Electrostimulation to reduce synaptic scaling driven progression of Alzheimers (Rowan et al. 2014)

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Accession:154096
"... As cells die and synapses lose their drive, remaining cells suffer an initial decrease in activity. Neuronal homeostatic synaptic scaling then provides a feedback mechanism to restore activity. ... The scaling mechanism increases the firing rates of remaining cells in the network to compensate for decreases in network activity. However, this effect can itself become a pathology, ... Here, we present a mechanistic explanation of how directed brain stimulation might be expected to slow AD progression based on computational simulations in a 470-neuron biomimetic model of a neocortical column. ... "
Reference:
1 . Rowan MS, Neymotin SA, Lytton WW (2014) Electrostimulation to reduce synaptic scaling driven progression of Alzheimer's disease. Front Comput Neurosci 8:39 [PubMed]
Citations  Citation Browser
Model Information (Click on a link to find other models with that property)
Model Type: Realistic Network;
Brain Region(s)/Organism: Neocortex;
Cell Type(s): Neocortex L5/6 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex L2/3 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex V1 interneuron basket PV GABA cell; Neocortex fast spiking (FS) interneuron; Neocortex spiny stellate cell; Neocortex spiking regular (RS) neuron; Neocortex spiking low threshold (LTS) neuron;
Channel(s):
Gap Junctions:
Receptor(s): GabaA; AMPA; NMDA;
Gene(s):
Transmitter(s): Gaba; Glutamate;
Simulation Environment: NEURON; Python;
Model Concept(s): Long-term Synaptic Plasticity; Aging/Alzheimer`s; Deep brain stimulation; Homeostasis;
Implementer(s): Lytton, William [bill.lytton at downstate.edu]; Neymotin, Sam [Samuel.Neymotin at nki.rfmh.org]; Rowan, Mark [m.s.rowan at cs.bham.ac.uk];
Search NeuronDB for information about:  Neocortex L5/6 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex L2/3 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex V1 interneuron basket PV GABA cell; GabaA; AMPA; NMDA; Gaba; Glutamate;
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RowanEtAl2014
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mod
README
alz.hoc
alzinfo.m
autotune.hoc *
basestdp.hoc *
batch.hoc *
batch2.hoc *
batchcommon
checkirreg.hoc *
clusterrun.sh
col.dot *
col.hoc *
comppowspec.hoc *
condisconcellfig.hoc *
condisconpowfig.hoc *
declist.hoc *
decmat.hoc *
decnqs.hoc *
decvec.hoc *
default.hoc *
drline.hoc *
e2hubsdisconpow.hoc *
e2incconpow.hoc *
filtutils.hoc *
flexinput.hoc
geom.hoc *
graphplug.hoc *
grvec.hoc *
infot.hoc *
init.hoc *
labels.hoc *
load.hoc *
local.hoc *
makepopspikenq.hoc *
matfftpowplug.hoc *
matpmtmplug.hoc *
matpmtmsubpopplug.hoc *
matspecplug.hoc *
mosinit.hoc
network.hoc *
nload.hoc *
nqpplug.hoc *
nqs.hoc *
nqsnet.hoc *
nrnoc.hoc *
params.hoc
plot.py
plotavg.py
plotbatch.sh
plotbatchcluster.sh
plotdeletions.py
plotntes.py
powchgtest.hoc *
pyhoc.py
python.hoc *
pywrap.hoc *
ratlfp.dat *
redE2.hoc *
run.hoc
runsim.sh
setup.hoc *
shufmua.hoc *
sim.hoc
simctrl.hoc *
spkts.hoc *
stats.hoc *
syncode.hoc *
vsampenplug.hoc *
writedata.hoc
xgetargs.hoc *
                            
// $Id: decvec.hoc,v 1.426 2011/12/21 17:12:04 billl Exp $

proc decvec() {}

//* Declarations
objref ind, tvec, vec, vec0, vec1, tmpvec, vrtmp, veclist, veccollect, pwm
objref tmpobj, XO, YO, rdm, dir
strdef filename,dblform,tabform,xtmp
{dblform="%.4g" tabform=" "}

dir = new List()
tmpfile = new File()
if (! name_declared("datestr")) load_file("setup.hoc")
load_file("declist.hoc")  // declare list iterators
print "Loading decvec"

fnum=verbose=0
{symnum = 7 colnum = 10}
func cg () { return $1%(colnum-1)+1 } // skip white color
objref clrsym[colnum+1]
for ii=0,colnum { clrsym[ii]=new Union() clrsym[ii].x=ii%colnum }
// black->red->blue->green->orange->brown->violet->yellow->grey
{clrsym[0].s="white" clrsym[1].s="black" clrsym[2].s="red" clrsym[3].s="blue"
clrsym[4].s="green" clrsym[5].s="orange" clrsym[6].s="brown" clrsym[7].s="violet" 
clrsym[8].s="yellow" clrsym[9].s="grey"} 
clrsym[0].o=new List()
{symmax=20 symmin=2}
obfunc sg () { local ii localobj o
  ii=$1
  o=clrsym[ii%(colnum-1)+1]
  o.x=ii%(colnum-1)+1
  o.t=clrsym[0].o.o(ii%symnum).s
  o.x[1]=(3-ii)%4+1 // descending line types
  o.x[2]=(symmax-symmin-2*ii)%(symmax-symmin+1)+symmin
  o.x[3]=(4-ii)%(symmax-symmin+1)+symmin
  o.x[4]=(int((ii+1)/5)%2+1)*4-(ii+1)%4+1 // another line type sequence
  return o
}

{ MSONUM=100 MSOSIZ=100 msomax=0 msoptr=0 objref mso[MSONUM] }
double x[4],y[4]
xx=0 // declare a scalar 
ind = new Vector(100)
tvec = new Vector(100)
vec = new Vector(100)
vec0 = new Vector(10)
vec1 = new Vector(10)
vrtmp = new Vector(10)
veclist = new List()
veccollect = new List()
rdm = new Random()
rdm.MCellRan4()

if (!(xwindows && name_declared("xwindows"))) {
  xwindows=0
  objref graphItem
  strdef temp_string_, temp_string2_
}

//* stuff that doesn't belong here
//** dired([list,]file) - put together list of files matching 'file', calls 'ls -1 file'
//   dired([list,]file,1) file name to read for list of files
//   dired([list,]file,2) clear dir first; if list isn't present assume 'dir'
//   dired([list,]file,3) do recursive search
func dired () { local f,i,f1 localobj st,o
  f1=f=0
  st=new String2()
  if (numarg()==0) { print "dired([list,]filename[,flag])\t\
    adds the filename to list (use wildcards) (flag:1 read file;flag:2 clear list)"
    return 0 }
  if (argtype(1)==2) {o=dir st.s=$s1 i=2} else {o=$o1 st.s=$s2 i=3}
  while (i<=numarg()) { 
    if (argtype(i)==2) st.t=$si else f=$i
    i+=1
  }
  if (f==2 || f==3) o.remove_all
  if (f==1) {
    tmpfile.ropen(st.s) 
  } else { // f!=1
    rmxtmp()
    if (f==3) {
      printf("Search starting in ") system("pwd")
      sprint(st.t,"sh -fc \"find . -name %s > %s\"",st.s,xtmp)
    } else {
      if (strm(st.s,"[*?]")) f1=0 else f1=1 // is this a wildcard or a directory
      if (f1) {  
        if (sfunc.len(st.t)>0) {
          sprint(st.t,"find %s -name %s >> %s",st.s,st.t,xtmp)
        } else  sprint(st.t,"find %s >> %s",st.s,xtmp)
      } else     sprint(st.t,"ls -1R %s >> %s",st.s,xtmp)
    }
    system(st.t)
    tmpfile.ropen(xtmp)
  }
  while (tmpfile.scanstr(st.t) != -1) {
    if (f1) { // a directory
      if ((x=ftype(st.t))!=2) {print "Ignoring ",st.t,x  continue}
    }
    o.append(new String(st.t))
    tmpfile.gets(st.t)  // get rid of the rest of the line
  }
  printf("%d files in dir\n",o.count)
  return o.count
}

// lsdir([dir])
proc lsdir () { 
  if (numarg()==1) {
    for ltr($o1) {sprint(tstr,"ls -l %s",XO.s) system(tstr)}
  } else for ltr(dir) {sprint(tstr,"ls -l %s",XO.s) system(tstr)}
}

//** lbrw(list,action) is used to put up a browser
// note action given without '()'
proc lbrw () {
  $o1.browser($s2,"s")
  sprint($s2,"%s()",$s2)
  $o1.accept_action($s2)
}

//** l2v(S1,S2) makes a list(S1) and puts all the XO.S2 into vec
// eg l2v("IClamp","amp")
proc l2v () {
  tmpobj=new List($s1)
  if (numarg()==3) YO=$o3 else YO=vec
  YO.resize(tmpobj.count) YO.resize(0)
  for ltr(tmpobj) {
    sprint(tstr,"YO.append(%s.%s)",XO,$s2)
    execute(tstr)
  }
}

//* vector iterator vtr
// for vtr(vec) { print x }
// for vtr(&x, vec) { print x }
// for vtr(&x, vec, &y) { print x,y }
// for vtr(&x, vec, max_ind) { print x }
// for vtr(&x, vec, min_ind, max_ind) { print x }
// for vtr(&x, vec, &y, min_ind, max_ind) { print x,y }
iterator vtr () { local i,j,pf,cf,b,e localobj o
  cf=pf=0
  if (argtype(1)==1) { // 1st arg a vector or the pointer
    o=$o1 i=2
  } else if (argtype(1)==3) {
    pf=1 o=$o2 i=3 // pointer alway in position 1
  } 
  b=0 e=o.size-1 // default: do whole vec
  // now can take counter or limits
  if (argtype(i)==3) {cf=i i+=1} // cf gives counter location
  if (argtype(i)==0) {
    if (argtype(i+1)==0) {b=$i i+=1 e=$i} else e=$i
  }
  if (!cf) i1=0 else {i=cf $&i=0} // default counter
  for j=b,e {
    if (pf) $&1=o.x[j] else x=o.x[j]  
    iterator_statement 
    if (cf) $&i+=1 else i1+=1
  }
}

//* vector iterator vtr2, treat two vectors as pairs
// usage 'for vtr2(&x, &y, vec1, vec2) { print x,y }'
iterator vtr2 () { local i,pairwise,noi1
  noi1=pairwise=0
  if (numarg()==3) { pairwise=1 i1=0 }
  if (numarg()==4) if (argtype(4)==3) { pairwise=1 $&4=0 noi1=1}
  if (pairwise) if ($o3.size%2!=0) { print "vtr2 ERROR: vec not even sized." return }
  if (! pairwise) {
    if ($o3.size != $o4.size) { print "vtr2 ERROR: sizes differ." return }
    if (numarg()==5) {$&5=0 noi1=1} else {i1 = 0}
  }
  for i = 0,$o3.size()-1 {
    $&1 = $o3.x[i]
    if (pairwise) $&2=$o3.x[i+=1] else $&2=$o4.x[i]
    iterator_statement
    if (noi1) { if (pairwise) $&4+=1 else $&5+=1 } else i1+=1
  }
}

//** viconv(TARG,OLD_INDS,NEW_INDS)
proc viconv () { local a,b
  if (numarg()==0) { printf("viconv(TARG,OLD_INDS,NEW_INDS)\n") return }
  a=b=allocvecs(2) b+=1
  if ($o2.size!=$o3.size) {printf("OLD_INDS %d != NEW_INDS %d\n",$o2.size,$o3.size) return}
  mso[b].resize($o1.size)
  for vtr2(&x,&y,$o2,$o3) { // x -> y
    mso[a].indvwhere($o1,"==",x)
    mso[b].indset(mso[a],y)
  }
  $o1.copy(mso[b])
  dealloc(a)
}

//* iterator lvtr, step through a list and a vector together
// usage 'for lvtr(XO, &x, list, vec) { print XO,x }'
iterator lvtr () { local i
  if ($o3.count <  $o4.size) { printf("lvtr ERROR: vecsize > listsize: list %d,vec %d.\n",$o3.count,$o4.size) return }
  if ($o3.count != $o4.size) { printf("lvtr WARNING: sizes differ: list %d,vec %d.\n",$o3.count,$o4.size) }
  if (numarg()==5) {$&5=0} else {i1 = 0}
  for i = 0, $o4.size()-1 {
    $o1 = $o3.object(i)
    $&2 = $o4.x[i]
    iterator_statement
    if (numarg()==5) { $&5+=1 } else { i1+=1 }
  }
}

//* other iterators: case, scase, ocase
iterator case () { local i,j,max,flag
  if (argtype(numarg())==3) {flag=1 max=numarg()-1} else {flag=0 max=numarg()}
  if (flag) {i=max+1 $&i=0} else i1 = 0
  for i = 2, max {
    $&1 = $i
    iterator_statement
    if (flag) {j=i i=max+1 $&i+=1 i=j} else i1+=1
  }
}

iterator scase () { local i,j,min,max,flag
  if (argtype(numarg())==3) {flag=1 max=numarg()-1} else {flag=0 max=numarg()}
  if (flag) {i=max+1 $&i=0} else i1=0
  if (argtype(1)==1) {
    if (! isobj($o1,"String")) $o1=new String() // will accept String or String2
    min=2 
  } else min=1
  for i = min,max {
    if (min==1) temp_string_=$si else $o1.s=$si
    iterator_statement
    if (flag) {j=i i=max+1 $&i+=1 i=j} else i1+=1
  }
}

// eg for scase2("a","b","c","d","e","f") print tmpobj.s,tmpobj.t
iterator scase2 () { local i,min,flag,na,newstr localobj o
  flag=i1=0 newstr=min=1 
  na=numarg()
  if (argtype(na)==0) {i=na newstr=$i na-=1}
  if (argtype(1)==1) {flag=1 min=2}
  for i=min,na {
    if (i==min || newstr) o=new String2()
    o.s=$si i+=1  o.t=$si
    if (flag) $o1=o else tmpobj=o
    iterator_statement
    i1+=1
  }
}

iterator ocase () { local i
  i1 = 0
  if (isassigned($o1)) {
    for i = 1, numarg() {
      XO = $oi
      iterator_statement
      i1+=1
    }
    XO=nil
 } else {
    for i = 2, numarg() {
      $o1 = $oi
      iterator_statement
      i1+=1
    }
  }
  XO=nil
}

//* strm(STR,REGEXP) == regexp string match 
func strm () { return sfunc.head($s1,$s2,"")!=-1 }
func strc () { return strcmp($s1,$s2)==0 }

//** count_substr(str,sub): count occurences of substring in str
func count_substr () { local cnt localobj st
  st=new String($s1)
  cnt = 0
  while (sfunc.tail(st.s,$s2,st.s) != -1) { cnt += 1}
  return cnt
}

//* nind(targ,data,ind) fill the target vector with data NOT index by ind (opposite of v.index)
proc nind () { 
  if (! eqobj($o1,$o2)) $o1.copy($o2)
  $o1.indset($o3,-1e20)
  $o1.where($o1,">",-1e20)
}

//* vlk(vec)
// vlk(vec,max)
// vlk(vec,min,max)
// vlk(vec,min,max,"INDEX") -- give index of each entry
// prints out a segment of a vector
vlk_width=80
proc vlkomitoff () { execute1("func vlkomit () {return NOP}") }
proc vlkomit0(){execute1("func vlkomit(){if(vcnt($o1,0)==$o1.size) return 1 else return 0}")}
vlkomitoff()
proc vlk () { local ii,i,j,ami,min,max,wdh,nl,na,width,tablen,omfl,ixfl localobj st,v1,vi
  st=new String2()  v1=new Vector(numarg()) vi=new Vector()
  nl=1 wdh=vlk_width j=0 omfl=ixfl=0 ami=2
  na=numarg() min=0 max=$o1.size-1
  if (vlkomit(v1)!=NOP) omfl=1 // omfl to omit printing some
  if (argtype(na)==2) {i=na 
    if (strm($si,"I")) {ixfl=1 vrsz($o1,vi) vi.indgen ami=1}
    na-=1
  }
  if (argtype(na)==0) {i=na 
    if ($i<0) min=$i else max=$i 
    na-=1
  }
  if (argtype(na)==0) {i=na min=$i na-=1}
  if (max<0) max+=$o1.size
  if (min<0) min+=$o1.size
  if (max>$o1.size-1) { max=$o1.size-1 printf("vlk: max beyond $o1 size\n") }
  sprint(st.t,"%%s:%s",dblform)
  width=0
  if (strm(tabform,"\t")) tablen=6 else if (strm(tabform,"\n")) tablen=-1e5 else {
    tablen=sfunc.len(tabform) }
  for ii=min,max { 
    if (omfl) { v1.resize(0)
      for i=1,na v1.append($oi.x[ii])
      if (vlkomit(v1)) continue
    }
    if (ixfl) sprint(st.s,dblform,vi.x[ii]) else sprint(st.s,dblform,$o1.x[ii])
    for i=ami,na sprint(st.s,st.t,st.s,$oi.x[ii]) 
    width+=(sfunc.len(st.s)+tablen)
    if (width>vlk_width && nl) {printf("\n") width=0}
    printf("%s%s",st.s,tabform)
  }
  if (nl) print ""
}

// vpr2(v1,v2) to print out 2 vecs in parallel
proc vpr2 () { local i,fl2,max,min,newline localobj v1,v2
  newline=80
  v1=$o1 v2=$o2 min=0 max=v1.size if (v2.size!=max) {print "vpr2 diff szs" return}
  for ({i=min fl2=0}; i<max; i+=1) {
    if (v1.x[i]==BVBASE || v2.x[i]==BVBASE) {
      if (!fl2) printf(" ")  
      fl2=1  
    } else { 
      fl2=0
      printf("\n%5.1g %5.1g [%d]",v1.x[i],v2.x[i],i)
    }
  }
  print ""
}

//** vlkp(SRC,PVEC) uses indices in PVEC to print out values in SRC
proc vlkp () { local i,j,wdh
  j=0 nl=1 wdh=vlk_width
  if (numarg()==2) {
    for vtr(&x,$o1) {
      printf("%g%s",$o2.x[x],tabform)
      if ((j=j+1)%vlk_width==0 && nl && strcmp(tabform," ")==0) { print "" }
    }
  } else {
    for vtr(&x,$o1) { for i=2,numarg() printf("%g%s",$oi.x[x],tabform) 
      print "" }
  }
  if (nl) print ""
}

//* vprf() prints 1,2 or 3 vectors in parallel to output file
proc vprf () { local x2
  if (! tmpfile.isopen()) {
    print "Writing to temp file 'temp'"
    tmpfile.wopen("temp")
  }
  if (numarg()==1) { 
    for vtr(&x,$o1) { tmpfile.printf("%g\n",x) }
  } else if (numarg()==2) { 
    for vtr2(&x,&y,$o1,$o2) { tmpfile.printf("%g %g\n",x,y) }
  } else if (numarg()==3) { 
    for vtr2(&x,&y,$o1,$o2,&ii) { x2=$o3.x[ii] tmpfile.printf("%g %g %g\n",x,y,x2) }
  }
  tmpfile.close
}

//* vpr() prints 1,2 or 3 vectors in parallel to STDOUT
proc vpr () { local x2
  if (numarg()==1) { 
    for vtr(&x,$o1) { printf("%g",x) }
  } else if (numarg()==2) { 
    for vtr2(&x,&y,$o1,$o2) { printf("%g:%g ",x,y) }
  } else if (numarg()==3) { 
    for vtr2(&x,&y,$o1,$o2,&ii) { x2=$o3.x[ii] printf("%g:%g:%g ",x,y,x2) }
  }
  print ""
}

//* readvec(vec) read from line
proc readvec () { 
  $o1.resize(0)
  while (read(xx)) $o1.append(xx)
  vlk($o1)
}
  
//* popvec(), savenums, readnums, vecsprint, savevec, savestr
//  vrsz(), vcp(), zvec(), resize, copy, empty
proc pushvec () { local i // same as .append, retained for compatability
  for i=2, numarg() $o1.append($i)
}

//** insvec(VEC,IND,VAL1[,VAL2,...]) insert values into the vector
proc insvec () { local ix,i,a // insert values into a vector
  a=allocvecs(1)  ix=$2
  for i=3, numarg() mso[a].append($i)
  $o1.insrt(ix,mso[a])
  dealloc(a)
}

//** revec() clear vector then append
proc revec () { local i,x localobj o,st // clear vector then append
  if (! isobj($o1,"Vector")) $o1=new Vector(100)
  if (argtype(2)==2) {
    o=$o1 o.resize(0)
    st=new String2($s2)
    if (strm(st.s,",")) { // use split
      split(st.s,o)
    } else if (strm(st.s," ")) {
      split(st.s,o," ")
    } else while (sfunc.len(st.s)>0) { // assume binary vector, could generalize for hex and base64
      sscanf(st.s,"%1d",&x)
      o.append(x)
      sfunc.tail(st.s, ".", st.t)
      st.s=st.t
    }
  } else for (i=1;i<=numarg();i+=1) { 
    ty=argtype(i)
    if (ty==1) {        o=$oi o.resize(0)
    } else if (ty==0) { o.append($i)
    } else if (ty==3) { o.append($&i) }
  }
}

//** unvec(VEC,&a,&b,...) put values from vector back into doubles (via pointers)
proc unvec () { local i
  if ($o1.size!=numarg()-1) { printf("unvec WARNING resizing %s to %d\n",$o1,numarg()-1) 
    $o1.resize(numarg()-1) }
  for i=2,numarg() $&i=$o1.x[i-2] 
}

//** wevec(VEC,wt0,wt1,...) returned weighted sum
func wevec () { local i,sum
  if ($o1.size!=numarg()-1) { printf("wevec SIZE ERR %d %d\n",$o1.size,numarg()-1) return }
  sum=0
  for i=2,numarg() sum+=$o1.x[i-2]*$i
  return sum
}

//** vrsz(VEC or NUM,VEC1,VEC2...,VECn or NUM)  -- vector resize -- to size of first arg
//   vrsz(VEC or NUM,VEC1,NUM,VEC2,etc)  -- vector resize -- to size of first arg (vec or num)
// or prior NUM
// optional final number is fill
func vrsz () { local i,sz,max,fill,flag,rsz0
  max=numarg()
  flag=rsz0=0
  if (argtype(1)==1) { 
    if (isobj($o1,"Vector")) sz=$o1.size else if (isobj($o1,"List")) sz=$o1.count
    if (argtype(2)==0) {printf("vrsz(vec,num) backwards ERR\n") return -1}
  } else sz=$1
  if (argtype(max)==0) {i=max max-=1 fill=$i flag=1}
  if (argtype(max)==2) {max-=1 rsz0=1} // string means resize(0)
  if (sz<0) sz+=$o2.size // reduce size
  if (sz<0) {printf("vrsz ERR: can't resize %s to %d\n",$o2,sz) return sz}
  for i=2, max { 
    if (argtype(i)==0) sz=$i else {
      $oi.resize(sz)  
      if (rsz0) $oi.resize(0) else if (flag) $oi.fill(fill) 
    }
  }
  return sz
}

//** vcp() -- copy vector segment with resizing
proc vcp () { local i,sz
  $o1.resize($4-$3+1) $o1.copy($o2,$3,$4)
}

//** veccut(VEC,min,max) just keep a piece of the vector
// veccut(VEC,min,max,tstep) generate indices from times using tstep
proc veccut () { local a localobj v1
  a=allocvecs(v1)
  if (numarg()==4) { min=round($2/$4) max=round($3/$4)
  } else { min=$2 max=$3 }
  v1.copy($o1,min,max) 
  $o1.copy(v1) 
  dealloc(a)
}

//** zvec()
proc zvec () { local i // make vectors zero size
  for i=1, numarg() $oi.resize(0)
}

//* save and read series
//** savenums(x[,y,...]) save numbers to tmpfile via a vector
proc savenums () { local i,vv
  vv=allocvecs(1)
  if (argtype(1)==3) {
    mso[vv].from_double($2,&$&1)  
  } else for i=1, numarg() mso[vv].append($i)
  mso[vv].vwrite(tmpfile)
  dealloc(vv)
}

//** readnums(&x[,&y...]) recover nums from tmpfile via a vector
func readnums () { local a,i,cnt localobj v1
  if (tmpfile.eof()) return 0
  a=allocvecs(v1)
  v1.vread(tmpfile)
  cnt=0
  if (numarg()==1 && v1.size>1) {
    cnt=v1.size
    if (verbose) printf("readnums WARNING: reading %d vals into presumed double array\n",cnt)
    v1.v2d(&$&1)
  } else {
    if (numarg()>v1.size && verbose) {
      printf("readnums() WARNING: too many args %d>%d\n",numarg(),v1.size) }
    for (i=1; i<=numarg() && i<=v1.size; i+=1) $&i = v1.x[i-1]
    cnt=i-1
  }
  dealloc(a)
  return cnt
}

//** wrvstr(str) save string to a file by converting to ascii
proc wrvstr () { local vv,i
  vv=allocvecs(1)
  str2v($s1,mso[vv])
  mso[vv].vwrite(tmpfile,1)
  dealloc(vv)
}

//** rdvstr(str) read string from a file via vread and conversion
func rdvstr () { local vv,i,flag
  flag=1
  vv=allocvecs(1)
  if (mso[vv].vread(tmpfile)) {
    if (numarg()==1) v2str(mso[vv],$s1) else v2str(mso[vv],tstr)
  } else flag=0
  dealloc(vv)
  return flag
}

//** str2v()
proc str2v () { localobj lo
  lo=new String()
  $o2.resize(0)
  lo.s=$s1
  while (sfunc.len(lo.s)>0) {
    sscanf(lo.s,"%c%*s",&x)
    sfunc.right(lo.s,1)
    $o2.append(x)
  }
}
    
//** v2str() translates from vector to string
proc v2str () { local ii,x
  $s2=""
  round($o1)
  for ii=0,$o1.size-1 { x=$o1.x[ii] sprint($s2,"%s%c",$s2,x) }
}

//* popvec() remove last entry
func popvec () { local sz, ret
  sz = $o1.size-1
  if (sz<0) return 1e9
  ret = $o1.x[sz]
  $o1.resize[sz]
  return ret
}

//* chkvec (look at last entry)
func chkvec () { if ($o1.size>0) return $o1.x[$o1.size-1] else return -1e10 }

// vecsprint(strdef,vec)
proc vecsprint () { local ii
  if ($o2.size>100) { return }
  for ii=0,$o2.size-1 { sprint($s1,"%s %g ",$s1,$o2.x[ii]) }
}

// savevec([list,]vec1[,vec2,...]) add vector onto veclist or other list if given as 1st arg
// don't throw out vectors
func savevec () { local i,flag,beg localobj v1
  if (numarg()==0) { savevec(hoc_obj_[0],hoc_obj_[1]) return }
  if (isobj($o1,"List")) beg=2 else beg=1
  for i=beg, numarg() { 
    if (veccollect.count>0) { // grab a vector from garbage collection
      v1=veccollect.object(veccollect.count-1)
      veccollect.remove(veccollect.count-1)
    } else v1 = new Vector($oi.size)
    v1.copy($oi)
    v1.label($oi.label)
    if (beg==2) $o1.append(v1) else veclist.append(v1)
  }
  if (beg==2) return $o1.count-1 else return veclist.count-1
}

// prveclist(filename[,list])
proc prveclist () { localobj xo
  if (!batch_flag && tmpfile.ropen($s1)) {
    printf("%s exists; save anyway? (y/n) ",$s1)
    getstr(temp_string_) chop(temp_string_)
    if (strcmp(temp_string_,"y")!=0) return
  }
  if (! tmpfile.wopen($s1)) { print "Can't open ",$s1  return }
  if (numarg()==2) {
    for ltr(xo,$o2) xo.vwrite(tmpfile)
  } else {
    for ltr(xo,veclist) xo.vwrite(tmpfile)
  }
  tmpfile.close()
}

// prvl2(filename[,list]) --- save using a more standard fwrite
proc prvl2 () { localobj xo,o
  if (!batch_flag && tmpfile.ropen($s1)) {
    printf("%s exists; save anyway? (y/n) ",$s1)
    getstr(temp_string_) chop(temp_string_)
    if (strcmp(temp_string_,"y")!=0) return
  }
  if (! tmpfile.wopen($s1)) { print "Can't open ",$s1  return }
  if (numarg()==2) o=$o2 else o=veclist
  for ltr(xo,o) {tmpfile.printf("%d\n",xo.size) xo.fwrite(tmpfile)}
  tmpfile.close()
}

// rdveclist("FILENAME"[,list])
// rdveclist("FILENAME"[,NOERASE])
proc rdveclist () { local flag,a
  flag=0
  a=allocvecs(1)
  if (numarg()==1) { flag=1 clrveclist() } else if (argtype(2)==1) $o2.remove_all else flag=1
  if (! tmpfile.ropen($s1)) { print "Can't open ",$s1  return }
  while (mso[a].vread(tmpfile)) {
    if (flag) savevec(mso[a]) else savevec($o2,mso[a])
  }
  tmpfile.close()
  tmpobj=veclist
  dealloc(a)
}
  
// rdvecs("FILENAME",vec1,vec2,...)
proc rdvecs () { local i
  if (! tmpfile.ropen($s1)) { print "Can't open ",$s1  return }
  for i=2,numarg() {
    if ($oi==nil) $oi=new Vector()
    if ($oi.vread(tmpfile)==0) printf("WARNING nothing to read into %s\n",$oi)
  }
  tmpfile.close()
}
  
// svvecs("FILENAME",vec1,vec2,...)
proc svvecs () { local i
  clrveclist()
  for i=2,numarg() savevec($oi)
  prveclist($s1)
  clrveclist()
}
  
// vpad(vec,howmany,val[,right])
proc vpad () { local a
  a=allocvecs(1)
  mso[a].resize($2) mso[a].fill($3)
  if (numarg()==4) $o1.append(mso[a]) else {
    mso[a].append($o1) $o1.copy(mso[a])     }
  dealloc(a)
}

// vtrunc(vec,howmany[,right])
proc vtrunc () { local a
  if (numarg()==3) $o1.resize($o1.size-$2) else {
    $o1.reverse $o1.resize($o1.size-$2) $o1.reverse
  }
}

proc rdxy () { local a,flag
  a = allocvecs(1)
  revec(ind,vec)
  if (numarg()>=1) tmpfile.ropen($s1) else tmpfile.ropen("aa")
  if (numarg()>=2) flag=$2 else flag=2
  mso[a].scanf(tmpfile)
  if (flag==2) {
    for vtr2(&x,&y,mso[a]) {ind.append(x) vec.append(y)}
  } else {
    ind.copy(mso[a])
  }
  print ind.size," points read"
  dealloc(a)
}

// closest(vec,num) -- return ind for vec member closest to num
func closest () { local a,ret
  a=allocvecs(1)
  mso[a].copy($o1) mso[a].sub($2) mso[a].abs
  ret=mso[a].min_ind
  dealloc(a)
  return ret
}

// memb(TEST#,#1,#2,...) -- true if the TEST# is in the list
func memb () { local na,i
  for i=2,numarg() if ($1==$i) return 1
  return 0
}

proc clrveclist () { localobj o,xo
  if (numarg()==1) o=$o1 else o=veclist
  for ltr(xo,o) { xo.resize(0) veccollect.append(xo) }
  o.remove_all()
}

// savestr(str1...) add string obj onto tmplist
proc savestr () { local i
  if (argtype(1)==1) for i=2, numarg() $o1.append(new String($si)) else {
    for i=1, numarg() tmplist.append(new String($si))
  }
}

// redund with v.count in vecst.mod
func vcount () { local val,sum
  val=$2 sum=0
  for vtr(&x,$o1) if (x==val) sum+=1
  return sum
}

// tvecl(inlist[,outlist]) -- transpose veclist
obfunc tvecl () { local x,cnt,sz,err,ii,p localobj xo,il,ol
  il=$o1 
  if (numarg()>1) ol=$o2
  if (!isassigned(ol)) {ol=veclist clrveclist()} else ol.remove_all
  err=0   cnt=il.count sz=il.o(0).size
  for ltr(xo,il,&x) if (xo.size!=sz) err=x
  if (err) { print "Wrong size vector is #",x return ol }
  p = allocvecs(1,cnt)  mso[p].resize(cnt)
  for ii=0,sz-1 {
    for jj=0,cnt-1 mso[p].x[jj] = il.o(jj).x[ii]
    savevec(ol,mso[p])
  }
  dealloc(p)
  return ol
}  

//* vinsect(v1,v2,v3) -- v1 gets intersection (common members) of v2,v3
//  replaced by v.insct() in vecst.mod
proc vinsect () {
  $o1.resize(0)
  for vtr(&x,$o2) for vtr(&y,$o3) if (x==y) $o1.append(x)
}

//* vecsplit(vec,vec1,vec2[,vec3,...])
// splits vec into other vecs given
proc vecsplit () { local num,ii,i
  num = numarg()-1 // how many
  for i=2,numarg() $oi.resize(0)
  for (ii=0;ii<$o1.size;ii+=num) {
    for i=2,numarg() if (ii+i-2<$o1.size) $oi.append($o1.x[ii+i-2])
  }
}

//* vecsort(vec,vec1,vec2[,vec3,...])
// sorts n vecs including first vec by first one
proc vecsort () { local i,inv,scr,narg
  narg=numarg()
  if (narg<2 || narg>10) {print "Wrong #args in decvec.hoc:vecsort" return}
  scr=inv=allocvecs(2) scr+=1
  $o1.sortindex(mso[inv])
  mso[scr].resize(mso[inv].size)
  sprint(temp_string_,"%s.fewind(%s,%s,%s",mso[scr],mso[inv],$o1,$o2)
  for i=3,narg sprint(temp_string_,"%s,%s",temp_string_,$oi)
  sprint(temp_string_,"%s)",temp_string_)
  execute(temp_string_)
  dealloc(inv)
}

//** order(&x,&y,...) put values in order
proc order () { local a,i,na
  na=numarg()
  a=allocvecs(1)
  for i=1,na mso[a].append($&i)
  mso[a].sort
  for i=1,na $&i=mso[a].x[i-1]
  dealloc(a)  
}

//** vdelind()  -- delete a single index
proc vdelind () { local i,iin
  iin = $2
  if (iin<0) iin=$o1.size+iin
  if (iin>$o1.size-1 || iin<0) {
    printf("vdelind Error: index %d doesn't exist.\n",iin) return }
  if (iin<$o1.size-1) $o1.copy($o1,iin,iin+1,$o1.size-1)
  $o1.resize($o1.size-1)
}

//* mkveclist(num[,sz]) recreate veclist to have NUM vecs each of size SZ (or MSOSIZ)
proc mkveclist () { local ii,num,sz,diff localobj xo
  num=$1 
  diff = num-veclist.count
  if (numarg()==2) { sz=$2 } else { sz = MSOSIZ }
  if (diff>0) {
    for ii=0,diff-1 {
    tmpvec = new Vector(sz)
    veclist.append(tmpvec)
    }
  } else if (diff<0) {
    for (ii=veclist.count-1;ii>=num;ii=ii-1) { veclist.remove(ii) }
  }
  for ltr(xo,veclist) { xo.resize(sz) }
}

//* allocvecs
// create temp set of vectors on mso
// returns starting point on mso 
// eg p = allocvecs(3)
// p = allocvecs(v1,v2,v3) // where v1..v3 are localobj or objref
// p = allocvecs(v1,v2,v3,...,size) // set all to size
// p = allocvecs(num,list) // append num vecs to list
// p = allocvecs(num,size) // num vecs of size size
// p = allocvecs(num,size,list) // append num vecs of size to list
// p = allocvecs(num,list,size) // allow args to be given in reverse order
// access these vectors by mso[p+0] ... [p+2]
func allocvecs () { local i,ii,llen,sz,newv,aflg,lflg,na localobj o
  if (numarg()==0) { 
    print "p=allocvecs(#) or p=allocvecs(v1,v2,...), access with mso[p], mso[p+1]..." return 0 }
  sz=MSOSIZ  na=numarg()
  lflg=0
  if (argtype(1)==0) {
    aflg=0 newv=$1
    if (na>=2) if (argtype(2)==0) sz=$2 else {lflg=1 o=$o2} // append to list in arg2
    if (na>=3) if (argtype(3)==0) sz=$3 else {lflg=1 o=$o3} 
    if (lflg) o.remove_all
  } else {
    aflg=1
    if (argtype(na)==0) {
      i=na sz=$i newv=i-1
    } else newv=na 
  }
  llen = msoptr
  for ii=msomax,msoptr+newv-1 { // may need new vectors
    if (ii>=MSONUM) { print "alloc ERROR: MSONUM exceeded." return 0 }
    mso[ii] = new Vector(sz)
  }
  for ii=0,newv-1 {
    mso[msoptr].resize(sz) 
    mso[msoptr].resize(0) 
    msoptr = msoptr+1
  }
  if (msomax<msoptr) msomax = msoptr
  if (aflg) for i=1,newv $oi=mso[i-1+llen]
  if (lflg) for i=0,newv-1 o.append(mso[i+llen])
  return llen
}

//** dealloc(start)
// remove temp set of vectors from mso
proc dealloc () { local ii,min
  if (numarg()==0) { min = 0 } else { min = $1 }
  msoptr = min
}

//* indvwhere family
//** vwh(VEC,VAL) returns index where VEC.x[i]==VAL
func vwh () { 
  if (argtype(2)==0) return $o1.indwhere("==",$2) 
  if (numarg()==3) return $o1.indwhere($s2,$3)
  return $o1.indwhere($s2,$3,$4)
}

//** vval(VEC,STR,NUM) uses indwhere to return first value that qualifies
func vval () {
  if (argtype(2)==0) return $o1.x[$o1.indwhere("==",$2)]
  if (numarg()==3) return $o1.x[$o1.indwhere($s2,$3)] 
  return $o1.x[$o1.indwhere($s2,$3,$4)] 
}

//** vcnt(VEC,STR,x[,y]) uses indvwhere and returns # of values that qualify
func vcnt () { local a,ret
  a=allocvecs(1) 
  if (numarg()==2) mso[a].indvwhere($o1,"==",$2)
  if (numarg()==3) mso[a].indvwhere($o1,$s2,$3)
  if (numarg()==4) mso[a].indvwhere($o1,$s2,$3,$4)
  ret = mso[a].size
  // if ($o1.size>0) printf("%d/%d (%g)\n",ret,$o1.size,ret/$o1.size*100)
  dealloc(a)
  return ret
}
//** civw(DEST,SRC1,STR1,x1[,y1]...) does compound indvwhere
// overwrites tstr; DEST should be size 0 unless to be compounded
// civw(DEST,0,...) will resize DEST to 0
func civw () { local i,a,b,c,f2,x,y,sz,min
  a=b=c=allocvecs(3) b+=1 c+=2
  min=2
  // if ($o1.size>0) print "Starting with previously set index vector"
  if (argtype(2)==0) {
    if ($2==0) { $o1.resize(0) min=3
      if (argtype(3)==1) sz=$o3.size else {
        printf("ERR0: arg 3 should be obj when $2==0\n",i) return -1 }
    } else {
      printf("ERR0a: arg 2 should be 0 if a number -- zero sizes ind vector\n") 
      return -1
    }
  } else if (argtype(2)==1) sz=$o2.size else {
    printf("ERR0b: arg 2 should be obj\n",i) return -1 }
  for (i=min;i<=numarg();) {
    mso[c].copy($o1) 
    if (argtype(i)!=1) { printf("ERR1: arg %d should be obj\n",i) return -1}
    if ($oi.size!=sz)  { printf("ERR1a: all vecs should be size %d\n",sz) return -1}
    mso[a].copy($oi)  i+=1   // look in a
    if (argtype(i)!=2) { printf("ERR2: arg %d should be str\n",i) return -1}
    tstr=$si          i+=1
    if (strm(tstr,"[[(]")) f2=1 else f2=0 // opstring2 needs 2 args
    if (argtype(i)!=0) { printf("ERR3: arg %d should be dbl\n",i) return -1}
    x=$i              i+=1 
    if (f2) {
      if (argtype(i)!=0) { printf("ERR4: arg %d should be dbl\n",i) return -1}
      y=$i            i+=1
    }
    if (f2) mso[b].indvwhere(mso[a],tstr,x,y) else { // the engine
            mso[b].indvwhere(mso[a],tstr,x)   }
    $o1.resize(sz) // make sure it's big enough for insct -- shouldn't need
    if (mso[c].size>0) $o1.insct(mso[b],mso[c]) else $o1.copy(mso[b])
    if ($o1.size==0) break
  }
  dealloc(a)
  return $o1.size
}

//* vecconcat(vec1,vec2,...)
// vecconcat(vec1,list) puts concat all vecs from list
// destructive: concatenates all vecs onto vec1
// performs a list2vec() functionality
proc vecconcat () { local i,max localobj xo
  max=numarg()
  if (numarg()<2) { 
    print "vecconcat(v1,v2,...) puts all into v1" return 
  }
  if (argtype(max)==0) {max-=1 $o1.resize(0)}
  if (isobj($o2,"List")) {
    $o1.resize(0)
    for ltr(xo,$o2) $o1.append(xo)
  } else for i=2,max $o1.append($oi)
}
  
//** vecelim(v1,v2)  eliminates items in v1 given by index vec v2
proc vecelim () {
  for vtr(&x,$o2) { $o1.x[x]= -1e20 }
  $o1.where($o1,"!=",-1e20)
}

//** redundout(vec) eliminates sequential redundent entries
// destructive
func redundout () { local x,ii,p1
  p1=allocvecs(1)
  $o1.sort
  mso[p1].resize($o1.size)
  mso[p1].redundout($o1)
  $o1.copy(mso[p1])
  dealloc(p1)
  return $o1.size
}

//** uniq(src,dest[,cnt]) uses redundout to return random values of a vector
// like redundout except nondestructive
obfunc uniq () { local a localobj v1,vret
  a=allocvecs(v1)
  v1.copy($o1) v1.sort 
  if (numarg()==3) {          $o2.redundout(v1,0,$o3) 
  } else if (numarg()==2) {   $o2.redundout(v1) 
  } else {
    vret=new Vector(v1.size) vret.redundout(v1)
  }
  dealloc(a)
  if (numarg()==1) return vret else return $o2
}

//** complement(ind,max) for indices -- return values from 0..max that are not in ind
proc complement () { local a,b,max
  a=b=allocvecs(2) b+=1
  max=$2
  mso[a].indgen(0,max,1)
  mso[b].resize(mso[a].size)
  mso[b].cull(mso[a],$o1)
  $o1.copy(mso[b])
  dealloc(a)
}

//** albetname() generate sequential 3 char alphabetical file names (make filenames)
obfunc albetname () { local na,sret localobj st
  na=numarg() sret=0
  st=new String2()
  if (na==0) { fnum+=1 st.t=".id"
  } else if (na>=1) {
    if (argtype(1)==2) {st.t=$s1 fnum+=1} else fnum=$1
  }
  if (na==2) st.t=$s2  // partially back compatible, doesn't handle albetname(tstr,".id")
  if (na==3) {st.t=$s3 sret=1}
  if (fnum>17575) printf("albetname WARN: out of names: %d > %d\n",fnum,26^3-1)
  sprint(st.s,"%c%c%c",  fnum/26/26%26+97,fnum/26%26+97,fnum%26+97)
  if (sfunc.len(st.t)>0) sprint(st.s,"%s%s",st.s,st.t)
  if (sret) $s2=st.s 
  return st
}

// save_idraw([filename,save_all,PS]) -- save idraw to file
// default is to generate albetname, save selected to idraw
proc save_idraw () { local sv,ps localobj st,li
  st=new String()
  find_pwm()
  ps=sv=1
  if (argtype(1)==2) {
    st.s=$s1 
    if (argtype(2)==0) sv=$2
    if (argtype(3)==0) ps=$3
  } else if (argtype(1)==0) {
    sv=$1
    if (argtype(2)==0) ps=$2  
  }
  if (sfunc.len(st.s)==0) st.s=albetname().s
  if (verbose) printf("Saving to %s\n",st.s)
  pwm.printfile(st.s, ps, sv)
}

proc find_pwm () { localobj li
  if (isassigned(pwm)) return
  li=new List("PWManager")
  if (li.count==0) pwm=new PWManager() else pwm=li.o(0)
}

// vecconv() convert $o1 by replacing instances in $o2 by corresponding instances in $o3
proc vecconv () { local a,x,y localobj v1,v2,v3,v4
  a=allocvecs(v1,v2,v3,v4)
  if (argtype(2)==0) v2.append($2) else v2=$o2
  if (argtype(3)==0) v3.append($3) else v3=$o3
  vrsz($o1,v4)
  for vtr2(&x,&y,v2,v3) { // x -> y
    v1.indvwhere($o1,"==",x)
    $o1.indset(v1,y)
  }
}

//** veceq()  like vec.eq but don't have to be same size and shows discrepency
func veceq () { local sz1,sz2,eq,beg,ii,jj,kk
  sz1=$o1.size sz2=$o2.size
  if (numarg()==3) beg=$3 else beg=0
  if (sz1!=sz2) printf("%s %d; %s %d\n",$o1,sz1,$o2,sz2)
  ii=0 jj=beg
  while (ii<sz1 && jj<sz2) {
    if ($o1.x[ii]!=$o2.x[jj]) { 
      eq=0
      printf("Differ at %d %d\n",ii,jj) 
      for kk=-10,10 if ((ii+kk)>=0 && (ii+kk)<sz1 && (jj+kk)>=0 && (jj+kk)<sz2) {
        printf("(%d)%g:(%d)%g ",(ii+kk),$o1.x[ii+kk],(jj+kk),$o2.x[jj+kk])  }
      print ""
      break 
    } else eq=1
    ii+=1 jj=ii+beg
  }
  return eq
}

//* isstring() determine if object $o1 is of type string, if so return the string in [$s2]
func isstring () {
  sprint(tstr,"%s",$o1)
  if (sfunc.substr(tstr,"String")==0) {
    if (numarg()==2) sprint($s2,"%s",$o1.s)
    return 1
  } else {
    if (numarg()==2) sprint($s2,"%s",$o1)
    return 0
  }
}

//** isassigned() checks whether an object is Null
if (name_declared("VECST_INSTALLED")) {
  sprint(tstr,"func isassigned () { return !isojt($o1,nil) }")
} else {
  sprint(tstr,"func isassigned () { return !isobt($o1,nil) }")
}
execute1(tstr)

//** declare goes through a list of scalars and assigns them if they don't already exist
// eg declare("adj",nil,"vd",nil,"vc",nil,"allcells",0,"div","d[1][1]")
func declare () { local i,nd,min,verbose,ty,tye,ret localobj st,ut
  if (argtype(1)==0) {verbose=0 min=2} else {min=verbose=1}
  if (numarg()==0) {
    printf("eg declare(\"obj\",new Vector(),\"num\",0,\"arr\",\"d[2][2]\",\"vec\",\"o[5]\",\"str\",\"\")\nfirst arg num means quiet")
    return 0 }
  st=new String2() ut=new String2() ret=0
  ut.s="^[do]\\["  ut.t="^[A-Z][A-Za-z]+[(][^)]*[)]$" // for declaring arrays and objects
  for i=min,numarg() {
    st.s=$si     i=i+1
    ty=argtype(i)
    nd=name_declared(st.s)
    if (nd==1) { nd=0
      if (verbose) {
        printf("declare WARN defining '%s' despite prior existence in symbol table\n",st.s) }}
    if ((nd==5 && ty==0) || (nd==4 && ty==2) || (nd==2 && ty==1)) { // OK -- DO NOTHING
      if (i==min+1) ret=1
      if (verbose) printf("'%s' predeclared\n",st.s)
    } else if (nd != 0) { // different type codes from name_declared() bzw argtype()
      if ((nd==5 && ty==2) || (nd==2 && ty==2)) {
        if (strm($si,ut.s)) { // name_declared gives 2 for either objref and objarray
          if (nd==5) st.t="DOUBLE" else st.t="OBJ"
          if (verbose) {
            printf("'%s' predeclared as %s array: WARN: no check on type or dims\n",st.s,st.t)}
          continue  // declaration for a double or obj array 
        } else  if (strm($si,ut.t)) { 
          if (verbose) printf("'%s' predeclared\n",st.s)
          continue  // declaration for an object
        }
      }
      if (nd==5) tye=0 else if (nd==4) tye=2 else if (nd==2) tye=1 
      if (verbose) printf("Declared ERR %s predeclared as a %d statt %d\n",st.s,tye,ty)
    } else { // declare it
      if (ty==0) { 
        sprint(st.t,"%s=%g",st.s,$i)
      } else if (ty==1) { 
        if ($oi==nil) {  sprint(st.t,"objref %s\n%s=nil",st.s,st.s)
        } else           sprint(st.t,"objref %s\n%s=%s", st.s,st.s,$oi)
      } else if (ty==2) { // key strings are eg d[5][5] or o[5][5] for double or obj array
        if (strm($si,ut.s)) {
          if (strm($si,"^d")) ty=0 else ty=1
          sfunc.tail($si,"[do]",st.t) 
          if (ty==0) sprint(st.t,"double %s%s",st.s,st.t) else \
                     sprint(st.t,"objref %s%s",st.s,st.t) 
        } else if (strm($si,ut.t)) {
          sprint(st.t,"objref %s\n%s = new %s",st.s,st.s,$si) 
        } else sprint(st.t,"strdef %s\n%s=\"%s\"",st.s,st.s,$si)
      }
      execute1(st.t)
    }
  }
  return ret
}

//** declared goes through a list of function names and makes sure they exist
// useful to check a bunch of names before entering a template that calls them as external
proc declared () { local i,nd,min,flag
  if (argtype(1)==0) {flag=$1 min=2} else {flag=0 min=1}
  for i=min,numarg() {
    nd=name_declared($si)
    if (nd==0 || (flag==1 && nd==1)) { // declare it or clear it
      // sprint(tstr,"func %s () {printf(\"\\tEMPTY FUNCTION %s()\\n\") return 0}",$si,$si)
      sprint(tstr,"func %s () {return 0}",$si)
      execute1(tstr)
    } else if (nd!=1) { // 2=obj,3=sec,4=str,5=dbl
      printf("NAME CONFLICT: %s can't be a func since was declared as a %d\n",$si,nd)
    }
  }
}

//** isit() like isassigned() but can take a string instead
obfunc isit () { local ret localobj sv,o,st
  o=new Union()  st=new String()
  if (argtype(1)==2) {
    sv=XO
    sprint(st.s,"XO=%s",$s1)
    execute(st.s) // XO points to the thing
    ret=isassigned(XO)
    o.x=ret
    o.s=$s1
    o.o=XO
    XO=sv
    return o
  } else return isassigned($o1)
}

//** isob(s1,s2) like isobj but takes string statt obj
func isob () { localobj st
  st=new String()
  sprint(st.s,"XO=%s",$s1)
  execute(st.s) // XO points to the thing
  sprint(st.s,"%s",XO)
  if (sfunc.substr(st.s,$s2)==0) {
    return 1
  } else {
    return 0
  }
}

//** eqobj(o1,o2) checks whether 2 objects are the same
func eqobj () {	return object_id($o1) == object_id($o2) }
//** ocnt(STR) counts number of objects named string
func ocnt () { local ret
  tmpobj=new List($s1) ret=tmpobj.count
  tmpobj=nil
  return ret
}

//** isobj(o1,s2) checks whether object $o1 is of type $s2
func isobj () { localobj st
  st=new String()
  sprint(st.s,"%s",$o1)
  if (sfunc.substr(st.s,$s2)==0) {
    return 1
  } else {
    return 0
  }
}

//** isobt(o1,o2) checks whether object $o1 is of type $o2
func isobt () { localobj s
  s=new String2()
  sprint(s.s,"%s",$o1)  sprint(s.t,"%s",$o2)
  sfunc.head(s.s,"\\[",s.s) sfunc.head(s.t,"\\[",s.t)
  if (strc(s.s,s.t)) return 1 else return 0
}

// destructive of $s1
func str2num () { local x localobj o,st
  x=1e9
  if (sscanf($s1,"%d",&x)!=1) {
    o=new Union() st=new String()
    sprint(st.s,"%s.x=%s",o,$s1)  // o has temp existance in global namespace
    if (!execute1(st.s,0)) printf("Can't find '%s'\n",$s1)
    x=o.x
  }
  return x
}

func isnum () { return strm($s1,"^[-+0-9.][-+0-9.eE]*$") }

// fln(num,STR_OBJ) move forward line n lines, chop string at end, remove quotes if present
// fln("rxp",STR_OBJ) move forward to regexp rxp; with arg3 use exact search
// fln("rxp OR n",STR_OBJ,obj) return union in obj with more data
// uses tmpfile; assumes that file is open for reading
fln_lnum=0 // use to count lines; must be rest by calling routine
func fln () { local n,nn,x,y localobj o,st,un
  n=nn=0 y=OK o=$o2
  if (argtype(1)==0) nn=$1 // if need to back up
  if (argtype(3)==1 || argtype(4)==1) { un=new Union(tmpfile.tell())
    if (argtype(3)==1) $o3=un else $o4=un 
  }
  if (nn) {
    while(n<nn) { tmpfile.gets(o.s) n+=1 }
  } else { // look for a string
    st=new String2()
    if (argtype(3)!=0) { // default regexp search
      if (strc(o.s,"A")) o.s="B" else o.s="A" // start with something different
      while (! strm(o.s,$s1)) {tmpfile.gets(o.s) n+=1}
    } else {  // exact string search
      sprint(st.s,"%s\n",$s1) // look for this string
      o.s=$s1 // make sure not somehow starting with exactly the same thing
      while (strcmp(o.s,st.s)!=0) {tmpfile.gets(o.s) n+=1} // might want to return line cnt
    }
  }
  sfunc.left(o.s,sfunc.len(o.s)-1) // get rid of newline
  if (sfunc.head(o.s,"\"","")==0) { // find quote at beginning
    sfunc.left(o.s,sfunc.len(o.s)-1) // assume quote at end
    sfunc.right(o.s,1)
  } else if (sscanf(o.s,"%g,%g",&x,&y)==2) { // specifically used by NQS.rddif
  } else if (sscanf(o.s,"%g",&y)==1) { }
  if (un!=nil) {un.x[1]=tmpfile.tell() un.x[2]=n un.x[3]=x un.x[4]=y un.s=o.s}
  fln_lnum+=n
  return y
}

// like perl chop -- removes the last character
// chop(STR[,TERM]); TERM chop only TERM
// note that no + means must repeat char eg "))*" statt ")+"
func chop () { local ln1,match localobj st
  ln1=sfunc.len($s1)  st=new String()
  if (numarg()==2) { 
    if (!strc($s2,"\n")) sprint($s2,"%s$",$s2) // just look for terminal character
    if ((match=sfunc.head($s1,$s2,st.s))==-1) {
      return 0 
    } else {
      sfunc.left($s1,match) 
      return match
    }
  } else if (sfunc.len($s1)>=1) {
    sfunc.left($s1,ln1-1) 
    return 1
  } else {
    print "ERR: chop called on empty string" }
    return 0
}

// lchop(STR[,BEGIN]) -- chop from the left
func lchop () { local ln1,match localobj st
  ln1=sfunc.len($s1)  st=new String()
  if (numarg()==2) { 
    sprint($s2,"^%s",$s2) // just look for initial chars
    if ((match=sfunc.tail($s1,$s2,st.s))==-1) {
      return 0 
    } else {
      sfunc.right($s1,match) 
      return match
    }
  } else if (sfunc.len($s1)>=1) {
    sfunc.right($s1,1) 
    return 1
  } else {
    print "ERR: chop called on empty string" }
    return 0
}

// strcat(tstr,"stra","strb",...) tstr=stra+strb+...
// 1st arg can be a strdef or String obj
// other args can be strdef, String obj, literal string, or number handled as %g
// returns String obj
obfunc strcat () { local i,na localobj out
  na=numarg() 
  if (argtype(1)==0) { out=new String() 
  } else if (argtype(1)==1) { 
    if (isassigned($o1)) out=$o1 else { out=new String() $o1=out }
  } else { out=new String() out.s=$s1 } // print "AA:",$s1," ",sfunc.len($s1)
  if (argtype(na)==0) { out.s="" na-=1 } // clear string
  for i=2,na {
    if (argtype(i)==1) {        sprint(out.s,"%s%s",out.s,$oi.s) 
    } else if (argtype(i)==2) { sprint(out.s,"%s%s",out.s,$si) 
    } else                      sprint(out.s,"%s%g",out.s,$i) 
  }
  if (argtype(1)==2) $s1=out.s
  return out
}

// split(string,vec) // split comma sep string into numbers
// split(string,list) // split comma sep string into list of strings
// split(string,list,regexp) // split regexp sep string into list of strings
// split(string,vec,regexp,1) // split but don't interpret: eg "5*3"->15 or "x"->val
// split(string,list,num) // split every num chars
// eg split("534,  43 , 2, 1.4, 34",vec[,"/"])
// split("13, 3*PI/2*tau/2, 32+7, 6, 9.2, 42/3",vec) 
//    optional 3rd str is what to split on; default is comma
split_interp=1
func split () { local i,vf,x,done,num localobj s,st,o
  if (numarg()==0) {
    printf("eg split(\"534 43 2 1.4 34\",vec,\" \") split(\"a,b,c,d,e\",tmplist)")
    return -1 }
  s=new String2() st=new String2()
  s.t=$s1 
  if (argtype(2)!=1) {
    o=new Vector() vf=2 i=2
  } else { 
    o=$o2 i=3
    if (isobj(o,"Vector")) {
      vf=1 
    } else {
      vf=0
      if (!isassigned(o)) { o=new List() $o2=o }
    }
  }
  if (vf) revec(o) else o.remove_all
  if (argtype(i)==2) {       st.s=$si   i+=1
  } else if (argtype(i)==1) {st.s=$oi.s i+=1
  } else                     st.s="[, ]+"
  if (argtype(i)==0) { // length split into a list eg c2 c2 c2 etc
    if (vf) {printf("Split err: attempting to do length split into vector: %s",o) return 0}
    num=$i
    sprint(st.s,"%%*%ds%%s",num) // eg "%2*s%s" to get all but first 2 chars
    sprint(st.t,"%%%ds",num)     // eg "%2s"    to get first 2 chars
    if (num>sfunc.len(s.t)){
      printf("split() ERRA %s of length %d in pieces of %d?\n",s.t,sfunc.len(s.t),num) return 0}
  } else num=0
  while (sfunc.len(s.t)>0) {
    done=0
    if (vf) {
      if (split_interp) if (strm(s.t,"^[^,]+[+*/-]")) {
        sfunc.head(s.t,",",s.s)
        if (sfunc.len(s.s)==0) s.s=s.t
        sprint(s.s,"%s.append(%s)",o,s.s) execute(s.s)
        done=1
      } 
      if (!done) if (sscanf(s.t,"%lf",&x)) { 
        o.append(x)
        done=1
      } 
      if (!done && split_interp) { // try to interpret as a variable
        hoc_ac_=ERR // global hoc_ac_ for execute1()
        sfunc.head(s.t,st.s,s.s)
        if (sfunc.len(s.s)==0) s.s=s.t // the end
        sprint(st.t,"hoc_ac_=%s",s.s)
        execute1(st.t,0) // no error
        if (hoc_ac_==ERR) {
          printf("split WARNING skipping non-parsable value: %s\n",s.s)
        } else {
          o.append(hoc_ac_) 
        }
        done=1
      }
      if (vf==2) if (o.size==0) return ERR else return o.x[0]
    } else { // split into a list
      if (num) {
        sscanf(s.t,st.t,s.s)
        o.append(new String2(s.s,s.s))
      } else {
        sfunc.head(s.t,st.s,s.s)
        if (sfunc.len(s.s)==0) s.s=s.t // the end
        o.append(new String2(s.s,s.s))
      }
      done=1
    }
    if (num) { // splitting equal length strings
      if (sfunc.len(s.t)<=num) s.t="" else sscanf(s.t,st.s,s.t)
    } else {
      sfunc.tail(s.t,st.s,s.t)
    }
  }
  if (vf) return o.size else return o.count
}

//** splitmatch(str,strlist) returns which string in strlist matches the str
func splitmatch () { local ii,x,ret localobj ll,xo
  ll=$o2 ret=-1
  for ltr(xo,ll,&x) {
    if (strm($s1,xo.s)) {ret=x
      break }
  }
  return ret
}

// parsenums(STR[,VEC]) find first or all the numbers in a string
func parsenums () { print "Use split(\"str\") instead" }

// intervals(TRAIN,OUTPUT)
func intervals () { local a
  if ($o1.size<=1) { printf("%s size <2 in intervals()\n",$o1) return 0}
  $o2.deriv($o1,1,1)
  return $o2.size
}

// invl(train,stats[,thresh])
func invl () { local a,x,sz localobj v1,v2
  a=allocvecs(v1,v2)
  if ($o1.size<=1) { printf("%s size <2 in invl()\n",$o1) 
    $o2.resize(5) $o2.fill(-1)
    dealloc(a)
    return 0
  }
  if (!$o1.ismono(2)) printf("decvec::invl() WARN: %s not sorted\n",$o1)
  v1.deriv($o1,1,1)
  if (numarg()==3) {
    if ((x=v1.w("<",$3,-1))>0) { // tag and remove all below threshold
      v1.sort v1.reverse
      v1.resize(v1.size-x)
    }
  }
  stat(v1,$o2)
  sz=v1.size
  dealloc(a)
  return sz
}

// freql(train,stats)
// doesn't make much sense to take the mean of inverses 
func freql () { local a localobj v1
  a=allocvecs(v1)
  if ($o1.size<=1) { printf("%s size <2 in intervals()\n",$o1) return 0}
  v1.deriv($o1,1,1)
  v1.inv(1e3)
  stat(v1,$o2)
  return v1.size
}

// downcase(tstr[,UPCASE]) 
obfunc downcase () { local len,ii,let,diff,min,max localobj st
  diff=32 min=65 max=90 st=new String2()
  if (argtype(1)==2) st.s=$s1 else st.s=$o1.s
  if (numarg()==2) { diff=-diff min=97 max=122 } // if flag -> upcase
  len = sfunc.len(st.s)
  for ii=1,len {
    sscanf(st.s,"%c%*s",&x)
    sfunc.right(st.s,1)
    if (x>=min&&x<=max) {
      sprint(st.s,"%s%c",st.s,x+diff)
    } else sprint(st.s,"%s%c",st.s,x) // just rotate the letter
  }
  if (argtype(1)==2) $s1=st.s
  return st
}

// newlst() puts a newline in the middle of a string
proc newlst () { local l
  if (numarg()>1) l=$2 else l=int(sfunc.len($s1)/2)
  temp_string_=$s1
  temp_string2_=$s1
  sfunc.left(temp_string_,l)
  sfunc.right(temp_string2_,l)
  sprint($s1,"%s\n%s",temp_string_,temp_string2_)
}

//* rdcol(file,vec,col#,cols): read multicolumn file
func rdcol () { local col,cols,length
  if (numarg()==0) { print "\trdcol(\"file\",vec,col#,cols) // col#=1..." return 0}
  col=$3 cols=$4 length=0
  if (! tmpfile.ropen($s1)) { printf("\tERROR: can't open file \"%s\"\n",$s1) return 0}
  while (tmpfile.gets(temp_string_) != -1) length+=1 // count lines
  print length
  tmpfile.seek()
  $o2.scanf(tmpfile,length,col,cols)
  if ($o2.size!=length) printf("rdcol ERR: only read %d statt %d\n",$o2.size,length)
  return length
}

//* rdmuniq(vec,n,rdm) -- augment vec by n unique vals from rdm
//  rdmuniq(vec,n,max) -- augment vec by n unique vals 0-max
//  rdmuniq(vec,n,min,max) -- augment vec by n unique vals min-max
// draw n numbers without replacement, only makes sense with discrete distribution
// could do something like 
// mso[a].setrand($o3) mso[d].copy(mso[a]) 
//     mso[b].indsort(mso[a]) mso[a].sort() mso[c].redundout(mso[a],1)
// to get indices of unique values but then have to back index to original
// rdmuniqm4=1 to use setrnd() statt setrand()
rdmuniqm4=0
proc rdmuniq () { local i,max,min,n,a3,a,see localobj ro,v1,v2,vin,l
  if (numarg()==0) {
    printf("rdmuniq(vec,n,rdm) - augment vec by n unique vals from rdm\
  rdmuniq(vec,n) - augment vec by n unique vals 0-99\
  rdmuniq(vec,n,max) - augment vec by n unique vals 0-max\
  rdmuniq(vec,n,min,max) - augment vec by n unique vals min-max\
  rdmuniq(vec,n,min,max,seed) - augment vec by n unique vals min-max using seed\n") 
  return }
  if (rdmuniqm4 && argtype(5)!=0) {
    printf("flag set: rdmuniqm4==1: should use all 5 args: rdmuniq(vec,n,min,max,seed)\n") return }
  vin=$o1 min=max=0 see=0 n=int($2) // round down
  a3=argtype(3)
  if (a3==1) {
    ro=$o3  // random previously setup, min,max unknown
  } else if (a3==-1) {
      min=0 max=99
  } else {
     max=$3
    if (argtype(4)==0){min=$3 max=$4}
    if (argtype(5)==0) see=$5
  }
  if (max>0) { // else rdm was an arg with unknown min,max
    if (max-min+1==n) {
      vin.indgen(min,max,1)
      return
    } else if (n>max-min+1) {
      printf("rdmuniq ERR incompatible: min=%d max=%d n=%d (%g vs %d)\n",min,max,n,$2,max-min+1) 
      return 
    }
  }
  if (!rdmuniqm4) {
    if (ro==nil) ro=new Random()
    if (see) ro.ACG($5) // seed it
    ro.discunif(min,max)
  }
  vin.resize(0)
  a=allocvecs(v1,v2) l=new List() l.append(v2) l.append(vin)
  for (ii=1;vin.size<n && ii<5;ii+=1) {
    v1.resize(n*4*ii)
    if (rdmuniqm4) { 
      v1.setrnd(5,max-min+1,see) 
      v1.add(min)
    } else v1.setrand(ro)
    v1.uniq(l,1) // preserve order
  }
  if (vin.size<n) {
    printf("rdmuniq ERR unable to find %d uniq values [%d,%d] -- only \n",n,min,max,vin.size)
  }
  vin.resize(n)
  dealloc(a)
}

// rdmord (vec,n) randomly ordered numbers 0->n-1 in vec
// eg rdmord(ind,ind.size); check: for ii=0,ind.size-1 if (ind.count(ii)!=1) print ii
proc rdmord () { local n,a localobj v1
  a=allocvecs(v1)  n=$2
  rdm.uniform(0,100)
  v1.resize(n)
  v1.setrand(rdm)
  v1.sortindex($o1)
  dealloc(a)
}

// shuffle(VSRC[,VDEST]) randomly rearrange elements of vec
obfunc shuffle () { local a  localobj v1,v2,oi,oo
  oi=$o1
  if (numarg()==2) {oo=$o2 oo.copy(oi)} else oo=oi
  oo.shuffle()
  return oo
}

// colshuf(ind,veclist) shuffle the 'transpose' of indexed vecs -- ie not the vecs themselves
// shuffle items from list of vectors across the list rather than across the vectors
// all vecs should be same size, eg colshuf(nq.ind,nq.fcdo) after a select
func colshuf () { local a,x,ii,cols,rows  localobj v1,v2,oi,ol
  oi=$o1 ol=$o2 cols=ol.o(oi.x[0]).size rows=oi.size
  if (rows==0 || cols==0) {printf("ERRA:a 0") return -1}
  a=allocvecs(v1,v2)
  vrsz(rows*cols,v1,"O") 
  for vtr(&x,oi) v1.append(ol.o(x))
  v1.transpose(cols) v1.mshuffle() v1.transpose() // shuffle in the other direction
  for vtr(&x,oi,&ii) ol.o(x).copy(v1,ii*cols,(ii+1)*cols-1)
  dealloc(a)
  return cols
}

// sample(vec,beg,end,vals) pick out n integer values from given range
// sample(vec,end,vals) -- assumes 0
proc sample () { local min,max,vals
  min=0
  if (numarg()==4) {min=$2 max=$3 vals=$4} else {max=$2 vals=$3}
  $o1.indgen(min,max,1)
  shuffle($o1)
  $o1.resize(vals)
}

// round() round off to nearest integer
func round () { local ii
  if (argtype(1)==1) {
    if ($o1.size==0) return 1e9
    for ii=0,$o1.size-1 {
      if ($o1.x[ii]>0) $o1.x[ii]=int($o1.x[ii]+0.5) else $o1.x[ii]=int($o1.x[ii]-0.5) 
    }
    return($o1.x[0])
  } else {
    if ($1>0) return int($1+0.5) else return int($1-0.5) 
  }
} 

// filevers() pulls out version of file from first line
func filevers () { localobj f1,s1,lx1
  f1=new File() s1=new String() lx1=new Union()
  if (! f1.ropen($s1)) { printf("filevers ERR, can't open %s\n",$s1) 
    return 0 }
  f1.gets(s1.s)
  if (sscanf(s1.s,"%*s $Id: %*s %*d.%d",&lx1.x)!=1) {
    printf("filevers ERR, sscanf failed %s: %s",$s1,s1.s) }
  f1.close
  return lx1.x
}

//* hocfind(FILENAME) searches through HOC_LIBRARY_PATH and locates file
obfunc hocfind () { local done localobj f1,s1,s2
  f1=new File() s1=new String() s2=new String()
  done=0
  system("echo -n $HOC_LIBRARY_PATH",s1.s)
  sprint(s1.s,"%s ",s1.s) // to look at last item
  while (sfunc.len(s1.s)>2) {
    sfunc.head(s1.s,"[ :]",s2.s)
    sprint(s2.s,"%s/%s",s2.s,$s1)
    if (f1.ropen(s2.s)) {done=1 break}
    sfunc.tail(s1.s,"[ :]",s1.s)
  }
  if (!done) if (f1.ropen($s1)) {sprint(s2.s,"./%s",$s1) done=1}
  if (!done) s2.s="NOT FOUND"
  return s2
}

//* usefiles(F1[,F2,...]) list of files returns string with list of files and versions
obfunc usefiles () { local i localobj s1,s2
  s2=new String()
  s2.s="Using "
  for i=1,numarg() {
    s1=hocfind($si)
    sprint(s2.s,"%s %s%d",s2.s,$si,filevers(s1.s))
  }
  return s2
}

//* ttest(v1,v2)  student t-test
// nrniv/sync/notebook.dol:16230
// checked against http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/stats/t-test_bulk_form.html
func ttest () {  local prob,df
  df=$o1.size+$o2.size-2
  t_val=($o1.mean-$o2.mean)/sqrt($o1.var/$o1.size + $o2.var/$o2.size)
  prob=betai_stats(0.5*df,0.5,df/(df+t_val*t_val))
  return prob
}

// pttest() paired t-test
func pttest () {  local prob,sd,df,cov,j,ave1,ave2,var1,var2
  n=$o1.size ave1=$o1.mean ave2=$o2.mean var1=$o1.var var2=$o2.var cov=0
  if (n!=$o2.size) {printf("pttest ERR: != sizes\n",n,$o2.size) return -1}
  for (j=0;j<n;j+=1) cov+=($o1.x[j]-ave1)*($o2.x[j]-ave2)
  cov /= (df=n-1)
  sd=sqrt((var1+var2-2.0*cov)/n)
  t_val=(ave1-ave2)/sd
  prob=betai_stats(0.5*df,0.5,df/(df+t_val*t_val))
  // printf("%g ",t_val)
  return prob
}

func howfull () { local a,min,max,bins,ret localobj v1
  min=0 bins=1e3
  if (numarg()==4){min=$2 max=$3 bins=$4} else if (numarg()==3){max=$2 bins=$3} else max=$2
  a=allocvecs(v1,bins)
  $o1.bin(v1,(max-min)/bins,min,max)
  ret=1-v1.count(0)/bins
  dealloc(a)
  return ret
}

//* Matrix things
// msize() print size of a matrix
proc msize () { printf("%d x %d\n",$o1.nrow,$o1.ncol) }

//** l2m() turn a vector list into a matrix
obfunc l2m () { local ii,m,n localobj mat,l,xo
  l=$o1
  n=l.o(0).size m=l.count // rows x cols (data in cols)
  mat=new Matrix(n,m)
  for ltr(xo,l,&ii) mat.setcol(ii,xo)
  return mat
}

//** m2l() turn a matrix into a vector list
obfunc m2l () { local ii,m,n localobj mat,l,xo
  l=new List() mat=$o1 m=mat.ncol n=mat.nrow
  for ii=0,m-1 l.append(mat.getcol(ii))
  return l
}

//** reind(ind,filter0[,ifilter1,...]) goes through a series of vectors or values 
// to translate an index if filter is a vec then get vec.x[x] else get x+val
func reind () { local i,x
  x=$1 
  for i=2,numarg() if (argtype(i)==0) x+=$i else x=$oi.x[x]
  return x
}

// rmxtmp() sets xtmp string
proc rmxtmp () { localobj st
  if (wopen("xtmp")) { 
    xtmp = "xtmp" 
  } else if (wopen("/tmp/xtmp")) {
    xtmp="/tmp/xtmp" 
  } else {  
    xtmp=strcat(1,getenv("HOME"),"/.xtmp").s 
    if (!wopen(xtmp)) printf("Can't open an xtmp file anywhere: . /tmp ~/ \n")
  }
  wopen() // close the file
}
rmxtmp()

//* matrix functions using matrix.mod stuff
//** getdiag(matvec,destvec) 
proc getdiag () { local a localobj v1
  a=allocvecs(v1)
  v1.indgen(0,ROWS*COLS,COLS+1)
  $o2.index($o1,v1)
  dealloc(a)
}

//** setdiag(matvec,value) 
proc setdiag () { local a localobj v1
  a=allocvecs(v1)
  v1.indgen(0,ROWS*COLS,COLS+1)
  $o1.indset(v1,$2)
  dealloc(a)
}

func msetrc () { local x
  if ((x=sqrt($o1.size))==int(x)) ROWS=COLS=x else printf("Unable to set ROWS,COLS\n")
  return x
}

for scase(XO,"o","t","s","O","T","S","+") clrsym.o.append(new String(XO.s))