Olfactory bulb microcircuits model with dual-layer inhibition (Gilra & Bhalla 2015)

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Accession:153574
A detailed network model of the dual-layer dendro-dendritic inhibitory microcircuits in the rat olfactory bulb comprising compartmental mitral, granule and PG cells developed by Aditya Gilra, Upinder S. Bhalla (2015). All cell morphologies and network connections are in NeuroML v1.8.0. PG and granule cell channels and synapses are also in NeuroML v1.8.0. Mitral cell channels and synapses are in native python.
Reference:
1 . Gilra A, Bhalla US (2015) Bulbar microcircuit model predicts connectivity and roles of interneurons in odor coding. PLoS One 10:e0098045 [PubMed]
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Model Information (Click on a link to find other models with that property)
Model Type: Realistic Network;
Brain Region(s)/Organism: Olfactory bulb;
Cell Type(s): Olfactory bulb main mitral GLU cell; Olfactory bulb main interneuron periglomerular GABA cell; Olfactory bulb main interneuron granule MC GABA cell;
Channel(s): I A; I h; I K,Ca; I Sodium; I Calcium; I Potassium;
Gap Junctions:
Receptor(s): AMPA; NMDA; Gaba;
Gene(s):
Transmitter(s): Gaba; Glutamate;
Simulation Environment: Python; MOOSE/PyMOOSE;
Model Concept(s): Sensory processing; Sensory coding; Markov-type model; Olfaction;
Implementer(s): Bhalla, Upinder S [bhalla at ncbs.res.in]; Gilra, Aditya [aditya_gilra -at- yahoo -period- com];
Search NeuronDB for information about:  Olfactory bulb main mitral GLU cell; Olfactory bulb main interneuron periglomerular GABA cell; Olfactory bulb main interneuron granule MC GABA cell; AMPA; NMDA; Gaba; I A; I h; I K,Ca; I Sodium; I Calcium; I Potassium; Gaba; Glutamate;
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import os
import sys
import math
import datetime
import pickle

## from node000:
## mpiexec -machinefile ~/hostfile -n <numavgs*numpulses+1> ~/Python-2.6.4/bin/python2.6 odor_pulses.py
## typical value for numavgs = 9
## (depends on number of available processing nodes and number of odorfiles generated)
## typical value for numpulses = 2*RANDOM_NUM_SEQ = 6.
## nohup mpiexec -machinefile ~/hostfile -n 55 ~/Python-2.6.4/bin/python2.6 odor_pulses.py < /dev/null &
## OR for a single odor run; from any node:
## python2.6 odor_pulses.py
## Set various option like NO_PGs or ONLY_TWO_MITS in simset_odor

sys.path.extend(["..","../networks","../generators","../simulations"])

from moose_utils import * # imports moose
from data_utils import * # has mpi import and variables also
from OBNetwork import *
from sim_utils import *

from stimuliConstants import * # has SETTLETIME, PULSE_RUNTIME, pulsebins
from simset_odor import *

from pylab import * # part of matplotlib that depends on numpy but not scipy
from plot_odor_pulses import *

#-----------------------------------------------------------

class odorResponse:
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.mpirank = mpirank
        self.context = moose.PyMooseBase.getContext()

    def setupStim(self,network,pulse_i,avgnum):
        self.setupOdor(network, pulse_i, avgnum)
        print "Setup pulse number =",pulse_i,"at",self.mpirank

    def setupOdor(self, network, pulse_i, avgnum):
        ### first figure out which PG belongs to which glom
        ### PG_glom_map[pgname] returns the glom num of the PG: needed for ORN to PG connections.
        PG_glom_map = {}
        for projname in network.projectionDict.keys():
            if 'PG_mitral' in projname:
                for i,proj in enumerate(network.projectionDict[projname][2]):
                    #get the glomnum from the post path proj[2]
                    # name of the mitral cell from '/mitrals_2/...'
                    mitname = string.split(proj[2],'/')[1]
                    # glomerulus number from 'mitrals_2' by integer division i.e. 2/2 = 1
                    glomnum = int(string.split(mitname,'_')[1]) / 2
                    # name of the PG cell from '/PGs_2/...'
                    pgname = string.split(proj[1],'/')[1]
                    PG_glom_map[pgname] = glomnum
        ### Now connect the ORNs
        for projname in network.projectionDict.keys():
            #### Calling attach_spikes() for each projection, would reconnect files to the same segment multiple times.
            #### But attach_files_uniquely() checks whether timetable.tableSize is zero or not
            #### i.e. files already attached or not.
            ### connect ORNs to mitrals
            if 'ORN_mitral' in projname:
                print "connecting ORN files to mitrals"
                for i,proj in enumerate(network.projectionDict[projname][2]):
                    #get the glomnum from the post path proj[2]
                    mitname = string.split(proj[2],'/')[1] # name of the mitral cell from '/mitrals_2/...'
                    glomnum = int(string.split(mitname,'_')[1]) / 2 # glomerulus number from 'mitrals_2' by integer division i.e. 2/2 = 1
                    filebase = ORNpathseedstr+'firetimes_rndpulse_glom_'+str(glomnum)
                    self.attach_files_uniquely(filebase,proj[0],proj[2],pulse_i,avgnum)
            ### connect ORNs to PG
            if 'ORN_PG' in projname:
                print "connecting ORN files to PGs"
                for i,proj in enumerate(network.projectionDict[projname][2]):
                    pgname = string.split(proj[2],'/')[1] # name of the PG cell from '/PGs_2/...'
                    glomnum = PG_glom_map[pgname]
                    filebase = ORNpathseedstr+'firetimes_rndpulse_glom_'+str(glomnum)
                    self.attach_files_uniquely(filebase,proj[0],proj[2],pulse_i,avgnum)
            ### connect SAs to PG
            if 'SA_PG' in projname:
                print "connecting SA files to PGs"
                for i,proj in enumerate(network.projectionDict[projname][2]):
                    pgname = string.split(proj[2],'/')[1] # name of the PG cell from '/PGs_2/...'
                    glomnum = PG_glom_map[pgname]
                    filebase = ORNpathseedstr+'firetimes_SA_rndpulse'
                    self.attach_files_uniquely(filebase,proj[0],proj[2],pulse_i)
            ###### I am back to 'extra-connecting' modelled mitral as extra sister mitrals excitation to granules
            ###### Previously, as below, I was connecting ORNs of the glom to granules
            ###### which caused inhibition even when the sister mitrals were not even firing!
            ### connect unmodelled extra sister mitrals as files to granules
            #if 'mitral_granule_extra' in projname:
            #    print "Connecting unmodelled sister excitation files to granules"
            #    for i,proj in enumerate(network.projectionDict[projname][2]):
            #        granulename = string.split(proj[2],'/')[1] # name of the granule cell from '/granules_singles_2/...'
            #        # glomnum from pre_path = proj[1] = 'file[+<glomnum>]_<filenumber1>[_<filenumber2>...]'
            #        glomstr = proj[1].split('+')[1].split('_',1)[0]
            #        filebase = '../firefiles/firetimes_rndpulse_glom_'+glomstr
            #        self.attach_files_uniquely(filebase,proj[0]+'_'+glomstr,proj[2],pulse_i,avgnum)

    def attach_files_uniquely(self,filebase,synname,postsegpath,pulse_i,avgnum=None):
        ttpath = postsegpath+'/'+synname+'_tt'
        if self.context.exists(ttpath):
            # timetable already created by networkML reader - just wrap it below.
            tt = moose.TimeTable(ttpath) # post_segment_path+'/'+syn_name+'_tt'
        else:
            # if timetable was not already created by networkML reader,
            # it means that the synaptic weights must be zero! (no extra inhibition - only main inhibition)
            # hence do not attach spikefiles
            return
        if tt.tableSize != 0: return # if files are already attached, do nothing!
        filebase += '_pulse_'+str(pulse_i)
        #### I have separate firefiles for each odor, each glom and each avgnum!
        #### avgnum is what decides variability.
        if avgnum is not None: filebase += '_avgnum'+str(avgnum)
        ## attach_spikes() accesses filenumbers to this segment
        ## from 'fileNumbers' field (of the timetable object in MOOSE)
        ## which is created while reading in networkML.
        attach_spikes(filebase, tt, uniquestr+str(self.mpirank))

    def run(self,network, binned):
        print "Resetting MOOSE."
        ## from moose_utils.py sets clocks and resets
        resetSim(network.context, SIMDT, PLOTDT)
        print "Running at",self.mpirank
        network.context.step(PULSE_RUNTIME)
        mitral_responses = []
        mitral_responses_binned = []
        if ONLY_TWO_MITS or NO_LATERAL: num_mits = MIT_SISTERS
        else: num_mits = NUM_GLOMS*MIT_SISTERS
        for mitnum in range(num_mits):
            mitral = network.mitralTable[mitnum]
            if binned: mitral_responses_binned.append(
                plotBins(mitral._vmTableSoma, pulsebins, PULSE_RUNTIME, 0.0) )
            ## need to convert to numpy's array(),
            ## else MOOSE table cannot be pickled for mpi4py send()
            mitral_responses.append(array(mitral._vmTableSoma))
        return (mitral_responses,mitral_responses_binned)

#----------------------------------------------------------------

if __name__ == "__main__":

    if mpisize == 1:
        ## if only one process is called, plot one odor directly
        sim =  odorResponse()
        ## 'PG' includes 'ORN_PG', 'PG_mitral', 'mitral_PG' and 'SA_PG'
        if ONLY_TWO_MITS and not NO_PGS: includeProjections = ['PG']
        else: includeProjections = []
        tweaks = build_tweaks(CLUB_MITRALS, NO_SPINE_INH, NO_SINGLES,\
            NO_JOINTS, NO_MULTIS, NO_PGS, ONLY_TWO_MITS,\
            includeProjections=includeProjections, nolateral=NO_LATERAL)
        BINNED = True#False
        ## if not BINNED, save the full mitral Vm-s and
        ## not just their spiketimes by setting spiketable = False below.
        uniquestr = 'pulses_'
        network = OBNetwork(OBNet_file, synchan_activation_correction, tweaks,\
            mpirank, uniquestr, granfilebase+'_noresp_extra', spiketable=BINNED)
        #printNetTree() # from moose_utils.py
        ## monitor those interneurons that are connected to mitral indices 0 and 1
        ## save only spiketimes by setting spikes=True
        extras_spikes_only = False#True
        tables = setupTables(network, NO_PGS, NO_SINGLES, NO_JOINTS, NO_MULTIS,\
            {'mitrals':[0,1]}, spikes=extras_spikes_only)
        ## pulse 0 is random air pulse, pulse 1 is odor A,
        ## pulse 2 is odor B, so on alternately, last pulse is A&B.
        pulse_i = 1
        sim.setupStim(network, pulse_i, avgnum=0)
        ## widely different resting potentials of mit0 and mit1
        if VARY_MITS_RMP:
            tweak_field('/mitrals_0/##[TYPE=Compartment]', 'Em', '-58e-3')
            tweak_field('/mitrals_1/##[TYPE=Compartment]', 'Em', '-70e-3')
        mit0soma_Im = setupTable('mit0somaIm',network.mitralTable[0].soma,'Im')
        ## setup a separate Vm table, since the one setup by OBNetwork() stores only spikes.
        mit0soma_Vm = setupTable('mit0somaVm',network.mitralTable[0].soma,'Vm')
        mitral_responses,mitral_responses_binned = sim.run(network,BINNED)
        if not extras_spikes_only:
            timevec = arange(0.0,PULSE_RUNTIME+PLOTDT+1e-12,PLOTDT)
            plot_extras(timevec, tables, NO_PGS, NO_SINGLES, NO_JOINTS, NO_MULTIS)
        else:
            pulsebindt = PULSE_RUNTIME/pulsebins
            timevec = arange(pulsebindt/2.0,PULSE_RUNTIME,pulsebindt)
            plot_extras_spikes(timevec, tables, NO_PGS, NO_SINGLES,
                NO_JOINTS, NO_MULTIS, pulsebins, PULSE_RUNTIME, 0.0)
        ## Plot the Vm, total current, membrane current and axial current in mit0's soma
        ## Total current in mitral soma = C dV/dt
        mit0soma_C = network.mitralTable[0].soma.Cm
        mit0soma_Vm = array(mit0soma_Vm)
        mit0soma_Itotal = mit0soma_C * (mit0soma_Vm[1:]-mit0soma_Vm[:-1])/PLOTDT
        mit0soma_Im = array(mit0soma_Im)
        mit0soma_Iaxial = mit0soma_Itotal - mit0soma_Im[1:]
        timevec_unbinned = arange(0.0,PULSE_RUNTIME+1e-12,PLOTDT)
        ## plot mitral 0 soma Vm on left-side y axis
        figure(facecolor='w')
        title('Vm in mitral 0 soma')
        plot(timevec_unbinned,mit0soma_Vm[1:],label='Vm',color='k')
        ## plot mitral 0 soma I-s on right-side y axis
        figure(facecolor='w')
        title('Currents in mitral 0 soma')
        plot(timevec_unbinned,mit0soma_Itotal,label='Itotal',color='r')
        plot(timevec_unbinned,mit0soma_Im[1:],label='Im',color='g')
        plot(timevec_unbinned,mit0soma_Iaxial,label='Iaxial',color='b')
        legend()
        ## plot the responses of a glomerulus
        figure(facecolor='w')
        title('Glomerulus 0')
        if BINNED:
            mitral_responses = mitral_responses_binned
        #plot(timevec,mitral_responses[0],color=(0.0,1.0,0.0))
        #plot(timevec,mitral_responses[1],color=(0.0,1.0,0.5))
        show()
    else:
        ## if multiple processes are called, average over odor morphs
        ## pulse 0 is random air pulse, pulses 1 & 2, 3 & 4
        ## are odors A & B respectively, last pulse 5 is A&B.
        numpulses = RANDOM_PULSE_NUMS*2

        ## construct the results filename
        now =  datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y_%m_%d_%H_%M")
        if NO_SINGLES: singles_str = '_NOSINGLES'
        else: singles_str = '_SINGLES'
        if NO_JOINTS: joints_str = '_NOJOINTS'
        else: joints_str = '_JOINTS'
        if NO_PGS: pgs_str = '_NOPGS'
        else: pgs_str = '_PGS'
        if NO_LATERAL: lat_str = '_NOLAT'
        else: lat_str = '_LAT'
        if VARY_MITS_RMP: varmitstr = '_VARMIT'
        else: varmitstr = '_NOVARMIT'
        ## stable enough that time tags are not needed
        now =  ''#datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y_%m_%d_%H_%M")+'_'
        outfilename = '../results/odor_pulses/'+now+'odorpulses'+\
            '_netseed'+netseedstr+'_stimseed'+rateseedstr
        if NONLINEAR_ORNS: outfilename += '_NL'+NONLINEAR_TYPE
        outfilename += singles_str+joints_str+pgs_str+lat_str+varmitstr+\
            '_numgloms'+str(NUM_GLOMS)
        if DIRECTED: outfilename += '_directed'+str(FRAC_DIRECTED)
        outfilename += '.pickle'

        ## if NOSHOW, then check if resultfile exists, proceed only if non-existent.
        if 'NOSHOW' in sys.argv:
            NOSHOW = True
            ## If NOSHOW, then automatic mode, hence don't overwrite resultfile, if exists beforehand.
            if os.path.exists(outfilename):
                ## activdep_inhibition_repeats.py searches for Wrote in first word,
                ## and filename in second word. so output that even if not simulating.
                if mpirank==boss:
                    for procnum in range(1,mpisize):
                        mpicomm.recv(source=procnum,tag=10)
                    print "ExistsSoNotWrote",outfilename
                else:
                    mpicomm.send('done',dest=boss,tag=10)
                sys.exit()
        else: NOSHOW = False

        if mpirank == boss:
            #### collate at boss process
            ## mitral_responses_list[avgnum][pulsenum][mitnum]
            mitral_responses_list = []
            mitral_responses_binned_list = []
            numavgs = (mpisize-1)/numpulses
            for avgnum in range(numavgs):
                response_odorset = []
                response_odorset_binned = []
                for pulsenum in range(numpulses):
                    procnum = avgnum*numpulses + pulsenum + 1
                    print 'waiting for process '+str(procnum)+'.'
                    #### you get a numpy array of rows=NUM_GLOMS*MIT_SISTERS and cols=NUMBINS
                    #### mitral responses has spike times, mitral_responses_binned has binned firing rates
                    mitral_responses,mitral_responses_binned = mpicomm.recv(source=procnum, tag=0)
                    response_odorset.append( mitral_responses )
                    response_odorset_binned.append( mitral_responses_binned )
                mitral_responses_list.append(response_odorset)
                mitral_responses_binned_list.append(response_odorset_binned)
            
            ## write results to a file
            f = open(outfilename,'w')
            pickle.dump((mitral_responses_list,mitral_responses_binned_list), f)
            f.close()
            print "Wrote", outfilename
            
            if not NOSHOW:
                plot_pulse_responses(outfilename)
                show()

        else:
            #### run the slave processes
            ## uniquestr to put in every temp filename to avoid clashing with other processes
            if len(sys.argv)>2: uniquestr = sys.argv[2]+'_' # _ necessary, else say 'pulses2'+mpirank is screwed
            else: uniquestr = 'pulses_'
            sim =  odorResponse()

            ## no respiration tuning
            granfilebase += '_noresp'
            ## If CLUB_MITRAL=False, then extra exc from mitral sisters
            ## (to certain connected granules as proxy for unmodelled sisters) does NOT get used.
            ## Instead, here I connect extra baseline excitation to ALL granules if odor is non-zero.
            ## Ideally, this extra exc should be only during odor period, but
            ## one doesn't know if suction is comparable to respiration, and also
            ## I'm only fitting the odor period for kernels,
            ## so extra exc was generated for the full duration in generate_firefiles_gran_baseline.py.
            if not CLUB_MITRALS: granfilebase += '_extra'

            ## includeProjections gets used only if ONLY_TWO_MITS is True:
            ## Keep below projections to 'second order cells'
            ## i.e. to cells (granules) connected to mits0&1.
            ## The connections between second order cell
            ## and mits0&1 are automatically retained of course.
            ## 'PG' includes 'ORN_PG', 'PG_mitral', 'mitral_PG' and 'SA_PG'
            includeProjections = ['PG','granule_baseline']
            tweaks = build_tweaks(CLUB_MITRALS, NO_SPINE_INH, NO_SINGLES,\
                NO_JOINTS, NO_MULTIS, NO_PGS, ONLY_TWO_MITS,\
                includeProjections=includeProjections, nolateral=NO_LATERAL)
            ## unique str = 'pulses_' so that temp files of morphs and pulses etc do not overlap
            network = OBNetwork(OBNet_file, synchan_activation_correction, tweaks,
                mpirank, uniquestr, granfilebase, spiketable=True)
            ## widely different resting potentials of mit0 and mit1
            if VARY_MITS_RMP:
                tweak_field('/mitrals_0/##[TYPE=Compartment]', 'Em', '-58e-3')
                tweak_field('/mitrals_1/##[TYPE=Compartment]', 'Em', '-70e-3')
            #printNetTree() # from moose_utils.py

            avgnum = (mpirank-1)/numpulses
            pulsenum = (mpirank-1)%numpulses
            sim.setupStim(network, pulsenum, avgnum)
            mitral_responses_both = sim.run(network, binned=True)
            mpicomm.send( mitral_responses_both, dest=boss, tag=0 )
            print 'sent from process',mpirank