currently entry point for testing system!!!
proc testrun1 () { local ii,jj,p1,p2,p3,p4,ham,pwr
  if (numarg()==0) { print "  testrun1(patt#[,#flips])" 
    print "  With 1 arg, run() already done and just compare vecs." return }
  lamio[1].veclist(tmplist) // output
  p1 = allocvecs(4)
  p2=p1+1 p3=p2+1 p4=p3+1
  mso[p2].resize(szinp) mso[p3].resize(szout)
  ipatt=$1
  ipattv = ioro[0].object(ipatt) // use as input
  if (numarg()==2) { 
    if ($2>0) { 
      mso[p1].copy(ipattv)
      pwr = 0
      while (pwr <= szinp/2+10) {
        mso[p1].flipbits(mso[p2],$2) // flip them in the copy not the original
        pwr = mso[p1].sum
      }
      ipattv = mso[p1]      
      ipattv.vpr
      print "Vector power=",ipattv.sum
    }
    run() print "" }
  mso[p2].resize(szout)
  rdplist(tmplist,mso[p2],mso[p4]) // scan the list for firing
  if (1) { savevec(mso[p4]) }
  ham = mso[p2].hamming(ioro[1].object(ipatt),mso[p3]) // compare to output
  toutp(ipatt,ham,ioro[1].object(ipatt),mso[p2],mso[p3])
  dealloc(p1)
}

// print out everything you'd want to know about the matches
proc toutp () {
  print " #",$1,"  HAMMING=",$2
  printf("TARG ")
  $o3.vpr
  printf("OUTP ")
  $o4.vpr
  printf("DIFF ")
  for vtr(&x,$o5) {if (x) { printf("*") } else { printf(" ") }}
  printf("\n")
}

//* rdplist(list,vec[,vec1]) reads each vtrace in list and sets vec entries to 1 if firing there
// will fill vec1 in with actual spike times
thresh = 0  // threshold in mV for detecting a spike
thresht = 150 // threshold time for determining whether a spike time is early (1) or late (0)
proc rdplist() { local ii,max,tme,ham
  $o2.resize(0)  
  if (numarg()==3) { $o3.resize(0) }
  for ltr(XO,$o1) {
    tme = XO.indwhere(">",thresh) * printStep // time of first spike    
    if (numarg()==2) { pushvec($o3,tme) }
    if (tme<0) { tme=1e10 } // no spikes were found
    max = (tme < thresht)
    pushvec($o2,max)
  }
}

//* rdplist1([min,max]) runs through veclist
proc rdplist1 () { local min,max,ii,val,p1,p2
  p1 = allocvecs(2,npatt) p2=p1+1
  print mso[p2].size
  if (numarg()==2) { min=$1 max=$2} else { min=0 max=npatt-1 }
  if (veclist.count != max-min+1) { printf("ERROR rdplist1 %d\n",max-min+1) return }
  for ltr(XO,veclist) {
    mso[p1].resize(0)
    for vtr(&x,XO) { pushvec(mso[p1],(x < thresht)) }
    pushvec(mso[p2],ovl.object(min).hamming(mso[p1]))
    min += 1
  }
  print ""  mso[p2].printf  print "mean=",mso[p2].mean  
  dealloc(p1)
}

//* arraynum(STR,NAME,TERM)
// return the NAME array number for STR where string contains TERM
// returns -1 if does not fit 
proc arraynum() { local l1,l2,l3
  temp_string_ = ""
  if (sfunc.substr($s1,$s2) != 0) { return }
  if (sfunc.substr($s1,$s2) == -1) { return }
  sfunc.tail($s1,$s2,temp_string_)
  sfunc.right(temp_string_,1) // remove '\['
  sfunc.head(temp_string_,"\\]",temp_string_)
}

//* variance ()
// calculate variance by moving mean from vec.x[i] to x
// NB: binom() changed
proc variance () { local i
  i = 0
  print "NB: must set up vec with means in order to calc stdev's."
  tot = fac(szinp)/fac(iflip)^2 // the total number of vectors
  for (BVBASE=-1.5;BVBASE<=0.9;BVBASE=BVBASE+0.1) {
    mean = vec.x[i]
    binom(iflip)
    i=i+1
  }
}

//* check out questionable identity
// log of M!/(M/m)!^m
func fh() { return logfac($1)-$2*logfac($1/$2) }
func lcb() { return logfac($1)-logfac($1-$2)-logfac($2) }
func cb() { return exp(logfac($1)-logfac($1-$2)-logfac($2)) }
func pm() { return exp(logfac($1)-logfac($1-$2)) }
// compare with binomial expansion to the m power
proc idnty () { local M,m,i,j,s1,F
  M = $1
  m = $2
  F = int(M/m)
  if (F!=M/m) { printf("ERROR: %d not divisible by %d.\n",M,m) return }
  s1 = 0
  for i=0,F {
    a = exp(m*lcb(F,i))
    s1 = s1 + a
  }
  a = exp(fh(M,m))
  print s1," ",a," ",s1-a
}

//* binom(num) where num is F - the number of flips
// now calculates out the expected value
func binom () { local num,i,j,s1,s2,s3,ni,nf,full
  num = $1
  s1 = s2 = s3 = 0
  nf = fac(num)
  for i=0,num { // doesn't make any difference if include X.X or not (eg 1,num)
    ni = num-i
    a = nf/fac(ni)/fac(i)
    a = a*a/tot
    s3 = s3 + a*(((ni*BVBASE*BVBASE+ ni + 2*i*BVBASE) - mean)^2)
    s1 = s1 + a*(ni*BVBASE*BVBASE+ ni + 2*i*BVBASE)
  }
  full = num*BVBASE*BVBASE + num // num*1*1 actually
  printf("%g\t\t%g\t\t%g\t\t%g\t\t%g\n",BVBASE,s1,sqrt(s3),full,full/s1)
  return s1
}

//* compdots (): compare dotprods
// do allocvecs first
proc compdots () { local i,j,k,s1,s2,last,bnm,ll
  ll = 0
  mkiovecs(ivl,ovl)    
  last = BVBASE
  for (BVBASE=-1.2;BVBASE<=-0.8;BVBASE=BVBASE+0.1) {
    for ltr(XO,ivl) { XO.sw(last,BVBASE) }
    s1=s2=0
    for ltr(XO,ivl) {
      for i=(i1+1),ivl.count-1 {
        YO=ivl.object(i)
        if (!eqobj(XO,YO)) {
          pushvec(mso[ll],XO.dot(YO))
        }
      }
    }
    //    bnm = binom(iflip)
    //    printf("%g\t\t%g\t\t%g\t\t%g\t\t%g\n",BVBASE,XO.dot(XO),s1/s2,bnm,XO.dot(XO)/bnm)
    last = BVBASE
    ll = ll+1
  }
}

//* proc dotprods() { 
proc dotprods() { local sum,n,min,max,ham,sum2,dot
  sum=0  sum2=0
  n = 0
  for ltr(XO,ovl) {
//  for ltr(XO,tmplist) 
    sum=0 n=0
    min=1e10 max=-1e10
    for ltr(YO,ovl) { 
      if (! eqobj(XO,YO)) {
        ham = XO.hamming(YO) 
        dot = XO.dot(YO) 
//      print XO," ",YO," ",XO.dot(YO)," ",ham
//        printf("%d ",XO.hamming(YO))
        if (ham>max) { max=ham }
        if (ham<min) { min=ham }
//        sum = sum+XO.hamming(YO)  n=n+1
        sum = sum+XO.dot(YO)  n=n+1
      }
    }
    print XO," ",min," ",max," ",sum/n
    sum2 = sum2+sum
  }
  print sum2/n/ovl.count
}

//* stats() runs some statistics on performance
stat_param = 1
proc stats() { local ii,jj,p1,p2,norm
  vseed(545777)  // make it reproducible for now
  rs = $1  // just run once now since not remaking ivl/ovl
  p1 = allocvecs(2,500)  p2=p1+1
  for (szout=50;szout<=100;szout+=2) for (cvg=1;cvg<=4;cvg+=1) {
    norm = 100/szout
    mso[p1].resize(0)
    for ii=1,rs {
      szinp = cvg*szout
      npatt = int((cvg^0.2*(szinp*szout)^0.5)/stat_param)
      strecre()
      for ltr2(XO,YO,ivl,ovl) {
        kala1(test,mat,XO,0)
        pushvec(mso[p1],test.hamming(YO))
      }
      printf("%d:%d/%d N=%d stats(%d)=%g +/- %g\n",\
             cvg,szinp,szout,npatt,rs,mso[p1].mean*norm,mso[p1].stdev*norm)
      pushvec(mso[p2],mso[p1].mean*norm)
    }
  }
  printf("stat_param=%d %d cases: %g +/- %g\n",stat_param,mso[p2].size,mso[p2].mean,mso[p2].stdev)
  dealloc(p1)
}

// strecre() - create input and output vecs, mat and inhv
proc strecre() {
  if (numarg()==1) { 
    if ($1==-1) { printf("szinp=%d,szout=%d,conv=%g,npatt=%d\n",szinp,szout,szinp/szout,npatt)
      return
    } else { vseed($1) }
  }
  test.resize(szout)
  crosstalk(0)
  mkiovec(ivl,szinp)
  mkiovec(ovl,szout)
  makemat(mat,ivl,ovl,0)
  makeinh(inhv,ovl,0)
}

//* proc nontarg ()
proc nontarg () { local jj,kk,p0,p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6,ham2,ham1,szi1,szf
  szf = 50
  szi1 = szf+1
  ind.indgen(0,szf,1)
  tmpfile.aopen(output_file)
  p0 = allocvecs(7,szinp)
  p1=p0+1 p2=p1+1 p3=p2+1 p4=p3+1 p5=p4+1 p6=p5+1
  mso[p2].resize(szout)
  mso[p5].resize(szi1*npatt)
  mso[p6].resize(szi1*npatt)
  for ltr(YO,ovl) { // npatt rows go through input/output pairs
    print YO
    prtime()
    for jj=0,szf {  // cols change from 0 to half the bits
      mso[p3].resize(szinp[0]) mso[p4].resize(szinp[0])
      mso[p3].copy(ivl[0].object(i1))
      mso[p3].flipbits(mso[p4],jj) // flip them in the copy not the original
      ipattv = mso[p3]
      run()
      rdplist(test[0])
      ham1 = test[0].hamming(YO) // calc hamming distance from target
      ham2 = test[0].sum // calc activity in the output
      mso[p5].mset(i1,jj,szi1,ham1)  // save the value
      mso[p6].mset(i1,jj,szi1,ham2)  // save the value
    }
  }
  mso[p4].resize(npatt)
  mso[p0].resize(szi1) mso[p1].resize(szi1)
  mso[p2].resize(szi1) mso[p3].resize(szi1)
  for ii=0,szf { 
    mso[p4].mcol(mso[p5],ii,szi1)
    mso[p2].x[ii] = mso[p4].mean
    mso[p3].x[ii] = mso[p4].stdev
    mso[p4].mcol(mso[p6],ii,szi1)
    mso[p0].x[ii] = mso[p4].mean
    mso[p1].x[ii] = mso[p4].stdev
  }
  //  printf("hamming: mso[%d],mso[%d]; sum: mso[%d],mso[%d] (mean,sdev)\n",p2,p3,p0,p1)
  tmpfile.printf("\n\"h %d %g\n",conva,kalap)
  vprf(ind,mso[p2],mso[p3])
  tmpfile.printf("\n\"s %d %g\n",conva,kalap)
  vprf(ind,mso[p0],mso[p1])
  tmpfile.close
}

//* proc nontargm () original nontarg for simple single mat
// gradually increase the distance from an each input and look at
// distance (ham) or power (sum) from the associated output
proc nontargm () { local jj,kk,p1,p2,p3,p4,ham,ham2,szi1,szf
  rs=$1
  szf = 20
  szi1 = szf+1
  ind.resize(szi1*npatt)
  p1 = allocvecs(4,szinp)  
  p2=p1+1 p3=p2+1 p4=p3+1
  mso[p2].resize(szout)
  mso[p3].resize(szinp) mso[p4].resize(szinp)
  for ltr(YO,ovl) { // npatt rows go through input/output pairs
    for jj=szf,szf {  // cols change from 0 to half the bits
      veclist.remove_all
      mso[p3].copy(ivl.object(i1))
      mso[p3].flipbits(mso[p4],jj) // flip them in the copy not the original
      kala1(test,mat,mso[p3],0)
      ham = test[0].hamming(YO) // calc hamming distance from target
      //      ham = test[0].sum // calc activity in the output
      ham = ham/szout*100
      if (i1<10) { printf("%g ",ham) }
      ind.mset(i1,jj,szi1,ham)  // save the value
    }
  }
  mso[p1].resize(npatt)
  mso[p2].resize(szi1) mso[p3].resize(szi1)
  for ii=0,szf { 
    mso[p1].mcol(ind,ii,szi1)
    mso[p2].x[ii] = mso[p1].mean
    mso[p3].x[ii] = mso[p1].stdev
  }
  printf("mso[%d] has means; mso[%d] has stdevs\n",p2,p3)
  dealloc(p1)
}

//* kala (testvec,mnum)
// kala = kohonen-anderson linear associator
// process the vector through the linear associator
proc kala () { local mnum
  for mnum=0,convn-1 {
    kala1(test[mnum],mat[mnum],$o1.object(mnum),mnum)  // excitation
    if (mnum>0) { test[0].add(test[mnum]) }
  }
  test[0].thresh(kalap)
}

proc kala1 () { local mnum
  $o1.mmult($o2,$o3)  // excitation
  $o1.add(inhv[$4])      // inhibition
  $o1.thresh((BVBASE+1)/2)   // thresholding
}

//* proc testmat ()
// testmat([MAT#,INV#]) test mat MAT# with INV#, comparing output with OUV#
// default is to combine all mats (also with MAT#=-1), and try all INV#
proc testmat () { local ii,jj,p1,p2,ham,mnum,just1,min,max
  if (numarg()>0) { just1=$1 } else { just1=-1 }
  if (numarg()>1) { min=$2 max=$2 } else { min=0 max=ovl.count-1}
  p1 = allocvecs(2)  p2=p1+1
  mso[p2].resize(szout)
  for jj=min,max {
    YO = ovl.object(jj)
    tmplist.remove_all
    for ii=0,convn-1 { tmplist.append(ivl[ii].object(jj)) }
    if (just1==-1) { kala(tmplist) 
    } else { kala1(test[0],mat[just1],ivl[just1].object(jj),just1) }
    ham = test[0].hamming(YO,mso[p2])
    pushvec(mso[p1],ham)
  }
  if (min==max) {
    toutp(min,ham,YO,test,mso[p2])
  } else {   
    mso[p1].printf  
    printf("mean/sdev=%g / %g\n",mso[p1].mean,mso[p1].stdev) }
  dealloc(p1)
}

//* proc testorthog () rewrite of testmat to handle the sparse
//   orthogonal matrices
// testmat(INV#) test mat MAT# with INV#, comparing output with OUV#
proc testorthog () { local ii,jj,p1,p2,ham,mnum,just1,min,max
  if (numarg()>0) { min=$1 max=$1 } else { min=0 max=ovl.count-1}
  p1 = allocvecs(2)  p2=p1+1
  mso[p2].resize(szout)
  for jj=min,max {
    YO = ovl.object(jj)
    test[0].mmult(mat,ivl.object(jj))
    test[0].thresh(0)
    ham = test[0].hamming(YO,mso[p2])
    pushvec(mso[p1],ham)
  }
  if (min==max) {
    toutp(min,ham,YO,test,mso[p2])
  } else {   
    mso[p1].printf  
    printf("mean/sdev=%g / %g\n",mso[p1].mean,mso[p1].stdev) }
  dealloc(p1)
}

//* proc testorthog2 () testorthog for mat[1] which takes ovl to ivl
// testmat(INV#) test mat MAT# with INV#, comparing output with OUV#
proc testorthog2 () { local ii,jj,p1,p2,ham,mnum,just1,min,max
  if (numarg()>0) { min=$1 max=$1 } else { min=0 max=ivl.count-1}
  p1 = allocvecs(2)  p2=p1+1
  mso[p2].resize(szout)
  for jj=min,max {
    YO = ivl.object(jj)
    test[0].mmult(mat[1],ovl.object(jj))
    test[0].thresh(0)
    ham = test[0].hamming(YO,mso[p2])
    pushvec(mso[p1],ham)
  }
  if (min==max) {
    toutp(min,ham,YO,test,mso[p2])
  } else {   
    mso[p1].printf  
    printf("mean/sdev=%g / %g\n",mso[p1].mean,mso[p1].stdev) }
  dealloc(p1)
}

// show hamming distances between input and output vectors
proc compvecs() { local n1,n2
  n1=$1 n2=$2
  printf("hamming inputs:%d outputs:%d\n",\
         ivl.object(n1).hamming(ivl.object(n2)),\
         ovl.object(n1).hamming(ovl.object(n2)))
}

// generate ave ham distances for a given i/o pair or ave for all pairs
func asiovs() { local cmp,hami,hamo,p1,p2,p3,min,max,ret,xx
  if (numarg()==1) { min=$1 max=$1} else { min=0 max=npatt-1 }
  p1 = allocvecs(3,npatt*npatt) p2=p1+1 p3=p2+1
  for ii=min,max {
    xx = 0
    for ltr2(XO,YO,ivl,ovl) {
      if (xx!=ii) {
        hami = ivl.object(ii).hamming(XO)
        hamo = ovl.object(ii).hamming(YO)
        pushvec(mso[p1],hami) pushvec(mso[p2],hamo)
        pushvec(mso[p3],hami + szinp/szout*hamo) // normalize for size diff
      }
      xx+=1
    }
  }
  printf("invec mean/sdev: %g / %g\n",mso[p1].mean,mso[p1].stdev)
  printf("ouvec mean/sdev: %g / %g\n",mso[p2].mean,mso[p2].stdev)
  printf("combo mean/sdev: %g / %g\n",mso[p3].mean,mso[p3].stdev)
  ret = mso[p3].mean
  dealloc(p1)
  return ret
}

proc showtest() { local ii
//  newPlot(0,npatt,0,20)
  for ii=0,convn-1 {
    dealloc()
    kalap = ii+0.5
    testmat() // comment dealloc out of testmat() in order to show
//    mso[0].mark(graphItem,1,sym[ii].s,6,ii+1)
  }
}
  

 /*
// compare output without thresholding
for ltr2(XO,YO,ovl,veclist) {
  for vtr2(&x,&y,XO,YO) {printf("%g ",x-y) }
  printf("\n\n")
}
*/
//* move lists into arrays
objref rr[npatt],ou[npatt],in[npatt]
for ltr(XO,ivl) { in[i1] = XO }
for ltr(XO,ovl) { ou[i1] = XO }
for ltr(XO,veclist) { rr[i1] = XO }

//* proc row(), col() 
proc row () {
  ind.resize(szinp)
  ind.mrow(mat,$1,szinp)
  ind.printf
}

proc col () {
  ind.resize(szout)
  ind.mrow(mat,$1,szinp)
  ind.printf
}