Models that contain the Current : I A

("Transient"; inactivating) Re-display model names without descriptions

	Models	Description
1.	3D model of the olfactory bulb (Migliore et al. 2014)
		This entry contains a link to a full HD version of movie 1 and the NEURON code of the paper: "Distributed organization of a brain microcircuit analysed by three-dimensional modeling: the olfactory bulb" by M Migliore, F Cavarretta, ML Hines, and GM Shepherd.
2.	3D olfactory bulb: operators (Migliore et al, 2015)
		"... Using a 3D model of mitral and granule cell interactions supported by experimental findings, combined with a matrix-based representation of glomerular operations, we identify the mechanisms for forming one or more glomerular units in response to a given odor, how and to what extent the glomerular units interfere or interact with each other during learning, their computational role within the olfactory bulb microcircuit, and how their actions can be formalized into a theoretical framework in which the olfactory bulb can be considered to contain "odor operators" unique to each individual. ..."
3.	A 1000 cell network model for Lateral Amygdala (Kim et al. 2013)
		1000 Cell Lateral Amygdala model for investigation of plasticity and memory storage during Pavlovian Conditioning.
4.	A biophysical model of vestibular ganglion neurons (Hight & Kalluri 2016, Ventura & Kalluri 2018)
		A single compartment model in Matlab to represent vestibular ganglion neurons' somatic ion channels and their influence on firing patterns. Model is connected to a synthetic synaptic conductance to examine the relative influence of synaptic inputs and low-voltage gated potassium conductances on spike patterns.
5.	A model of ventral Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons of Tg2576 AD mice (Spoleti et al. 2021)
		Gradual decline in cognitive and non-cognitive functions are considered clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Post-mortem autoptic analysis shows the presence of amyloid ß deposits, neuroinflammation and severe brain atrophy. However, brain circuit alterations and cellular derailments, assessed in very early stages of AD, still remain elusive. The understanding of these early alterations is crucial to tackle defective mechanisms. In a previous study we proved that the Tg2576 mouse model of AD displays functional deficits in the dorsal hippocampus and relevant behavioural AD-related alterations. We had shown that these deficits in Tg2576 mice correlate with the precocious degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and can be restored by L-DOPA treatment. Due to the distinct functionality and connectivity of dorsal versus ventral hippocampus, here we investigated neuronal excitability and synaptic functionality in the ventral CA1 hippocampal sub-region of Tg2576 mice. We found an age-dependent alteration of cell excitability and firing in pyramidal neurons starting at 3 months of age, that correlates with reduced levels in the ventral CA1 of tyrosine hydroxylase – the rate-limiting enzyme of DA synthesis. Additionally, at odds with the dorsal hippocampus, we found no alterations in basal glutamatergic transmission and long-term plasticity of ventral neurons in 8-month old Tg2576 mice compared to age-matched controls. Last, we used computational analysis to model the early derailments of firing properties observed and hypothesize that the neuronal alterations found could depend on dysfunctional sodium and potassium conductances, leading to anticipated depolarization-block of action potential firing. The present study depicts that impairment of cell excitability and homeostatic control of firing in ventral CA1 pyramidal neurons is a prodromal feature in Tg2576 AD mice.
6.	A multilayer cortical model to study seizure propagation across microdomains (Basu et al. 2015)
		A realistic neural network was used to simulate a region of neocortex to obtain extracellular LFPs from ‘virtual micro-electrodes’ and produce test data for comparison with multisite microelectrode recordings. A model was implemented in the GENESIS neurosimulator. A simulated region of cortex was represented by layers 2/3, 5/6 (interneurons and pyramidal cells) and layer 4 stelate cells, spaced at 25 µm in each horizontal direction. Pyramidal cells received AMPA and NMDA inputs from neighboring cells at the basal and apical dendrites. The LFP data was generated by simulating 16-site electrode array with the help of ‘efield’ objects arranged at the predetermined positions with respect to the surface of the simulated network. The LFP for the model is derived from a weighted average of the current sources summed over all cellular compartments. Cell models were taken from from Traub et al. (2005) J Neurophysiol 93(4):2194-232.
7.	A network model of tail withdrawal in Aplysia (White et al 1993)
		The contributions of monosynaptic and polysynaptic circuitry to the tail-withdrawal reflex in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica were assessed by the use of physiologically based neural network models. Effects of monosynaptic circuitry were examined by the use of a two-layer network model with four sensory neurons in the input layer and one motor neuron in the output layer. Results of these simulations indicated that the monosynaptic circuit could not account fully for long-duration responses of tail motor neurons elicited by tail stimulation. A three-layer network model was constructed by interposing a layer of two excitatory interneurons between the input and output layers of the two-layer network model. The three-layer model could account for long-duration responses in motor neurons. Sensory neurons are a known site of plasticity in Aplysia. Synaptic plasticity at more than one locus modified dramatically the input-output relationship of the three-layer network model. This feature gave the model redundancy in its plastic properties and points to the possibility of distributed memory in the circuitry mediating withdrawal reflexes in Aplysia. Please see paper for more results and details.
8.	A simplified cerebellar Purkinje neuron (the PPR model) (Brown et al. 2011)
		These models were implemented in NEURON by Sherry-Ann Brown in the laboratory of Leslie M. Loew. The files reproduce Figures 2c-f from Brown et al, 2011 "Virtual NEURON: a Strategy For Merged Biochemical and Electrophysiological Modeling".
9.	A single column thalamocortical network model (Traub et al 2005)
		To better understand population phenomena in thalamocortical neuronal ensembles, we have constructed a preliminary network model with 3,560 multicompartment neurons (containing soma, branching dendrites, and a portion of axon). Types of neurons included superficial pyramids (with regular spiking [RS] and fast rhythmic bursting [FRB] firing behaviors); RS spiny stellates; fast spiking (FS) interneurons, with basket-type and axoaxonic types of connectivity, and located in superficial and deep cortical layers; low threshold spiking (LTS) interneurons, that contacted principal cell dendrites; deep pyramids, that could have RS or intrinsic bursting (IB) firing behaviors, and endowed either with non-tufted apical dendrites or with long tufted apical dendrites; thalamocortical relay (TCR) cells; and nucleus reticularis (nRT) cells. To the extent possible, both electrophysiology and synaptic connectivity were based on published data, although many arbitrary choices were necessary.
10.	A synapse model for developing somatosensory cortex (Manninen et al 2020)
		We developed a model for an L4-L2/3 synapse in somatosensory cortex to study the role of astrocytes in modulation of t-LTD. Our model includes the one-compartmental presynaptic L4 spiny stellate cell, two-compartmental (soma and dendrite) postsynaptic L2/3 pyramidal cell, and one-compartmental fine astrocyte process.
11.	A two-layer biophysical olfactory bulb model of cholinergic neuromodulation (Li and Cleland 2013)
		This is a two-layer biophysical olfactory bulb (OB) network model to study cholinergic neuromodulation. Simulations show that nicotinic receptor activation sharpens mitral cell receptive field, while muscarinic receptor activation enhances network synchrony and gamma oscillations. This general model suggests that the roles of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in OB are both distinct and complementary to one another, together regulating the effects of ascending cholinergic inputs on olfactory bulb transformations.
12.	A two-stage model of dendritic integration in CA1 pyramidal neurons (Katz et al. 2009)
		"... In a two-stage integration model, inputs contribute directly to dendritic spikes, and outputs from multiple branches sum in the axon. ... We used serial-section electron microscopy to reconstruct individual apical oblique dendritic branches of CA1 pyramidal neurons and observe a synapse distribution consistent with the two-stage integration model. Computational modeling suggests that the observed synapse distribution enhances the contribution of each dendritic branch to neuronal output."
13.	Actions of Rotenone on ionic currents and MEPPs in Mouse Hippocampal Neurons (Huang et al 2018)
		" ... With the aid of patch-clamp technology and simulation modeling, the effects of (Rotenone) Rot on membrane ion currents present in mHippoE-14 cells were investigated. Results: Addition of Rot produced an inhibitory action on the peak amplitude of INa ...; however, neither activation nor inactivation kinetics of INa was changed during cell exposure to this compound. Addition of Rot produced little or no modifications in the steady-state inactivation curve of INa. Rot increased the amplitude of Ca2+-activated Cl- current in response to membrane depolarization ... . Moreover, when these cells were exposed to 10 µM Rot, a specific population of ATP-sensitive K+ channels ... was measured, despite its inability to alter single-channel conductance. Under current clamp condition, the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials in mHippoE-14 cells was significantly raised in the presence of Rot (10 µM) with no changes in their amplitude and time course of rise and decay. In simulated model of hippocampal neurons incorporated with chemical autaptic connection, increased autaptic strength to mimic the action of Rot was noted to change the bursting pattern with emergence of subthreshold potentials. Conclusions: The Rot effects presented herein might exert a significant action on functional activities of hippocampal neurons occurring in vivo. "
14.	Active dendrites and spike propagation in a hippocampal interneuron (Saraga et al 2003)
		We create multi-compartment models of an Oriens-Lacunosum/Moleculare (O-LM) hippocampal interneuron using passive properties, channel kinetics, densities and distributions specific to this cell type, and explore its signaling characteristics. We find that spike initiation depends on both location and amount of input, as well as the intrinsic properties of the interneuron. Distal synaptic input always produces strong back-propagating spikes whereas proximal input could produce both forward and back-propagating spikes depending on the input strength. Please see paper for more details.
15.	Active dendrites shape signaling microdomains in hippocampal neurons (Basak & Narayanan 2018)
		The spatiotemporal spread of biochemical signals in neurons and other cells regulate signaling specificity, tuning of signal propagation, along with specificity and clustering of adaptive plasticity. Theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated a critical role for cellular morphology and the topology of signaling networks in regulating this spread. In this study, we add a significantly complex dimension to this narrative by demonstrating that voltage-gated ion channels (A-type Potassium channels and T-type Calcium channels) on the plasma membrane could actively amplify or suppress the strength and spread of downstream signaling components. We employed a multiscale, multicompartmental, morphologically realistic, conductance-based model that accounted for the biophysics of electrical signaling and the biochemistry of calcium handling and downstream enzymatic signaling in a hippocampal pyramidal neuron. We chose the calcium – calmodulin – calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) – protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) signaling pathway owing to its critical importance to several forms of neuronal plasticity, and employed physiologically relevant theta-burst stimulation (TBS) or theta-burst pairing (TBP) protocol to initiate a calcium microdomain through NMDAR activation at a synapse.
16.	Active dendritic integration in robust and precise grid cell firing (Schmidt-Hieber et al 2017)
		"... Whether active dendrites contribute to the generation of the dual temporal and rate codes characteristic of grid cell output is unknown. We show that dendrites of medial entorhinal cortex neurons are highly excitable and exhibit a supralinear input–output function in vitro, while in vivo recordings reveal membrane potential signatures consistent with recruitment of active dendritic conductances. By incorporating these nonlinear dynamics into grid cell models, we show that they can sharpen the precision of the temporal code and enhance the robustness of the rate code, thereby supporting a stable, accurate representation of space under varying environmental conditions. Our results suggest that active dendrites may therefore constitute a key cellular mechanism for ensuring reliable spatial navigation."
17.	Activity dependent changes in motoneurones (Dai Y et al 2002, Gardiner et al 2002)
		These two papers review various experimental papers and examine the effects of activity on motoneurons in a similar 5 compartment model with 10 active conductances. Included are slow (S) and fast (F) type and fast fatigue resistant (FR) and fast fatigable (FF) models corresponding to the types of motoneurons. See papers for more and details.
18.	Activity dependent conductances in a neuron model (Liu et al. 1998)
		"... We present a model of a stomatogastric ganglion (STG) neuron in which several Ca2+-dependent pathways are used to regulate the maximal conductances of membrane currents in an activity-dependent manner. Unlike previous models of this type, the regulation and modification of maximal conductances by electrical activity is unconstrained. The model has seven voltage-dependent membrane currents and uses three Ca2+ sensors acting on different time scales. ... The model suggests that neurons may regulate their conductances to maintain fixed patterns of electrical activity, rather than fixed maximal conductances, and that the regulation process requires feedback systems capable of reacting to changes of electrical activity on a number of different time scales."
19.	Afferent Integration in the NAcb MSP Cell (Wolf et al. 2005)
		"We describe a computational model of the principal cell in the nucleus accumbens (NAcb), the medium spiny projection (MSP) neuron. The model neuron, constructed in NEURON, includes all of the known ionic currents in these cells and receives synaptic input from simulated spike trains via NMDA, AMPA, and GABAA receptors. ... results suggest that afferent information integration by the NAcb MSP cell may be compromised by pathology in which the NMDA current is altered or modulated, as has been proposed in both schizophrenia and addiction."
20.	Alcohol action in a detailed Purkinje neuron model and an efficient simplified model (Forrest 2015)
		" ... we employ a novel reduction algorithm to produce a 2 compartment model of the cerebellar Purkinje neuron from a previously published, 1089 compartment model. It runs more than 400 times faster and retains the electrical behavior of the full model. So, it is more suitable for inclusion in large network models, where computational power is a limiting issue. We show the utility of this reduced model by demonstrating that it can replicate the full model’s response to alcohol, which can in turn reproduce experimental recordings from Purkinje neurons following alcohol application. ..."
21.	Allen Institute: Gad2-IRES-Cre VISp layer 5 472447460
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Gad2-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
22.	Allen Institute: Gad2-IRES-Cre VISp layer 5 473561729
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Gad2-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
23.	Allen Institute: Htr3a-Cre VISp layer 2/3 472352327
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Htr3a-Cre neuron from layer 2/3 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
24.	Allen Institute: Htr3a-Cre VISp layer 2/3 472421285
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Htr3a-Cre neuron from layer 2/3 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
25.	Allen Institute: Nr5a1-Cre VISp layer 2/3 473862496
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Nr5a1-Cre neuron from layer 2/3 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
26.	Allen Institute: Nr5a1-Cre VISp layer 4 329322394
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Nr5a1-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
27.	Allen Institute: Nr5a1-Cre VISp layer 4 472306544
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Nr5a1-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
28.	Allen Institute: Nr5a1-Cre VISp layer 4 472442377
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Nr5a1-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
29.	Allen Institute: Nr5a1-Cre VISp layer 4 472451419
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Nr5a1-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
30.	Allen Institute: Nr5a1-Cre VISp layer 4 472915634
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Nr5a1-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
31.	Allen Institute: Nr5a1-Cre VISp layer 4 473834758
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Nr5a1-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
32.	Allen Institute: Nr5a1-Cre VISp layer 4 473863035
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Nr5a1-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
33.	Allen Institute: Nr5a1-Cre VISp layer 4 473871429
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Nr5a1-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
34.	Allen Institute: Ntsr1-Cre VISp layer 4 472430904
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Ntsr1-Cre neuron from layer 6a of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
35.	Allen Institute: Pvalb-IRES-Cre VISp layer 2/3 472306616
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Pvalb-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 2/3 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
36.	Allen Institute: Pvalb-IRES-Cre VISp layer 5 471085845
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Pvalb-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
37.	Allen Institute: Pvalb-IRES-Cre VISp layer 5 472349114
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Pvalb-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
38.	Allen Institute: Pvalb-IRES-Cre VISp layer 5 472912177
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Pvalb-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
39.	Allen Institute: Pvalb-IRES-Cre VISp layer 5 473465774
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Pvalb-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
40.	Allen Institute: Pvalb-IRES-Cre VISp layer 5 473862421
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Pvalb-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
41.	Allen Institute: Pvalb-IRES-Cre VISp layer 6a 471081668
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Pvalb-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 6a of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
42.	Allen Institute: Pvalb-IRES-Cre VISp layer 6a 472301074
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Pvalb-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 6a of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
43.	Allen Institute: Pvalb-IRES-Cre VISp layer 6a 473860269
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Pvalb-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 6a of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
44.	Allen Institute: Rbp4-Cre VISp layer 5 472424854
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Rbp4-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
45.	Allen Institute: Rbp4-Cre VISp layer 6a 473871592
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Rbp4-Cre neuron from layer 6a of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
46.	Allen Institute: Rorb-IRES2-Cre-D VISp layer 2/3 472299294
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Rorb-IRES2-Cre-D neuron from layer 2/3 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
47.	Allen Institute: Rorb-IRES2-Cre-D VISp layer 2/3 472434498
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Rorb-IRES2-Cre-D neuron from layer 2/3 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
48.	Allen Institute: Rorb-IRES2-Cre-D VISp layer 4 473863510
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Rorb-IRES2-Cre-D neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
49.	Allen Institute: Rorb-IRES2-Cre-D VISp layer 5 471087975
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Rorb-IRES2-Cre-D neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
50.	Allen Institute: Rorb-IRES2-Cre-D VISp layer 5 473561660
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Rorb-IRES2-Cre-D neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
51.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg2-Cre VISp layer 4 472300877
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg2-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
52.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg2-Cre VISp layer 4 472427533
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg2-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
53.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg2-Cre VISp layer 4 472912107
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg2-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
54.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg2-Cre VISp layer 4 473465456
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg2-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
55.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg2-Cre VISp layer 5 472306460
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg2-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
56.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre VISp layer 4 329321704
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
57.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre VISp layer 4 472363762
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
58.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre VISp layer 4 473862845
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
59.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre VISp layer 4 473872986
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
60.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre VISp layer 5 472455509
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
61.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre VISp layer 5 473863578
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
62.	Allen Institute: Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre VISp layer 5 473871773
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Scnn1a-Tg3-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
63.	Allen Institute: Sst-IRES-Cre VISp layer 2/3 471086533
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Sst-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 2/3 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
64.	Allen Institute: Sst-IRES-Cre VISp layer 2/3 472304676
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Sst-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 2/3 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
65.	Allen Institute: Sst-IRES-Cre VISp layer 4 472304539
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Sst-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 4 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
66.	Allen Institute: Sst-IRES-Cre VISp layer 5 472299363
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Sst-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
67.	Allen Institute: Sst-IRES-Cre VISp layer 5 472450023
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Sst-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
68.	Allen Institute: Sst-IRES-Cre VISp layer 5 473835796
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Sst-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 5 of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
69.	Allen Institute: Sst-IRES-Cre VISp layer 6a 472440759
		This is an Allen Cell Types Database model of a Sst-IRES-Cre neuron from layer 6a of the mouse primary visual cortex. The model was based on a traced morphology after filling the cell with biocytin and optimized using experimental electrophysiology data recorded from the same cell. The electrophysiology data was collected in a highly standardized way to facilitate comparison across all cells in the database. The model was optimized by a genetic algorithm that adjusted the densities of conductances placed at the soma to match experimentally-measured features of action potential firing. Data and models from the Allen Cell Types Database are made available to the community under the Allen Institute's Terms of Use and Citation Policy.
70.	Alpha rhythm in vitro visual cortex (Traub et al 2020)
		The paper describes an experimental model of the alpha rhythm generated by layer 4 pyramidal neurons in a visual cortex slice. The simulation model is derived from that of Traub et al. (2005) J Neurophysiol, developed for thalamocortical oscillations.
71.	Amyloid beta (IA block) effects on a model CA1 pyramidal cell (Morse et al. 2010)
		The model simulations provide evidence oblique dendrites in CA1 pyramidal neurons are susceptible to hyper-excitability by amyloid beta block of the transient K+ channel, IA. See paper for details.
72.	Amyloid-beta effects on release probability and integration at CA3-CA1 synapses (Romani et al. 2013)
		The role of amyloid beta (Aß) in brain function and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease remains elusive. Recent publications reported that an increase in Aß concentration perturbs presynaptic release in hippocampal neurons, in particular by increasing release probability of CA3-CA1 synapses. The model predics how this alteration can affect synaptic plasticity and signal integration. The results suggest that the perturbation of release probability induced by increased Aß can significantly alter the spike probability of CA1 pyramidal neurons and thus contribute to abnormal hippocampal function during Alzheimer’s disease.
73.	An allosteric kinetics of NMDARs in STDP (Urakubo et al. 2008)
		"... We developed a detailed biophysical model of STDP and found that the model required spike timing-dependent distinct suppression of NMDARs by Ca2+-calmodulin. This led us to predict an allosteric kinetics of NMDARs: a slow and rapid suppression of NMDARs by Ca2+-calmodulin with prespiking -> postspiking and postspiking -> prespiking, respectively. We found that the allosteric kinetics, but not the conventional kinetics, is consistent with specific features of amplitudes and peak time of NMDAR-mediated EPSPs in experiments. ..." See paper for more and details.
74.	AP back-prop. explains threshold variability and rapid rise (McCormick et al. 2007, Yu et al. 2008)
		This simple axon-soma model explained how the rapid rising phase in the somatic spike is derived from the propagated axon initiated spike, and how the somatic spike threshold variance is affected by spike propagation.
75.	AP shape and parameter constraints in optimization of compartment models (Weaver and Wearne 2006)
		"... We construct an objective function that includes both time-aligned action potential shape error and errors in firing rate and firing regularity. We then implement a variant of simulated annealing that introduces a recentering algorithm to handle infeasible points outside the boundary constraints. We show how our objective function captures essential features of neuronal firing patterns, and why our boundary management technique is superior to previous approaches."
76.	Apical Length Governs Computational Diversity of Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons (Galloni et al 2020)
		"Anatomical similarity across the neocortex has led to the common assumption that the circuitry is modular and performs stereotyped computations. Layer 5 pyramidal neurons (L5PNs) in particular are thought to be central to cortical computation because of their extensive arborisation and nonlinear dendritic operations. Here, we demonstrate that computations associated with dendritic Ca2+ plateaus in mouse L5PNs vary substantially between the primary and secondary visual cortices. L5PNs in the secondary visual cortex show reduced dendritic excitability and smaller propensity for burst firing. This reduced excitability is correlated with shorter apical dendrites. Using numerical modelling, we uncover a universal principle underlying the influence of apical length on dendritic backpropagation and excitability, based on a Na+ channel-dependent broadening of backpropagating action potentials. In summary, we provide new insights into the modulation of dendritic excitability by apical dendrite length and show that the operational repertoire of L5PNs is not universal throughout the brain."
77.	Ave. neuron model for slow-wave sleep in cortex Tatsuki 2016 Yoshida 2018 Rasmussen 2017 (all et al)
		Averaged neuron(AN) model is a conductance-based (Hodgkin-Huxley type) neuron model which includes a mean-field approximation of a population of neurons. You can simulate previous models (AN model: Tatsuki et al., 2016 and SAN model: Yoshida et al., 2018), and various models with 'X model' based on channel and parameter modules. Also, intracellular and extracellular ion concentration can be taken into consideration using the Nernst equation (See Ramussen et al., 2017).
78.	Axonal gap junctions produce fast oscillations in cerebellar Purkinje cells (Traub et al. 2008)
		Examines how electrical coupling between proximal axons produces fast oscillations in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Traub RD, Middleton SJ, Knopfel T, Whittington MA (2008) Model of very fast (>75 Hz) network oscillations generated by electrical coupling between the proximal axons of cerebellar Purkinje cells. European Journal of Neuroscience.
79.	Axonal NaV1.6 Sodium Channels in AP Initiation of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons (Royeck et al. 2008)
		"... We show that the Na+ channel NaV1.6 displays a striking aggregation at the AIS of cortical neurons. ... In combination with simulations using a realistic computer model of a CA1 pyramidal cell, our results imply that a hyperpolarized voltage-dependence of activation of AIS NaV1.6 channels is important both in determining spike threshold and localizing spike initiation to the AIS. ... These results suggest that NaV1.6 subunits at the AIS contribute significantly to its role as spike trigger zone and shape repetitive discharge properties of CA1 neurons."
80.	BCM-like synaptic plasticity with conductance-based models (Narayanan Johnston, 2010)
		" ... Although the BCM-like plasticity framework has been a useful formulation to understand synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity, a mechanism for the activity-dependent regulation of this modification threshold has remained an open question. In this simulation study based on CA1 pyramidal cells, we use a modification of the calcium-dependent hypothesis proposed elsewhere and show that a change in the hyperpolarization-activated, nonspecific-cation h current is capable of shifting the modification threshold. ..."
81.	Burst and tonic firing behaviour in subfornical organ (SFO) neurons (Medlock et al 2018)
		"Subfornical organ (SFO) neurons exhibit heterogeneity in current expression and spiking behavior, where the two major spiking phenotypes appear as tonic and burst firing. Insight into the mechanisms behind this heterogeneity is critical for understanding how the SFO, a sensory circumventricular organ, integrates and selectively influences physiological function. To integrate efficient methods for studying this heterogeneity, we built a single-compartment, Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of an SFO neuron that is parameterized by SFO-specific in vitro patch-clamp data. The model accounts for the membrane potential distribution and spike train variability of both tonic and burst firing SFO neurons. Analysis of model dynamics confirms that a persistent Na+ and Ca2+ currents are required for burst initiation and maintenance and suggests that a slow-activating K+ current may be responsible for burst termination in SFO neurons. Additionally, the model suggests that heterogeneity in current expression and subsequent influence on spike afterpotential underlie the behavioral differences between tonic and burst firing SFO neurons. Future use of this model in coordination with single neuron patch-clamp electrophysiology provides a platform for explaining and predicting the response of SFO neurons to various combinations of circulating signals, thus elucidating the mechanisms underlying physiological signal integration within the SFO."
82.	Burst induced synaptic plasticity in Apysia sensorimotor neurons (Phares et al 2003)
		The Aplysia sensorimotor synapse is a key site of plasticity for several simple forms of learning. Intracellular stimulation of sensory neurons to fire a burst of action potentials at 10 Hz for 1 sec led to significant homosynaptic depression of postsynaptic responses. During the burst, the steady-state depressed phase of the postsynaptic response, which was only 20% of the initial EPSP of the burst, still contributed to firing the motor neuron. To explore the functional contribution of transient homosynaptic depression to the response of the motor neuron, computer simulations of the sensorimotor synapse with and without depression were compared. Depression allowed the motor neuron to produce graded responses over a wide range of presynaptic input strength. Thus, synaptic depression increased the dynamic range of the sensorimotor synapse and can, in principle, have a profound effect on information processing. Please see paper for results and details.
83.	Bursting and oscillations in RD1 Retina driven by AII Amacrine Neuron (Choi et al. 2014)
		"In many forms of retinal degeneration, photoreceptors die but inner retinal circuits remain intact. In the rd1 mouse, an established model for blinding retinal diseases, spontaneous activity in the coupled network of AII amacrine and ON cone bipolar cells leads to rhythmic bursting of ganglion cells. Since such activity could impair retinal and/or cortical responses to restored photoreceptor function, understanding its nature is important for developing treatments of retinal pathologies. Here we analyzed a compartmental model of the wild-type mouse AII amacrine cell to predict that the cell's intrinsic membrane properties, specifically, interacting fast Na and slow, M-type K conductances, would allow its membrane potential to oscillate when light-evoked excitatory synaptic inputs were withdrawn following photoreceptor degeneration. ..."
84.	Bursting and resonance in cerebellar granule cells (D'Angelo et al. 2001)
		In this study we report theta-frequency (3-12 Hz) bursting and resonance in rat cerebellar granule cells and show that these neurons express a previously unidentified slow repolarizing K1 current (IK-slow ). Our experimental and modeling results indicate that IK-slow was necessary for both bursting and resonance. See paper for more.
85.	Ca+/HCN channel-dependent persistent activity in multiscale model of neocortex (Neymotin et al 2016)
		"Neuronal persistent activity has been primarily assessed in terms of electrical mechanisms, without attention to the complex array of molecular events that also control cell excitability. We developed a multiscale neocortical model proceeding from the molecular to the network level to assess the contributions of calcium regulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in providing additional and complementary support of continuing activation in the network. ..."
86.	CA1 interneuron: K currents (Lien et al 2002)
		NEURON mod files for slow and fast K-DR, and K-A potassium currents in inhibitory interneurones of stratum oriens-alveus of the hippocampal CA1 region.
87.	CA1 network model for place cell dynamics (Turi et al 2019)
		Biophysical model of CA1 hippocampal region. The model simulates place cells/fields and explores the place cell dynamics as function of VIP+ interneurons.
88.	CA1 network model: interneuron contributions to epileptic deficits (Shuman et al 2020)
		Temporal lobe epilepsy causes significant cognitive deficits in both humans and rodents, yet the specific circuit mechanisms underlying these deficits remain unknown. There are profound and selective interneuron death and axonal reorganization within the hippocampus of both humans and animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy. To assess the specific contribution of these mechanisms on spatial coding, we developed a biophysically constrained network model of the CA1 region that consists of different subtypes of interneurons. More specifically, our network consists of 150 cells, 130 excitatory pyramidal cells and 20 interneurons (Fig. 1A). To simulate place cell formation in the network model, we generated grid cell and place cell inputs from the Entorhinal Cortex (ECLIII) and CA3 regions, respectively, activated in a realistic manner as observed when an animal transverses a linear track. Realistic place fields emerged in a subpopulation of pyramidal cells (40-50%), in which similar EC and CA3 grid cell inputs converged onto distal/proximal apical and basal dendrites. The tuning properties of these cells are very similar to the ones observed experimentally in awake, behaving animals To examine the role of interneuron death and axonal reorganization in the formation and/or tuning properties of place fields we selectively varied the contribution of each interneuron type and desynchronized the two excitatory inputs. We found that desynchronized inputs were critical in reproducing the experimental data, namely the profound reduction in place cell numbers, stability and information content. These results demonstrate that the desynchronized firing of hippocampal neuronal populations contributes to poor spatial processing in epileptic mice, during behavior. Given the lack of experimental data on the selective contributions of interneuron death and axonal reorganization in spatial memory, our model findings predict the mechanistic effects of these alterations at the cellular and network levels.
89.	CA1 oriens alveus interneurons: signaling properties (Minneci et al. 2007)
		The model supports the experimental findings showing that the dynamic interaction between cells with various firing patterns could differently affect GABAergic signaling, leading to a wide range of interneuronal communication within the hippocampal network.
90.	CA1 pyramidal cell: I_NaP and I_M contributions to somatic bursting (Golomb et al 2006)
		To study the mechanisms of bursting, we have constructed a conductance-based, one-compartment model of CA1 pyramidal neurons. In this neuron model, reduced [Ca2+]o is simulated by negatively shifting the activation curve of the persistent Na+ current (INaP), as indicated by recent experimental results. The neuron model accounts, with different parameter sets, for the diversity of firing patterns observed experimentally in both zero and normal [Ca2+]o. Increasing INaP in the neuron model induces bursting and increases the number of spikes within a burst, but is neither necessary nor sufficient for bursting. We show, using fast-slow analysis and bifurcation theory, that the M-type K+ current (IM) allows bursting by shifting neuronal behavior between a silent and a tonically-active state, provided the kinetics of the spike generating currents are sufficiently, though not extremely, fast. We suggest that bursting in CA1 pyramidal cells can be explained by a single compartment *square bursting* mechanism with one slow variable, the activation of IM. See paper for more and details.
91.	CA1 pyramidal cell: reconstructed axonal arbor and failures at weak gap junctions (Vladimirov 2011)
		Model of pyramidal CA1 cells connected by gap junctions in their axons. Cell geometry is based on anatomical reconstruction of rat CA1 cell (NeuroMorpho.Org ID: NMO_00927) with long axonal arbor. Model init_2cells.hoc shows failures of second spike propagation in a spike doublet, depending on conductance of an axonal gap junction. Model init_ring.hoc shows that spike failure result in reentrant oscillations of a spike in a loop of axons connected by gap junctions, where one gap junction is weak. The paper shows that in random networks of axons connected by gap junctions, oscillations are driven by single pacemaker loop of axons. The shortest loop, around which a spike can travel, is the most likely pacemaker. This principle allows us to predict the frequency of oscillations from network connectivity and visa versa. We propose that this type of oscillations corresponds to so-called fast ripples in epileptic hippocampus.
92.	CA1 pyramidal neuron (Combe et al 2018)
		"Gamma oscillations are thought to play a role in learning and memory. Two distinct bands, slow (25-50 Hz) and fast (65-100 Hz) gamma, have been identified in area CA1 of the rodent hippocampus. Slow gamma is phase-locked to activity in area CA3 and presumably driven by the Schaffer collaterals. We used a combination of computational modeling and in vitro electrophysiology in hippocampal slices of male rats to test whether CA1 neurons responded to Schaffer collateral stimulation selectively at slow gamma frequencies, and to identify the mechanisms involved. Both approaches demonstrated that in response to temporally precise input at Schaffer collaterals, CA1 pyramidal neurons fire preferentially in the slow gamma range regardless of whether the input is at fast or slow gamma frequencies, suggesting frequency selectivity in CA1 output with respect to CA3 input. In addition, phase-locking, assessed by the vector strength, was more precise for slow gamma than fast gamma input. ..."
93.	CA1 pyramidal neuron (Migliore et al 1999)
		Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron model from the paper M.Migliore, D.A Hoffman, J.C. Magee and D. Johnston (1999) Role of an A-type K+ conductance in the back-propagation of action potentials in the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, J. Comput. Neurosci. 7, 5-15. Instructions are provided in the below README file.Contact michele.migliore@pa.ibf.cnr.it if you have any questions about the implementation of the model.
94.	CA1 pyramidal neuron synaptic integration (Li and Ascoli 2006, 2008)
		The model shows how different input patterns (irregular & asynchronous, irregular & synchronous, regular & asynchronous, regular & synchronous) affect the neuron's output rate when 1000 synapses are distributed in the proximal apical dendritic tree of a hippocampus CA1 pyramidal neuron.
95.	CA1 pyramidal neuron to study INaP properties and repetitive firing (Uebachs et al. 2010)
		A model of a CA1 pyramidal neuron containing a biophysically realistic morphology and 15 distributed voltage and Ca2+-dependent conductances. Repetitive firing is modulated by maximal conductance and the voltage dependence of the persistent Na+ current (INaP).
96.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: as a 2-layer NN and subthreshold synaptic summation (Poirazi et al 2003)
		We developed a CA1 pyramidal cell model calibrated with a broad spectrum of in vitro data. Using simultaneous dendritic and somatic recordings, and combining results for two different response measures (peak vs. mean EPSP), two different stimulus formats (single shock vs. 50 Hz trains), and two different spatial integration conditions (within vs. between-branch summation), we found the cell's subthreshold responses to paired inputs are best described as a sum of nonlinear subunit responses, where the subunits correspond to different dendritic branches. In addition to suggesting a new type of experiment and providing testable predictions, our model shows how conclusions regarding synaptic arithmetic can be influenced by an array of seemingly innocuous experimental design choices.
97.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: action potential backpropagation (Gasparini & Migliore 2015)
		" ... the investigation of AP backpropagation and its functional roles has greatly benefitted from computational models that use biophysically and morphologically accurate implementations. ..." This model entry recreates figures 2 and 4 from the paper illustrating how conductance densities of voltage gated channels (fig 2) and the timing of synaptic input with backpropagating action potentials (fig 4) affects membrane voltage trajectories.
98.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: calculation of MRI signals (Cassara et al. 2008)
		NEURON mod files from the paper: Cassarà AM, Hagberg GE, Bianciardi M, Migliore M, Maraviglia B. Realistic simulations of neuronal activity: A contribution to the debate on direct detection of neuronal currents by MRI. Neuroimage. 39:87-106 (2008). In this paper, we use a detailed calculation of the magnetic field produced by the neuronal currents propagating over a hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron placed inside a cubic MR voxel of length 1.2 mm to estimate the Magnetic Resonance signal.
99.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: conditional boosting of dendritic APs (Watanabe et al 2002)
		Model files from the paper Watanabe S, Hoffman DA, Migliore M, Johnston D (2002). The experimental and modeling results support the hypothesis that dendritic K-A channels and the boosting of back-propagating action potentials contribute to the induction of LTP in CA1 neurons. See the paper for details. Questions about the model may be addressed to Michele Migliore: michele.migliore@pa.ibf.cnr.it
100.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: dendritic spike initiation (Gasparini et al 2004)
		NEURON mod files from the paper: Sonia Gasparini, Michele Migliore, and Jeffrey C. Magee On the initiation and propagation of dendritic spikes in CA1 pyramidal neurons, J. Neurosci., J. Neurosci. 24:11046-11056 (2004).
101.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: depolarization block (Bianchi et al. 2012)
		NEURON files from the paper: On the mechanisms underlying the depolarization block in the spiking dynamics of CA1 pyramidal neurons by D.Bianchi, A. Marasco, A.Limongiello, C.Marchetti, H.Marie,B.Tirozzi, M.Migliore (2012). J Comput. Neurosci. In press. DOI: 10.1007/s10827-012-0383-y. Experimental findings shown that under sustained input current of increasing strength neurons eventually stop firing, entering a depolarization block. We analyze the spiking dynamics of CA1 pyramidal neuron models using the same set of ionic currents on both an accurate morphological reconstruction and on its reduction to a single-compartment. The results show the specic ion channel properties and kinetics that are needed to reproduce the experimental findings, and how their interplay can drastically modulate the neuronal dynamics and the input current range leading to depolarization block.
102.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: effects of Ih on distal inputs (Migliore et al 2004)
		NEURON mod files from the paper: M. Migliore, L. Messineo, M. Ferrante Dendritic Ih selectively blocks temporal summation of unsynchronized distal inputs in CA1 pyramidal neurons, J.Comput. Neurosci. 16:5-13 (2004). The model demonstrates how the dendritic Ih in pyramidal neurons could selectively suppress AP generation for a volley of excitatory afferents when they are asynchronously and distally activated.
103.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: effects of Lamotrigine on dendritic excitability (Poolos et al 2002)
		NEURON mod files from N. Poolos, M. Migliore, and D. Johnston, Nature Neuroscience (2002). The experimental and modeling results in this paper demonstrate for the first time that neuronal excitability can be altered by pharmaceuticals acting selectively on dendrites, and suggest an important role for Ih in controlling dendritic excitability and epileptogenesis.
104.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: effects of R213Q and R312W Kv7.2 mutations (Miceli et al. 2013)
		NEURON mod files from the paper: Miceli et al, Genotype–phenotype correlations in neonatal epilepsies caused by mutations in the voltage sensor of Kv7.2 potassium channel subunits, PNAS 2013 Feb 25. [Epub ahead of print] In this paper, functional studies revealed that in homomeric or heteromeric configuration with KV7.2 and/or KV7.3 subunits, R213W and R213Q mutations markedly destabilized the open state, causing a dramatic decrease in channel voltage sensitivity. Modeling these channels in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells revealed that both mutations increased cell firing frequency, with the R213Q mutation prompting more dramatic functional changes compared with the R213W mutation.
105.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: functional significance of axonal Kv7 channels (Shah et al. 2008)
		The model used in this paper confirmed the experimental findings suggesting that axonal Kv7 channels are critically and uniquely required for determining the inherent spontaneous firing of hippocampal CA1 pyramids, independently of alterations in synaptic activity. The model predicts that the axonal Kv7 density could be 3-5 times that at the soma.
106.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: Ih current (Migliore et al. 2012)
		NEURON files from the paper: Migliore M, Migliore R (2012) Know Your Current Ih: Interaction with a Shunting Current Explains the Puzzling Effects of Its Pharmacological or Pathological Modulations. PLoS ONE 7(5): e36867. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036867. Experimental findings on the effects of Ih current modulation, which is particularly involved in epilepsy, appear to be inconsistent. In the paper, using a realistic model we show how and why a shunting current, such as that carried by TASK-like channels, dependent on the Ih peak conductance is able to explain virtually all experimental findings on Ih up- or down-regulation by modulators or pathological conditions.
107.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: integration of subthreshold inputs from PP and SC (Migliore 2003)
		The model shows how the experimentally observed increase in the dendritic density of Ih and IA could have a major role in constraining the temporal integration window for the main CA1 synaptic inputs.
108.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: nonlinear a5-GABAAR controls synaptic NMDAR activation (Schulz et al 2018)
		The study shows that IPSCs mediated by a5-subunit containing GABAA receptors are strongly outward-rectifying generating 4-fold larger conductances above -50?mV than at rest. Experiments and modeling show that synaptic activation of these receptors can very effectively control voltage-dependent NMDA-receptor activation in a spatiotemporally controlled manner in fine dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells. The files contain the NEURON code for Fig.8, Fig.S8 and Fig.S9 of the paper. The model is based on the model published by Bloss et al., 2017. Physiological properties of GABA synapses were modified as determined by optogenetic activation of inputs during voltage-clamp recordings in Schulz et al. 2018. Other changes include stochastic synaptic release and short-term synaptic plasticity. All changes of mechanisms and parameters are detailed in the Methods of the paper. Simulation can be run by starting start_simulation.hoc after running mknrndll. The files that model the individual figures have to be uncommented in start_simulation.hoc beforehand.
109.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: Persistent Na current mediates steep synaptic amplification (Hsu et al 2018)
		This paper shows that persistent sodium current critically contributes to the subthreshold nonlinear dynamics of CA1 pyramidal neurons and promotes rapidly reversible conversion between place-cell and silent-cell in the hippocampus. A simple model built with realistic axo-somatic voltage-gated sodium channels in CA1 (Carter et al., 2012; Neuron 75, 1081–1093) demonstrates that the biophysics of persistent sodium current is sufficient to explain the synaptic amplification effects. A full model built previously (Grienberger et al., 2017; Nature Neuroscience, 20(3): 417–426) with detailed morphology, ion channel types and biophysical properties of CA1 place cells naturally reproduces the steep voltage dependence of synaptic responses.
110.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: rebound spiking (Ascoli et al.2010)
		The model demonstrates that CA1 pyramidal neurons support rebound spikes mediated by hyperpolarization-activated inward current (Ih), and normally masked by A-type potassium channels (KA). Partial KA reduction confined to one or few branches of the apical tuft may be sufficient to elicit a local spike following a train of synaptic inhibition. These data suggest that the plastic regulation of KA can provide a dynamic switch to unmask post-inhibitory spiking in CA1 pyramidal neurons, further increasing the signal processing power of the CA1 synaptic microcircuitry.
111.	Ca1 pyramidal neuron: reduction model (Marasco et al. 2012)
		"... Here we introduce a new, automatic and fast method to map realistic neurons into equivalent reduced models running up to >40 times faster while maintaining a very high accuracy of the membrane potential dynamics during synaptic inputs, and a direct link with experimental observables. The mapping of arbitrary sets of synaptic inputs, without additional fine tuning, would also allow the convenient and efficient implementation of a new generation of large-scale simulations of brain regions reproducing the biological variability observed in real neurons, with unprecedented advances to understand higher brain functions."
112.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: schizophrenic behavior (Migliore et al. 2011)
		NEURON files from the paper: A modeling study suggesting how a reduction in the context-dependent input on CA1 pyramidal neurons could generate schizophrenic behavior. by M. Migliore, I. De Blasi, D. Tegolo, R. Migliore, Neural Networks,(2011), doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2011.01.001. Starting from the experimentally supported assumption on hippocampal neurons we explore an experimentally testable prediction at the single neuron level. The model shows how and to what extent a pathological hypofunction of a contextdependent distal input on a CA1 neuron can generate hallucinations by altering the normal recall of objects on which the neuron has been previously tuned. The results suggest that a change in the context during the recall phase may cause an occasional but very significant change in the set of active dendrites used for features recognition, leading to a distorted perception of objects.
113.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: signal propagation in oblique dendrites (Migliore et al 2005)
		NEURON mod files from the paper: M. Migliore, M. Ferrante, GA Ascoli (2005). The model shows how the back- and forward propagation of action potentials in the oblique dendrites of CA1 neurons could be modulated by local properties such as morphology or active conductances.
114.	CA1 pyramidal neuron: synaptically-induced bAP predicts synapse location (Sterratt et al. 2012)
		This is an adaptation of Poirazi et al.'s (2003) CA1 model that is used to measure BAP-induced voltage and calcium signals in spines after simulated Schaffer collateral synapse stimulation. In the model, the peak calcium concentration is highly correlated with soma-synapse distance under a number of physiologically-realistic suprathreshold stimulation regimes and for a range of dendritic morphologies. There are also simulations demonstrating that peak calcium can be used to set up a synaptic democracy in a homeostatic manner, whereby synapses regulate their synaptic strength on the basis of the difference between peak calcium and a uniform target value.
115.	CA1 pyramidal neurons: binding properties and the magical number 7 (Migliore et al. 2008)
		NEURON files from the paper: Single neuron binding properties and the magical number 7, by M. Migliore, G. Novara, D. Tegolo, Hippocampus, in press (2008). In an extensive series of simulations with realistic morphologies and active properties, we demonstrate how n radial (oblique) dendrites of these neurons may be used to bind n inputs to generate an output signal. The results suggest a possible neural code as the most effective n-ple of dendrites that can be used for short-term memory recollection of persons, objects, or places. Our analysis predicts a straightforward physiological explanation for the observed puzzling limit of about 7 short-term memory items that can be stored by humans.
116.	CA1 pyramidal neurons: effect of external electric field from power lines (Cavarretta et al. 2014)
		The paper discusses the effects induced by an electric field at power lines frequency.
117.	CA1 pyramidal neurons: effects of a Kv7.2 mutation (Miceli et al. 2009)
		NEURON mod files from the paper: Miceli et al, Neutralization of a unique, negatively-charged residue in the voltage sensor of K(V)7.2 subunits in a sporadic case of benign familial neonatal seizures, Neurobiol Dis., in press (2009). In this paper, the model revealed that the gating changes introduced by a mutation in K(v)7.2 genes encoding for the neuronal KM current in a case of benign familial neonatal seizures, increased cell firing frequency, thereby triggering the neuronal hyperexcitability which underlies the observed neonatal epileptic condition.
118.	CA1 pyramidal neurons: effects of Alzheimer (Culmone and Migliore 2012)
		The model predicts possible therapeutic treatments of Alzheimers's Disease in terms of pharmacological manipulations of channels' kinetic and activation properties. The results suggest how and which mechanism can be targeted by a drug to restore the original firing conditions. The simulations reproduce somatic membrane potential in control conditions, when 90% of membrane is affected by AD (Fig.4A of the paper), and after treatment (Fig.4B of the paper).
119.	CA1 pyramidal neurons: effects of Kv7 (M-) channels on synaptic integration (Shah et al. 2011)
		NEURON mod files from the paper: Shah et al., 2011. In this study, using a combination of electrophysiology and computational modelling, we show that these channels selectively influence peri-somatic but not dendritic post-synaptic excitatory synaptic potential (EPSP) integration in CA1 pyramidal cells. This may be important for their relative contributions to physiological processes such as synaptic plasticity as well as patho-physiological conditions such as epilepsy.
120.	CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neuron with voltage-clamp intrinsic conductance data (Traub et al 1991)
		This is a third-party implementation of the model from Traub et al 1991; as of 2021, Google Scholar reports about 780 citation articles. This model was one of the first biophysical models of a hippocampal pyramidal neuron with realistic conductances and the conductance equations have been used as a starting point for many models since, particularly those examining calcium dynamics and bursting.
121.	CA3 pyramidal neuron (Lazarewicz et al 2002)
		The model shows how using a CA1-like distribution of active dendritic conductances in a CA3 morphology results in dendritic initiation of spikes during a burst.
122.	CA3 Pyramidal Neuron (Migliore et al 1995)
		Model files from the paper: M. Migliore, E. Cook, D.B. Jaffe, D.A. Turner and D. Johnston, Computer simulations of morphologically reconstructed CA3 hippocampal neurons, J. Neurophysiol. 73, 1157-1168 (1995). Demonstrates how the same cell could be bursting or non bursting according to the Ca-independent conductance densities. Includes calculation of intracellular Calcium. Instructions are provided in the below README file. Contact michele.migliore@pa.ibf.cnr.it if you have any questions about the implementation of the model.
123.	CA3 pyramidal neuron (Safiulina et al. 2010)
		In this review some of the recent work carried out in our laboratory concerning the functional role of GABAergic signalling at immature mossy fibres (MF)-CA3 principal cell synapses has been highlighted. To compare the relative strength of CA3 pyramidal cell output in relation to their MF glutamatergic or GABAergic inputs in postnatal development, a realistic model was constructed taking into account the different biophysical properties of these synapses.
124.	CA3 pyramidal neuron: firing properties (Hemond et al. 2008)
		In the paper, this model was used to identify how relative differences in K+ conductances, specifically KC, KM, & KD, between cells contribute to the different characteristics of the three types of firing patterns observed experimentally.
125.	CA3 pyramidal neurons: Kv1.2 mediates modulation of cortical inputs (Hyun et al., 2015)
		This model simulates the contribution of dendritic Na+ and D-type K+ channels to EPSPs at three different locations of apical dendrites, which mimicking innervation sites of mossy fibers (MF), recurrent fibers (AC), and perforant pathway (PP).
126.	Calcium and potassium currents of olfactory bulb juxtaglomerular cells (Masurkar and Chen 2011)
		Inward and outward currents of the olfactory bulb juxtaglomerular cells are characterized in the experiments and modeling in these two Masurkar and Chen 2011 papers.
127.	Calcium influx during striatal upstates (Evans et al. 2013)
		"... To investigate the mechanisms that underlie the relationship between calcium and AP timing, we have developed a realistic biophysical model of a medium spiny neuron (MSN). ... Using this model, we found that either the slow inactivation of dendritic sodium channels (NaSI) or the calcium inactivation of voltage-gated calcium channels (CDI) can cause high calcium corresponding to early APs and lower calcium corresponding to later APs. We found that only CDI can account for the experimental observation that sensitivity to AP timing is dependent on NMDA receptors. Additional simulations demonstrated a mechanism by which MSNs can dynamically modulate their sensitivity to AP timing and show that sensitivity to specifically timed pre- and postsynaptic pairings (as in spike timing-dependent plasticity protocols) is altered by the timing of the pairing within the upstate. …"
128.	Calcium response prediction in the striatal spines depending on input timing (Nakano et al. 2013)
		We construct an electric compartment model of the striatal medium spiny neuron with a realistic morphology and predict the calcium responses in the synaptic spines with variable timings of the glutamatergic and dopaminergic inputs and the postsynaptic action potentials. The model was validated by reproducing the responses to current inputs and could predict the electric and calcium responses to glutamatergic inputs and back-propagating action potential in the proximal and distal synaptic spines during up and down states.
129.	Calcium spikes in basal dendrites (Kampa and Stuart 2006)
		This model was published in Kampa & Stuart (2006) J Neurosci 26(28):7424-32. The simulation creates two plots showing voltage and calcium changes in basal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons during action potential backpropagation. created by B. Kampa (2006)
130.	Calcium waves and mGluR-dependent synaptic plasticity in CA1 pyr. neurons (Ashhad & Narayanan 2013)
		A morphologically realistic, conductance-based model equipped with kinetic schemes that govern several calcium signalling modules and pathways in CA1 pyramidal neurons
131.	Cell signaling/ion channel variability effects on neuronal response (Anderson, Makadia, et al. 2015)
		" ... We evaluated the impact of molecular variability in the expression of cell signaling components and ion channels on electrophysiological excitability and neuromodulation. We employed a computational approach that integrated neuropeptide receptor-mediated signaling with electrophysiology. We simulated a population of neurons in which expression levels of a neuropeptide receptor and multiple ion channels were simultaneously varied within a physiological range. We analyzed the effects of variation on the electrophysiological response to a neuropeptide stimulus. ..."
132.	Cerebellar Golgi cell (Solinas et al. 2007a, 2007b)
		"... Our results suggest that a complex complement of ionic mechanisms is needed to fine-tune separate aspects of the neuronal response dynamics. Simulations also suggest that the Golgi cell may exploit these mechanisms to obtain a fine regulation of timing of incoming mossy fiber responses and granular layer circuit oscillation and bursting."
133.	Cerebellar granular layer (Maex and De Schutter 1998)
		Circuit model of the granular layer representing a one-dimensional array of single-compartmental granule cells (grcs) and Golgi cells (Gocs). This paper examines the effects of feedback inhibition (grc -> Goc -> grc) versus feedforward inhibition (mossy fibre -> Goc -> grc) on synchronization and oscillatory behaviour.
134.	Cerebellar purkinje cell (De Schutter and Bower 1994)
		Tutorial simulation of a cerebellar Purkinje cell. This tutorial is based upon a GENESIS simulation of a cerebellar Purkinje cell, modeled and fine-tuned by Erik de Schutter. The tutorial assumes that you have a basic knowledge of the Purkinje cell and its synaptic inputs. It gives visual insight in how different properties as concentrations and channel conductances vary and interact within a real Purkinje cell.
135.	Cerebellar purkinje cell: interacting Kv3 and Na currents influence firing (Akemann, Knopfel 2006)
		Purkinje neurons spontaneously generate action potentials in the absence of synaptic drive and thereby exert a tonic, yet plastic, input to their target cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje neurons express two ionic currents with biophysical properties that are specialized for high-frequency firing: resurgent sodium currents and potassium currents mediated by Kv3.3. Numerical simulations indicated that Kv3.3 increases the spontaneous firing rate via cooperation with resurgent sodium currents. We conclude that the rate of spontaneous action potential firing of Purkinje neurons is controlled by the interaction of Kv3.3 potassium currents and resurgent sodium currents. See paper for more and details.
136.	Cerebellar purkinje cell: K and Ca channels regulate APs (Miyasho et al 2001)
		We adopted De Schutter and Bower's model as the starting point, then modified the descriptions of several ion channels, such as the P-type Ca channel and the delayed rectifier K channel, and added class-E Ca channels and D-type K channels to the model. Our new model reproduces most of our experimental results and supports the conclusions of our experimental study that class-E Ca channels and D-type K channels are present and functioning in the dendrites of Purkinje neurons.
137.	Cerebellum granule cell FHF (Dover et al. 2016)
		"Neurons in vertebrate central nervous systems initiate and conduct sodium action potentials in distinct subcellular compartments that differ architecturally and electrically. Here, we report several unanticipated passive and active properties of the cerebellar granule cell's unmyelinated axon. Whereas spike initiation at the axon initial segment relies on sodium channel (Nav)-associated fibroblast growth factor homologous factor (FHF) proteins to delay Nav inactivation, distal axonal Navs show little FHF association or FHF requirement for high-frequency transmission, velocity and waveforms of conducting action potentials. ...'
138.	Channel density variability among CA1 neurons (Migliore et al. 2018)
		The peak conductance of many ion channel types measured in any given animal is highly variable across neurons, both within and between neuronal populations. The current view is that this occurs because a neuron needs to adapt its intrinsic electrophysiological properties either to maintain the same operative range in the presence of abnormal inputs or to compensate for the effects of pathological conditions. Limited experimental and modeling evidence suggests this might be implemented via the correlation and/or degeneracy in the function of multiple types of conductances. To study this mechanism in hippocampal CA1 neurons and interneurons, we systematically generated a set of morphologically and biophysically accurate models. We then analyzed the ensembles of peak conductance obtained for each model neuron. The results suggest that the set of conductances expressed in the various neuron types may be divided into two groups: one group is responsible for the major characteristics of the firing behavior in each population and the other more involved with degeneracy. These models provide experimentally testable predictions on the combination and relative proportion of the different conductance types that should be present in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons.
139.	Circadian rhythmicity shapes astrocyte morphology and neuronal function in CA1 (McCauley et al 2020)
		Most animal species operate according to a 24-hour period set by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The rhythmic activity of the SCN modulates hippocampal-dependent memory, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms that account for this effect remain largely unknown. In McCauley et al. 2020 [1], we identify cell-type specific structural and functional changes that occur with circadian rhythmicity in neurons and astrocytes in hippocampal area CA1. Pyramidal neurons change the surface expression of NMDA receptors. Astrocytes change their proximity clustered excitatory synaptic inputs, ultimately shaping hippocampal-dependent learning in vivo. We identify to synapses. Together, these phenomena alter glutamate clearance, receptor activation and integration of temporally corticosterone as a key contributor to changes in synaptic strength. These findings highlight important mechanisms through which neurons and astrocytes modify the molecular composition and structure of the synaptic environment, contribute to the local storage of information in the hippocampus and alter the temporal dynamics of cognitive processing. [1] "Circadian modulation of neurons and astrocytes controls synaptic plasticity in hippocampal area CA1" by J.P. McCauley, M.A. Petroccione, L.Y. D’Brant, G.C. Todd, N. Affinnih, J.J. Wisnoski, S. Zahid, S. Shree, A.A. Sousa, R.M. De Guzman, R. Migliore, A. Brazhe, R.D. Leapman, A. Khmaladze, A. Semyanov, D.G. Zuloaga, M. Migliore and A. Scimemi. Cell Reports (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108255
140.	Classic model of the Tritonia Swim CPG (Getting, 1989)
		Classic model developed by Petter Getting of the 3-cell core CPG (DSI, C2, and VSI-B) mediating escape swimming in Tritonia diomedea. Cells use a hybrid integrate-and-fire scheme pioneered by Peter Getting. Each model cell is reconstructed from extensive physiological measurements to precisely mimic I-F curves, synaptic waveforms, and functional connectivity. **However, continued physiological measurements show that Getting may have inadvertently incorporated modulatory and or polysynaptic effects -- the properties of this model do *not* match physiological measurements in rested preparations.** This simulation reconstructs the Getting model as reported in: Getting (1989) 'Reconstruction of small neural networks' In Methods in Neural Modeling, 1st ed, p. 171-196. See also, an earlier version of this model reported in Getting (1983). Every attempt has been made to replicate the 1989 model as precisely as possible.
141.	CN bushy, stellate neurons (Rothman, Manis 2003)
		Using kinetic data from three different K+ currents in acutely isolated neurons, a single electrical compartment model representing the soma of a ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) neuron was created. The K+ currents include a fast transient current (IA), a slow-inactivating low-threshold current (ILT), and a noninactivating high-threshold current (IHT). The model also includes a fast-inactivating Na+ current, a hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih), and 1-50 auditory nerve synapses. With this model, the role IA, ILT, and IHT play in shaping the discharge patterns of VCN cells is explored. Simulation results indicate these currents have specific roles in shaping the firing patterns of stellate and bushy CN cells. (see readme.txt and the papers, esp 2003c, for details). Any questions regarding these implementations should be directed to: pmanis@med.unc.edu 2 April 2004 Paul B Manis, Ph.D.
142.	CN bushy, stellate neurons (Rothman, Manis 2003) (Brian 2)
		This model is an updated version of Romain Brette's adaptation of Rothman & Manis (2003). The model now uses Brian 2 instead of Brian 1 and can be configured to use n cells instead of a single cell. The included figure shows that Brian 2 is more efficient than Brian 1 once the number of cells exceeds 1,000.
143.	CN bushy, stellate neurons (Rothman, Manis 2003) (Brian)
		Cochlear neuron model of Rothman & Manis (2003). Adapted from the Neuron implementation.
144.	Collection of simulated data from a thalamocortical network model (Glabska, Chintaluri, Wojcik 2017)
		"A major challenge in experimental data analysis is the validation of analytical methods in a fully controlled scenario where the justification of the interpretation can be made directly and not just by plausibility. ... One solution is to use simulations of realistic models to generate ground truth data. In neuroscience, creating such data requires plausible models of neural activity, access to high performance computers, expertise and time to prepare and run the simulations, and to process the output. To facilitate such validation tests of analytical methods we provide rich data sets including intracellular voltage traces, transmembrane currents, morphologies, and spike times. ... The data were generated using the largest publicly available multicompartmental model of thalamocortical network (Traub et al. 2005), with activity evoked by different thalamic stimuli."
145.	Comparison of full and reduced globus pallidus models (Hendrickson 2010)
		In this paper, we studied what features of realistic full model activity patterns can and cannot be preserved by morphologically reduced models. To this end, we reduced the morphological complexity of a full globus pallidus neuron model possessing active dendrites and compared its spontaneous and driven responses to those of the reduced models.
146.	Complex CA1-neuron to study AP initiation (Wimmer et al. 2010)
		Complex model of a pyramidal CA1-neuron, adapted from Royeck, M., et al. Role of axonal NaV1.6 sodium channels in action potential initiation of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Journal of neurophysiology 100, 2361-2380 (2008). It contains a biophysically realistic morphology comprising 265 compartments (829 segments) and 15 different distributed Ca2+- and/or voltage-dependent conductances.
147.	Computational analysis of NN activity and spatial reach of sharp wave-ripples (Canakci et al 2017)
		Network oscillations of different frequencies, durations and amplitudes are hypothesized to coordinate information processing and transfer across brain areas. Among these oscillations, hippocampal sharp wave-ripple complexes (SPW-Rs) are one of the most prominent. SPW-Rs occurring in the hippocampus are suggested to play essential roles in memory consolidation as well as information transfer to the neocortex. To-date, most of the knowledge about SPW-Rs comes from experimental studies averaging responses from neuronal populations monitored by conventional microelectrodes. In this work, we investigate spatiotemporal characteristics of SPW-Rs and how microelectrode size and distance influence SPW-R recordings using a biophysical model of hippocampus. We also explore contributions from neuronal spikes and synaptic potentials to SPW-Rs based on two different types of network activity. Our study suggests that neuronal spikes from pyramidal cells contribute significantly to ripples while high amplitude sharp waves mainly arise from synaptic activity. Our simulations on spatial reach of SPW-Rs show that the amplitudes of sharp waves and ripples exhibit a steep decrease with distance from the network and this effect is more prominent for smaller area electrodes. Furthermore, the amplitude of the signal decreases strongly with increasing electrode surface area as a result of averaging. The relative decrease is more pronounced when the recording electrode is closer to the source of the activity. Through simulations of field potentials across a high-density microelectrode array, we demonstrate the importance of finding the ideal spatial resolution for capturing SPW-Rs with great sensitivity. Our work provides insights on contributions from spikes and synaptic potentials to SPW-Rs and describes the effect of measurement configuration on LFPs to guide experimental studies towards improved SPW-R recordings.
148.	Computational modeling of ultrasonic Subthalamic Nucleus stimulation (Tarnaud et al 2019)
		"Objective: To explore the potential of ultrasonic modulation of plateau-potential generating subthalamic nucleus neurons (STN), by modeling their interaction with continuous and pulsed ultrasonic waves. Methods: A computational model for ultrasonic stimulation of the STN is created by combining the Otsuka-model with the bilayer sonophore model. The neuronal response to continuous and pulsed ultrasonic waves is computed in parallel for a range of frequencies, duty cycles, pulse repetition frequencies, and intensities. ..."
149.	Computational neuropharmacology of CA1 pyramidal neuron (Ferrante et al. 2008)
		In this paper, the model was used to show how neuroactive drugs targeting different neuronal mechanisms affect the signal integration in CA1 pyramidal neuron. Ferrante M, Blackwell KT, Migliore M, Ascoli GA (2008)
150.	Computer models of corticospinal neurons replicate in vitro dynamics (Neymotin et al. 2017)
		"Corticospinal neurons (SPI), thick-tufted pyramidal neurons in motor cortex layer 5B that project caudally via the medullary pyramids, display distinct class-specific electrophysiological properties in vitro: strong sag with hyperpolarization, lack of adaptation, and a nearly linear frequency-current (FI) relationship. We used our electrophysiological data to produce a pair of large archives of SPI neuron computer models in two model classes: 1. Detailed models with full reconstruction; 2. Simplified models with 6 compartments. We used a PRAXIS and an evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO) in sequence to determine ion channel conductances. ..."
151.	Computer simulations of neuron-glia interactions mediated by ion flux (Somjen et al. 2008)
		"... To examine the effect of glial K+ uptake, we used a model neuron equipped with Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl− conductances, ion pumps and ion exchangers, surrounded by interstitial space and glia. The glial membrane was either “passive”, incorporating only leak channels and an ion exchange pump, or it had rectifying K+ channels. We computed ion fluxes, concentration changes and osmotic volume changes. ... We conclude that voltage gated K+ currents can boost the effectiveness of the glial “potassium buffer” and that this buffer function is important even at moderate or low levels of excitation, but especially so in pathological states."
152.	Conductance-based model of rodent thoracic sympathetic postganglionic neuron (McKinnon et al 2019)
		"Thoracic sympathetic postganglionic neurons (tSPNs) represent the final neural output for control of vasomotor and thermoregulatory function. We used whole-cell recordings and computational modeling to provide broad insight on intrinsic cellular mechanisms controlling excitability and capacity for synaptic integration. Compared to past intracellular recordings using microelectrode impalement, we observed dramatically higher membrane resistivity with primacy in controlling enhanced tSPN excitability and recruitment via synaptic integration. Compared to reported phasic firing, all tSPNs fire repetitively and linearly encode injected current magnitude to firing frequency over a broad range. Modeling studies suggest microelectrode impalement injury accounts for differences in tSPN properties previously observed. Overall, intrinsic tSPN excitability plays a much greater role in the integration and maintenance of sympathetic output than previously thought."
153.	Contrast invariance by LGN synaptic depression (Banitt et al. 2007)
		"Simple cells in layer 4 of the primary visual cortex of the cat show contrast-invariant orientation tuning, in which the amplitude of the peak response is proportional to the stimulus contrast but the width of the tuning curve hardly changes with contrast. This study uses a detailed model of spiny stellate cells (SSCs) from cat area 17 to explain this property. The model integrates our experimental data, including morphological and intrinsic membrane properties and the number and spatial distribution of four major synaptic input sources of the SSC: the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and three cortical sources. ... The model response is in close agreement with experimental results, in terms of both output spikes and membrane voltage (amplitude and fluctuations), with reasonable exceptions given that recurrent connections were not incorporated."
154.	Control of oscillations and spontaneous firing in dopamine neurons (Rumbell & Kozloski 2019)
		Model of Substantia Nigra pars Compacta Dopamine Neuron. 'Toy' morphology with 4 dendrites, one of which is the axon-bearing dendrite, with an axon branching from it. The axon is a short 'axon initial segment' compartment, followed by a longer 'axon'. 727 parameter sets for ion channel conductance and kinetic parameters were found using evolutionary optimization, all of which are viable candidates representing a plausible model of a SNc DA.
155.	Currents contributing to decision making in neurons B31-B32 of Aplysia (Hurwitz et al. 2008)
		"Biophysical properties of neurons contributing to the ability of an animal to decide whether or not to respond were examined. B31/B32, two pairs of bilaterally symmetrical Aplysia neurons, are major participants in deciding to initiate a buccal motor program, the neural correlate of a consummatory feeding response. B31/B32 respond to an adequate stimulus after a delay, during which time additional stimuli influence the decision to respond. B31/B32 then respond with a ramp depolarization followed by a sustained soma depolarization and axon spiking that is the expression of a commitment to respond to food. Four currents contributing to decision making in B31/B32 were characterized, and their functional effects were determined, in current- and voltage-clamp experiments and with simulations. ... Hodgkin-Huxley kinetic analyses were performed on the outward currents. Simulations using equations from these analyses showed that IK-V and IK-A slow the ramp depolarization preceding the sustained depolarization. The three outward currents contribute to braking the B31/B32 depolarization and keeping the sustained depolarization at a constant voltage. The currents identified are sufficient to explain the properties of B31/B32 that play a role in generating the decision to feed."
156.	Data-driven, HH-type model of the lateral pyloric (LP) cell in the STG (Nowotny et al. 2008)
		This model was developed using voltage clamp data and existing LP models to assemble an initial set of currents which were then adjusted by extensive fitting to a long data set of an isolated LP neuron. The main points of the work are a) automatic fitting is difficult but works when the method is carefully adjusted to the problem (and the initial guess is good enough). b) The resulting model (in this case) made reasonable predictions for manipulations not included in the original data set, e.g., blocking some of the ionic currents. c) The model is reasonably robust against changes in parameters but the different parameters vary a lot in this respect. d) The model is suitable for use in a network and has been used for this purpose (Ivanchenko et al. 2008)
157.	Decorrelation in the developing visual thalamus (Tikidji-Hamburyan et al, accepted)
		The developing visual thalamus and cortex extract positional information encoded in the correlated activity of retinal ganglion cells by synaptic plasticity, allowing for the refinement of connectivity. Here, we use a biophysical model of the visual thalamus during the initial visual circuit refinement period to explore the role of synaptic and circuit properties in the regulation of such neural correlations. We find that the NMDA receptor dominance, combined with weak recurrent excitation and inhibition characteristic of this age, prevents the emergence of spike-­correlations between thalamocortical neurons on the millisecond timescale. Such precise correlations, which would emerge due to the broad, unrefined connections from the retina to the thalamus, reduce the spatial information contained by thalamic spikes, and therefore we term them "parasitic" correlations. Our results suggest that developing synapses and circuits evolved mechanisms to compensate for such detrimental parasitic correlations arising from the unrefined and immature circuit.
158.	Dentate granule cell: mAHP & sAHP; SK & Kv7/M channels (Mateos-Aparicio et al., 2014)
		The model is based on that of Aradi & Holmes (1999; Journal of Computational Neuroscience 6, 215-235). It was used to help understand the contribution of M and SK channels to the medium afterhyperpolarization (mAHP) following one or seven spikes, as well as the contribution of M channels to the slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP). We found that SK channels are the main determinants of the mAHP, in contrast to CA1 pyramidal cells where the mAHP is primarily caused by the opening of M channels. The model reproduced these experimental results, but we were unable to reproduce the effects of the M-channel blocker XE991 on the sAHP. It is suggested that either the XE991-sensitive component of the sAHP is not due to M channels, or that when contributing to the sAHP, these channels operate in a mode different from that associated with the mAHP.
159.	Dentate Gyrus Feed-forward inhibition (Ferrante et al. 2009)
		In this paper, the model was used to show how that FFI can change a steeply sigmoidal input-output (I/O) curve into a double-sigmoid typical of buffer systems.
160.	Dentate gyrus granule cell: calcium and calcium-dependent conductances (Aradi and Holmes 1999)
		We have constructed a detailed model of a hippocampal dentate granule (DG) cell that includes nine different channel types. Channel densities and distributions were chosen to reproduce reported physiological responses observed in normal solution and when blockers were applied. The model was used to explore the contribution of each channel type to spiking behavior with particular emphasis on the mechanisms underlying postspike events. ... The model was used to predict changes in channel densities that could lead to epileptogenic burst discharges and to predict the effect of altered buffering capacity on firing behavior. We conclude that the clustered spatial distributions of calcium related channels, the presence of slow delayed rectifier potassium currents in dendrites, and calcium buffering properties, together, might explain the resistance of DG cells to the development of epileptogenic burst discharges.
161.	Depolarization Enhacement of Dendritic Spike Propagation (Bock et al 2022)
		This model shows that small subthreshold depolarization of the soma powerfully enhances the propagation of dendritic spikes, through inactivation of dendritic A-type potassium channels.
162.	Determinants of the intracellular and extracellular waveforms in DA neurons (Lopez-Jury et al 2018)
		To systematically address the contribution of AIS, dendritic and somatic compartments to shaping the two-component action potentials (APs), we modeled APs of male mouse and rat dopaminergic neurons. A parsimonious two-domain model, with high (AIS) and lower (dendro-somatic) Na+ conductance, reproduced the notch in the temporal derivatives, but not in the extracellular APs, regardless of morphology. The notch was only revealed when somatic active currents were reduced, constraining the model to three domains. Thus, an initial AIS spike is followed by an actively generated spike by the axon-bearing dendrite (ABD), in turn followed mostly passively by the soma. Larger AISs and thinner ABD (but not soma-to-AIS distance) accentuate the AIS component.
163.	DG granule cell: I-A model (Beck et al 1992)
		NEURON mod files for the I-A current from the paper: Beck H, Ficker E, Heinemann U. Properties of two voltage-activated potassium currents in acutely isolated juvenile rat dentate gyrus granule cells. J. Neurophysiol. 68, 2086-2099 (1992) Contact michele.migliore@pa.ibf.cnr.it if you have any questions about the implementation of the model.
164.	Diameter, Myelination and Na/K pump interactions affect axonal resilience to high frequency spiking
165.	Dichotomy of action-potential backpropagation in CA1 pyramidal neuron dendrites (Golding et al 2001)
		From reference below and Corrigendum: J Neurophysiol 87:1a, 2002 (better versions of figures 2, 3, 5 and 7 because of poor print quality in the original article; as of 2/2006, these figures are perfectly fine in the PDF of the original article that is currently available from the publisher's WWW site). Examines the anatomical and biophysical factors that account for the fact that retrograde invasion of spikes into the apical dendritic tree past 300 um succeeds in some CA1 pyramidal neurons but fails in others.
166.	Differences between type A and B photoreceptors (Blackwell 2006)
		In Hermissenda crassicornis, the memory of light associated with turbulence is stored as changes in intrinsic and synaptic currents in both type A and type B photoreceptors. These photoreceptor types exhibit qualitatively different responses to light and current injection, and these differences shape the spatiotemporal firing patterns that control behavior. Thus the objective of the study was to identify the mechanisms underlying these differences. The approach was to develop a type B model that reproduced characteristics of type B photoreceptors recorded in vitro, and then to create a type A model by modifying a select number of ionic currents. Comparison of type A models with characteristics of type A photoreceptors recorded in vitro revealed that type A and type B photoreceptors have five main differences, three that have been characterized experimentally and two that constitute hypotheses to be tested with experiments in the future. See paper for more and details.
167.	Differential modulation of pattern and rate in a dopamine neuron model (Canavier and Landry 2006)
		"A stylized, symmetric, compartmental model of a dopamine neuron in vivo shows how rate and pattern can be modulated either concurrently or differentially. If two or more parameters in the model are varied concurrently, the baseline firing rate and the extent of bursting become decorrelated, which provides an explanation for the lack of a tight correlation in vivo and is consistent with some independence of the mechanisms that generate baseline firing rates versus bursting. ..." See paper for more and details.
168.	Discrimination on behavioral time-scales mediated by reaction-diffusion in dendrites (Bhalla 2017)
		Sequences of events are ubiquitous in sensory, motor, and cognitive function. Key computational operations, including pattern recognition, event prediction, and plasticity, involve neural discrimination of spatio-temporal sequences. Here we show that synaptically-driven reaction diffusion pathways on dendrites can perform sequence discrimination on behaviorally relevant time-scales. We used abstract signaling models to show that selectivity arises when inputs at successive locations are aligned with, and amplified by, propagating chemical waves triggered by previous inputs. We incorporated biological detail using sequential synaptic input onto spines in morphologically, electrically, and chemically detailed pyramidal neuronal models based on rat data.
169.	Distance-dependent synaptic strength in CA1 pyramidal neurons (Menon et al. 2013)
		Menon et al. (2013) describes the experimentally-observed variation in synaptic AMPA and NMDA conductance as a function of distance from the soma. This model explores the effect of this variation on somatic EPSPs and dendritic spike initiation, as compared to the case of uniform AMPA and NMDA conductance.
170.	Dopamine neuron of the vent. periaqu. gray and dors. raphe nucleus (vlPAG/DRN) (Dougalis et al 2017)
		The following computer model describes the electrophysiological properties of dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventrolateral periaquaductal gray and dorsal raphe nucleus (vlPAG/DRN). the model and how to replicate Figures 7-10 of the manuscript (Dougalis et al., 2017 J Comput Neurosci). SUMMARY: We have conducted a voltage-clamp study to provide a kinetic description of major sodium, potassium and calcium ionic currents operant on adult DA vlPAG/DRN neurons in brain slices obtained from pitx3-GFP mice. Based on experimentally derived voltage-clamp data, we then constructed a simplified, conductance-based, Hodgkin and Huxley-type, computer model and validated its behaviour against in vitro neurophysiological data. Using simulations in the computational DA model, we explored the contribution of individual ionic currents in vlPAG/DRN DA neuron’s spontaneous firing, pacemaker frequency and threshold for spike frequency adaptation in silico. The data presented here extend our previous physiological characterization (Dougalis et al. 2012) and argue that DA neurons of the vlPAG/DRN express autorhythmicity in the absence of synaptic transmission via the interplay of potassium and sodium currents without the absolute need of calcium currents. The properties of the ionic currents recorded here (IH current, IA current), the lack of small oscillating potentials in the presence of sodium channel blockers taken together with the mechanisms for autorhythmicity (reliance more on sodium rather than calcium currents) also support further the idea that vlPAG/DRN DA neurons are operationally similar to VTA, rather than SNc, DA neurons. In particular, the properties of a slowly inactivating IA current in conjunction with the small and slowly activating IH current described herein pinpoint that vlPAG/DRN DA neurons are most similar to prefrontal cortex or medial shell of nucleus accumbens projecting DA neurons (see Lammel et al. 2008, 2011).
171.	Dopaminergic subtantia nigra neuron (Moubarak et al 2019)
		Axon initial segment (AIS) geometry critically influences neuronal excitability. Interestingly, the axon of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic (DA) neurons displays a highly variable location and most often arises from an axon-bearing dendrite (ABD). We combined current-clamp somatic and dendritic recordings, outside-out recordings of dendritic sodium and potassium currents, morphological reconstructions and multi-compartment modelling to determine cell-to-cell variations in AIS and ABD geometry and their influence on neuronal output (spontaneous pacemaking frequency, AP shape). Both AIS and ABD geometries are highly variable between SNc DA neurons. Surprisingly, we found that AP shape and pacemaking frequency were independent of AIS geometry. Modelling realistic morphological and biophysical variations clarify this result: in SNc DA neurons, the complexity of the ABD combined with its excitability predominantly define pacemaking frequency and AP shape, such that large variations in AIS geometry negligibly affect neuronal output, and are tolerated.
172.	DRG neuron models investigate how ion channel levels regulate firing properties (Zheng et al 2019)
		We present computational models for an Abeta-LTMR (low-threshold mechanoreceptor) and a C-LTMR expressing four Na channels and four K channels to investigate how the expression level of Kv1 and Kv4 regulate number of spikes (repetitive firing) and onset latency to action potentials in Abeta-LTMRs and C-LTMRs, respectively.
173.	Drosophila 3rd instar larval aCC motoneuron (Gunay et al. 2015)
		Single compartmental, ball-and-stick models implemented in XPP and full morphological model in Neuron. Paper has been submitted and correlates anatomical properties with electrophysiological recordings from these hard-to-access neurons. For instance we make predictions about location of the spike initiation zone, channel distributions, and synaptic input parameters.
174.	Dynamic cortical interlaminar interactions (Carracedo et al. 2013)
		"... Here we demonstrate the mechanism underlying a purely neocortical delta rhythm generator and show a remarkable laminar, cell subtype and local subcircuit delineation between delta and nested theta rhythms. We show that spike timing during delta-nested theta rhythms controls an iterative, reciprocal interaction between deep and superficial cortical layers resembling the unsupervised learning processes proposed for laminar neural networks by Hinton and colleagues ... and mimicking the alternating cortical dynamics of sensory and memory processing during wakefulness."
175.	Dynamical assessment of ion channels during in vivo-like states (Guet-McCreight & Skinner 2020)
		" ... Methods: We employ two morphologically-detailed multi-compartment models of a specific type of inhibitory interneuron, the oriens lacunosum moleculare (OLM) cell. The OLM cell is a well-studied cell type in CA1 hippocampus that is important in gating sensory and contextual information. We create in vivo-like states for these cellular models by including levels of synaptic bombardment that would occur in vivo. Using visualization tools and analyses we assess the ion channel current contribution profile across the different somatic and dendritic compartments of the models. Results: We identify changes in dendritic excitability, ion channel current contributions and co-activation patterns between in vitro and in vivo-like states. Primarily, we find that the relative timing between ion channel currents are mostly invariant between states, but exhibit changes in magnitudes and decreased propagation across dendritic compartments. We also find enhanced dendritic hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (h-channel) activation during in vivo-like states, which suggests that dendritically located h-channels are functionally important in altering signal propagation in the behaving animal. ..."
176.	Dynamical model of olfactory bulb mitral cell (Rubin, Cleland 2006)
		This four-compartment mitral cell exhibits endogenous subthreshold oscillations, phase resetting, and evoked spike phasing properties as described in electrophysiological studies of mitral cells. It is derived from the prior work of Davison et al (2000) and Bhalla and Bower (1993). See readme.txt for details.
177.	Early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (Miceli et al. 2015)
		Model files from the paper "Early-Onset Epileptic Encephalopathy Caused by Gain-of-Function Mutations in the Voltage Sensor of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 Potassium Channel Subunits" by Francesco Miceli, Maria Virginia Soldovieri, Paolo Ambrosino, Michela De Maria, Michele Migliore, Rosanna Migliore, and Maurizio Taglialatela J Neurosci. 2015 Mar 4;35(9):3782-93. The file fig7C.hoc reproduces the simulations shown in Fig.7C of the paper.
178.	Effect of the initial synaptic state on the probability to induce LTP and LTD (Migliore et al. 2015)
		NEURON mod files from the paper: M. Migliore, et al. (2015). In this paper, we investigate the possibility that the experimental protocols on synaptic plasticity may result in different consequences (e.g., LTD instead of LTP), according to the initial conditions of the stimulated synapses, and can generate confusing results. Using biophysical models of synaptic plasticity and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, we study how, why, and to what extent EPSPs observed at the soma after induction of LTP/LTD reflects the actual (local) synaptic state. The model and the results suggest a physiologically plausible explanation of why LTD induction is experimentally difficult, and they offer experimentally testable predictions on the stimulation protocols that may be more effective.
179.	Effect of voltage sensitive fluorescent proteins on neuronal excitability (Akemann et al. 2009)
		"Fluorescent protein voltage sensors are recombinant proteins that are designed as genetically encoded cellular probes of membrane potential using mechanisms of voltage-dependent modulation of fluorescence. Several such proteins, including VSFP2.3 and VSFP3.1, were recently reported with reliable function in mammalian cells. ... Expression of these proteins in cell membranes is accompanied by additional dynamic membrane capacitance, ... We used recordings of sensing currents and fluorescence responses of VSFP2.3 and of VSFP3.1 to derive kinetic models of the voltage-dependent signaling of these proteins. Using computational neuron simulations, we quantitatively investigated the perturbing effects of sensing capacitance on the input/output relationship in two central neuron models, a cerebellar Purkinje and a layer 5 pyramidal neuron. ... ". The Purkinje cell model is included in ModelDB.
180.	Effects of Dopamine Modulation and KIR Inactivation in NAc Medium Spiny Neurons (Steephen 2011)
		Due to the involvement of nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in diverse behaviors, their excitability changes can have broad functional significance. Dopamine modulates the biophysical behavior of MSNs. In ~40% of MSNs, inward rectifying potassium (KIR) currents inactivate significantly, imparting greater excitability. Employing a 189-compartment computational model of the MSN and using spatiotemporally distributed synaptic inputs, the regulation of excitability by KIR inactivation and dopaminergic modulation was investigated and quantitatively characterized. It was shown that by forming different combinations, these regulating agents could fine tune MSN excitability across a wide range. With existing evidence indicating MSNs with and without KIR inactivation to be the likely targets for D2- and D1-receptor mediated modulations, respectively, the present findings suggest that dopaminergic channel modulation may intensify the existing excitability difference between them by suppressing the excitability of MSNs without KIR inactivation while further enhancing the excitability of the more excitable MSNs with KIR inactivation. On the other hand, the combined modulation of channels and synapses by dopamine may reverse the relative excitability of one cell type with respect to the other. This model contains a complete biophysical model of MSN cell. The application allows the user to vary the cell properties by choosing the type of KIR channels included (inKIR or non-inKIR), the type of Dopamine receptors (D1R or D2R) and the modulation mechanism (Intrinsic modulation , Intrinsic-synaptic modulation, or No modulation). The user can also choose between the single pulse current clamp stimulation or a physiologically realistic synaptic stimulation scheme. More details are available in the Help provided with the application.
181.	Effects of electric fields on cognitive functions (Migliore et al 2016)
		The paper discusses the effects induced by an electric field at power lines frequency on neuronal activity during cognitive processes.
182.	Effects of increasing CREB on storage and recall processes in a CA1 network (Bianchi et al. 2014)
		Several recent results suggest that boosting the CREB pathway improves hippocampal-dependent memory in healthy rodents and restores this type of memory in an AD mouse model. However, not much is known about how CREB-dependent neuronal alterations in synaptic strength, excitability and LTP can boost memory formation in the complex architecture of a neuronal network. Using a model of a CA1 microcircuit, we investigate whether hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron properties altered by increasing CREB activity may contribute to improve memory storage and recall. With a set of patterns presented to a network, we find that the pattern recall quality under AD-like conditions is significantly better when boosting CREB function with respect to control. The results are robust and consistent upon increasing the synaptic damage expected by AD progression, supporting the idea that the use of CREB-based therapies could provide a new approach to treat AD.
183.	Effects of KIR current inactivation in NAc Medium Spiny Neurons (Steephen and Manchanda 2009)
		"Inward rectifying potassium (KIR) currents in medium spiny (MS) neurons of nucleus accumbens inactivate significantly in ~40% of the neurons but not in the rest, which may lead to differences in input processing by these two groups. Using a 189-compartment computational model of the MS neuron, we investigate the influence of this property using injected current as well as spatiotemporally distributed synaptic inputs. Our study demonstrates that KIR current inactivation facilitates depolarization, firing frequency and firing onset in these neurons. ..."
184.	Electrically-coupled Retzius neurons (Vazquez et al. 2009)
		"Dendritic electrical coupling increases the number of effective synaptic inputs onto neurons by allowing the direct spread of synaptic potentials from one neuron to another. Here we studied the summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) produced locally and arriving from the coupled neuron (transjunctional) in pairs of electrically-coupled Retzius neurons of the leech. We combined paired recordings of EPSPs, the production of artificial EPSPs (APSPs) in neuron pairs with different coupling coefficients and simulations of EPSPs produced in the coupled dendrites. ..."
185.	Electrodecrements in in vitro model of infantile spasms (Traub et al 2020)
		The code is an extension of the thalamocortical model of Traub et al. (2005) J Neurophysiol. It is here applied to an in vitro model of the electrodecremental response seen in the EEG of children with infantile spasms (West syndrome)
186.	Enhanced Excitability in Hermissenda: modulation by 5-HT (Cai et al 2003)
		Serotonin (5-HT) applied to the exposed but otherwise intact nervous system results in enhanced excitability of Hermissenda type-B photoreceptors. Several ion currents in the type-B photoreceptors are modulated by 5-HT, including the A-type K+ current (IK,A), sustained Ca2+ current (ICa,S), Ca-dependent K+ current (IK,Ca), and a hyperpolarization-activated inward rectifier current (Ih). In this study,we developed a computational model that reproduces physiological characteristics of type B photoreceptors, e.g. resting membrane potential, dark-adapted spike activity, spike width, and the amplitude difference between somatic and axonal spikes. We then used the model to investigate the contribution of different ion currents modulated by 5-HT to the magnitudes of enhanced excitability produced by 5-HT. See paper for results and more details.
187.	Epilepsy may be caused by very small functional changes in ion channels (Thomas et al. 2009)
		We used a previously published model of the dentate gyrus with varying degrees of mossy fibre sprouting.We preformed a sensitivity analysis where we systematically varied individual properties of ion channels. The results predict that genetic variations in the properties of sodium channels are likely to have the biggest impact on network excitability. Furthermore, these changes may be as small as 1mV, which is currently undetectable using standard experimental practices.
188.	Estimation and Production of Time Intervals (Migliore et al 2001)
		NEURON model files from the paper M. Migliore, L. Messineo, M. Cardaci, G.F. Ayala, Quantitative modeling of perception and production of time intervals, J.Neurophysiol. 86, 2754-2760 (2001). Contact michele.migliore@pa.ibf.cnr.it if you have any questions about the implementation of the model.
189.	Excitability of PFC Basal Dendrites (Acker and Antic 2009)
		".. We carried out multi-site voltage-sensitive dye imaging of membrane potential transients from thin basal branches of prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons before and after application of channel blockers. We found that backpropagating action potentials (bAPs) are predominantly controlled by voltage-gated sodium and A-type potassium channels. In contrast, pharmacologically blocking the delayed rectifier potassium, voltage-gated calcium or Ih, conductance had little effect on dendritic action potential propagation. Optically recorded bAP waveforms were quantified and multicompartmental modeling (NEURON) was used to link the observed behavior with the underlying biophysical properties. The best-fit model included a non-uniform sodium channel distribution with decreasing conductance with distance from the soma, together with a non-uniform (increasing) A-type potassium conductance. AP amplitudes decline with distance in this model, but to a lesser extent than previously thought. We used this model to explore the mechanisms underlying two sets of published data involving high frequency trains of action potentials, and the local generation of sodium spikelets. ..."
190.	Excitability of the soma in central nervous system neurons (Safronov et al 2000)
		The ability of the soma of a spinal dorsal horn neuron, a spinal ventral horn neuron, and a hippocampal pyramidal neuron to generate action potentials was studied using experiments and computer simulations. By comparing recordings ... of a dorsal horn neuron with simulated responses, it was shown that computer models can be adequate for the study of somatic excitability. The modeled somata of both spinal neurons were unable to generate action potentials, showing only passive and local responses to current injections. ... In contrast to spinal neurons, the modeled soma of the hippocampal pyramidal neuron generated spikes with an overshoot of +9 mV. It is concluded that the somata of spinal neurons cannot generate action potentials and seem to resist their propagation from the axon to dendrites. ... See paper for more and details.
191.	Fast oscillations in inhibitory networks (Maex, De Schutter 2003)
		We observed a new phenomenon of resonant synchronization in computer-simulated networks of inhibitory neurons in which the synaptic current has a delayed onset, reflecting finite spike propagation and synaptic transmission times. At the resonant level of network excitation, all neurons fire synchronously and rhythmically with a period approximately four times the mean delay of the onset of the inhibitory synaptic current. ... By varying the axonal delay of the inhibitory connections, networks with a realistic synaptic kinetics can be tuned to frequencies from 40 to >200 Hz. ... We conclude that the delay of the synaptic current is the primary parameter controlling the oscillation frequency of inhibitory networks and propose that delay-induced synchronization is a mechanism for fast brain rhythms that depend on intact inhibitory synaptic transmission.
192.	Feedforward inhibition in pyramidal cells (Ferrante & Ascoli 2015)
		"Feedforward inhibition (FFI) enables pyramidal cells in area CA1 of the hippocampus (CA1PCs) to remain easily excitable while faithfully representing a broad range of excitatory inputs without quickly saturating. Despite the cortical ubiquity of FFI, its specific function is not completely understood. FFI in CA1PCs is mediated by two physiologically and morphologically distinct GABAergic interneurons: fast-spiking, perisomatic-targeting basket cells and regular-spiking, dendritic-targeting bistratified cells. These two FFI pathways might create layer-specific computational sub-domains within the same CA1PC, but teasing apart their specific contributions remains experimentally challenging. We implemented a biophysically realistic model of CA1PCs using 40 digitally reconstructed morphologies and constraining synaptic numbers, locations, amplitude, and kinetics with available experimental data. ..."
193.	Firing neocortical layer V pyramidal neuron (Reetz et al. 2014; Stadler et al. 2014)
		Neocortical Layer V model with firing behaviour adjusted to in vitro observations. The model was used to investigate the effects of IFN and PKC on the excitability of neurons (Stadler et al 2014, Reetz et al. 2014). The model contains new channel simulations for HCN1, HCN2 and the big calcium dependent potassium channel BK.
194.	FS Striatal interneuron: K currents solve signal-to-noise problems (Kotaleski et al 2006)
		... We show that a transient potassium (KA) current allows the Fast Spiking (FS) interneuron to strike a balance between sensitivity to correlated input and robustness to noise, thereby increasing its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). First, a compartmental FS neuron model was created to match experimental data from striatal FS interneurons in cortex–striatum–substantia nigra organotypic cultures. Densities of sodium, delayed rectifier, and KA channels were optimized to replicate responses to somatic current injection. Spontaneous AMPA and GABA synaptic currents were adjusted to the experimentally measured amplitude, rise time, and interevent interval histograms. Second, two additional adjustments were required to emulate the remaining experimental observations. GABA channels were localized closer to the soma than AMPA channels to match the synaptic population reversal potential. Correlation among inputs was required to produce the observed firing rate during up-states. In this final model, KA channels were essential for suppressing down-state spikes while allowing reliable spike generation during up-states. ... Our results suggest that KA channels allow FS interneurons to operate without a decrease in SNR during conditions of increased dopamine, as occurs in response to reward or anticipated reward. See paper for more and details.
195.	Functional impact of dendritic branch point morphology (Ferrante et al., 2013)
		" ... Here, we first quantified the morphological variability of branch points from two-photon images of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. We then investigated the geometrical features affecting spike initiation, propagation, and timing with a computational model validated by glutamate uncaging experiments. The results suggest that even subtle membrane readjustments at branch point could drastically alter the ability of synaptic input to generate, propagate, and time action potentials."
196.	Gamma genesis in the basolateral amygdala (Feng et al 2019)
		Using in vitro and in vivo data we develop the first large-scale biophysically and anatomically realistic model of the basolateral amygdala nucleus (BL), which reproduces the dynamics of the in vivo local field potential (LFP). Significantly, it predicts that BL intrinsically generates the transient gamma oscillations observed in vivo. The model permitted exploration of the poorly understood synaptic mechanisms underlying gamma genesis in BL, and the model's ability to compute LFPs at arbitrary numbers of recording sites provided insights into the characteristics of the spatial properties of gamma bursts. Furthermore, we show how gamma synchronizes principal cells to overcome their low firing rates while simultaneously promoting competition, potentially impacting their afferent selectivity and efferent drive, and thus emotional behavior.
197.	Gap junction coupled network of striatal fast spiking interneurons (Hjorth et al. 2009)
		Gap junctions between striatal FS neurons has very weak ability to synchronise spiking. Input uncorrelated between neighbouring neurons is shunted, while correlated input is not.
198.	Gating of steering signals through phasic modulation of reticulospinal neurons (Kozlov et al. 2014)
		" ... We use the lamprey as a model for investigating the role of this phasic modulation of the reticulospinal activity, because the brainstem–spinal cord networks are known down to the cellular level in this phylogenetically oldest extant vertebrate. We describe how the phasic modulation of reticulospinal activity from the spinal CPG ensures reliable steering/turning commands without the need for a very precise timing of on- or offset, by using a biophysically detailed large-scale (19,600 model neurons and 646,800 synapses) computational model of the lamprey brainstem–spinal cord network. To verify that the simulated neural network can control body movements, including turning, the spinal activity is fed to a mechanical model of lamprey swimming. ..."
199.	GC model (Beining et al 2017)
		A companion modeldb entry (NEURON only) to modeldb accession number 231862.
200.	Global structure, robustness, and modulation of neuronal models (Goldman et al. 2001)
		"The electrical characteristics of many neurons are remarkably robust in the face of changing internal and external conditions. At the same time, neurons can be highly sensitive to neuromodulators. We find correlates of this dual robustness and sensitivity in a global analysis of the structure of a conductance-based model neuron. ..."
201.	Globus pallidus multi-compartmental model neuron with realistic morphology (Gunay et al. 2008)
		"Globus pallidus (GP) neurons recorded in brain slices show significant variability in intrinsic electrophysiological properties. To investigate how this variability arises, we manipulated the biophysical properties of GP neurons using computer simulations. ... Our results indicated that most of the experimental variability could be matched by varying conductance densities, which we confirmed with additional partial block experiments. Further analysis resulted in two key observations: (1) each voltage-gated conductance had effects on multiple measures such as action potential waveform and spontaneous or stimulated spike rates; and (2) the effect of each conductance was highly dependent on the background context of other conductances present. In some cases, such interactions could reverse the effect of the density of one conductance on important excitability measures. ..."
202.	Globus pallidus neuron models with differing dendritic Na channel expression (Edgerton et al., 2010)
		A set of 9 multi-compartmental rat GP neuron models (585 compartments) differing only in their expression of dendritic fast sodium channels were compared in their synaptic integration properties. Dendritic fast sodium channels were found to increase the importance of distal synapses (both excitatory AND inhibitory), increase spike timing variability with in vivo-like synaptic input, and make the model neurons highly sensitive to clustered synchronous excitation.
203.	Glutamate mediated dendritic and somatic plateau potentials in cortical L5 pyr cells (Gao et al '20)
		Our model was built on a reconstructed Layer 5 pyramidal neuron of the rat medial prefrontal cortex, and constrained by 4 sets of experimental data: (i) voltage waveforms obtained at the site of the glutamatergic input in distal basal dendrite, including initial sodium spikelet, fast rise, plateau phase and abrupt collapse of the plateau; (ii) a family of voltage traces describing dendritic membrane responses to gradually increasing intensity of glutamatergic stimulation; (iii) voltage waveforms of backpropagating action potentials in basal dendrites (Antic, 2003); and (iv) the change of backpropagating action potential amplitude in response to drugs that block Na+ or K+ channels (Acker and Antic, 2009). Both, synaptic AMPA/NMDA and extrasynaptic NMDA inputs were placed on basal dendrites to model the induction of local regenerative potentials termed "glutamate-mediated dendritic plateau potentials". The active properties of the cell were tuned to match the voltage waveform, amplitude and duration of experimentally observed plateau potentials. The effects of input location, receptor conductance, channel properties and membrane time constant during plateau were explored. The new model predicted that during dendritic plateau potential the somatic membrane time constant is reduced. This and other model predictions were then tested in real neurons. Overall, the results support our theoretical framework that dendritic plateau potentials bring neuronal cell body into a depolarized state ("UP state"), which lasts 200 - 500 ms, or more. Plateau potentials profoundly change neuronal state -- a plateau potential triggered in one basal dendrite depolarizes the soma and shortens membrane time constant, making the cell more susceptible to action potential firing triggered by other afferent inputs. Plateau potentials may allow cortical pyramidal neurons to tune into ongoing network activity and potentially enable synchronized firing, to form active neural ensembles.
204.	HH model of SCN neurons including a transient K+ channel (Bano-Otalora et al 2021)
		This MATLAB code is associated with the paper "Daily electrical activity in the master circadian clock of a diurnal mammal" by Beatriz Bano-Otalora, Matthew J Moye, Timothy Brown, Robert J Lucas, Casey O Diekman, Mino DC Belle. eLife 2021; 10:e68719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.68179 It simulates a Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of the electrical activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons in the diurnal rodent Rhabdomys pumilio. Model parameters were inferred from current-clamp recordings using data assimilation (DA) algorithms available at https://github.com/mattmoye/neuroDA
205.	High frequency oscillations in a hippocampal computational model (Stacey et al. 2009)
		"... Using a physiological computer model of hippocampus, we investigate random synaptic activity (noise) as a potential initiator of HFOs (high-frequency oscillations). We explore parameters necessary to produce these oscillations and quantify the response using the tools of stochastic resonance (SR) and coherence resonance (CR). ... Our results show that, under normal coupling conditions, synaptic noise was able to produce gamma (30–100 Hz) frequency oscillations. Synaptic noise generated HFOs in the ripple range (100–200 Hz) when the network had parameters similar to pathological findings in epilepsy: increased gap junctions or recurrent synaptic connections, loss of inhibitory interneurons such as basket cells, and increased synaptic noise. ... We propose that increased synaptic noise and physiological coupling mechanisms are sufficient to generate gamma oscillations and that pathologic changes in noise and coupling similar to those in epilepsy can produce abnormal ripples."
206.	Hippocampal CA1 microcircuit model including somatic and dendritic inhibition
		Here, we investigate the role of (dis)inhibition on the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) induced dendritic spikes on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. The circuit model consists of pyramidal, SST+, CCK+, CR+/VIP+, and CCK+/VIP+ cells.
207.	Hippocampal CA3 network and circadian regulation (Stanley et al. 2013)
		This model produces the hippocampal CA3 neural network model used in the paper below. It has two modes of operation, a default mode and a circadian mode. In the circadian mode, parameters are swept through a range of values. This model can be quite easily adapted to produce theta and gamma oscillations, as certain parameter sweeps will reveal (see Figures). BASH scripts interact with GENESIS 2.3 to implement parameter sweeps. The model contains four cell types derived from prior papers. CA3 pyramidal are derived from Traub et al (1991); Basket, stratum oriens (O-LM), and Medial Septal GABAergic (MSG) interneurons are taken from Hajos et al (2004).
208.	Hippocampal Mossy Fiber bouton: presynaptic KV7 channel function (Martinello et al 2019)
209.	Hippocampus CA1 Interneuron Specific 3 (IS3) in vivo-like virtual NN simulations (Luo et al 2020)
		"Disinhibition is a widespread circuit mechanism for information selection and transfer. In the hippocampus, disinhibition of principal cells is provided by the interneuron-specific interneurons that express the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IS) and innervate selectively inhibitory interneurons. By combining optophysiological experiments with computational models, we determined the impact of synaptic inputs onto the network state-dependent recruitment of VIP-IS cells. We found that VIP-IS cells fire spikes in response to both the Schaffer collateral and the temporoammonic pathway activation. Moreover, by integrating their intrinsic and synaptic properties into computational models, we predicted recruitment of these cells between the rising phase and peak of theta oscillation and during ripples. Two-photon Ca2+-imaging in awake mice supported in part the theoretical predictions, revealing a significant speed modulation of VIP-IS cells and their preferential albeit delayed recruitment during theta-run epochs, with estimated firing at the rising phase and peak of the theta cycle. However, it also uncovered that VIP-IS cells are not activated during ripples. Thus, given the preferential theta-modulated firing of VIP-IS cells in awake hippocampus, we postulate that these cells may be important for information gating during spatial navigation and memory encoding."
210.	Hippocampus CA1 pyramidal model with Na channel exhibiting slow inactivation (Menon et al. 2009)
		These NEURON simulations show the effect of prolonged inactivation of sodium channels on attenuation of trains of backpropagating action potentials (bAPs). The new sodium channel model is a Markov model derived using a state-mutating genetic algorithm, as described in the paper.
211.	Homeostatic synaptic plasticity (Rabinowitch and Segev 2006a,b)
		(2006a): "We investigated analytically and numerically the interplay between two opposing forms of synaptic plasticity: positive-feedback, long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD), and negative-feedback, homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP). A detailed model of a CA1 pyramidal neuron, with numerous HSP-modifiable dendritic synapses, demonstrates that HSP may have an important role in selecting which spatial patterns of LTP/LTD are to last. ... Despite the negative-feedback nature of HSP, under both local and global HSP, numerous synaptic potentiations/depressions can persist. These experimentally testable results imply that HSP could be significantly involved in shaping the spatial distribution of synaptic weights in the dendrites and not just normalizing it, as is currently believed." (2006b): "Homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) is an important mechanism attributed with the slow regulation of the neuron's activity. Whenever activity is chronically enhanced, HSP weakens the weights of the synapses in the dendrites and vice versa. Because dendritic morphology and its electrical properties partition the dendritic tree into functional compartments, we set out to explore the interplay between HSP and dendritic compartmentalization. ... The spatial distribution of synaptic weights throughout the dendrites will markedly differ under the local versus global HSP mechanisms. We suggest an experimental paradigm to unravel which type of HSP mechanism operates in the dendritic tree. The answer to this question will have important implications to our understanding of the functional organization of the neuron."
212.	Hopfield and Brody model (Hopfield, Brody 2000)
		NEURON implementation of the Hopfield and Brody model from the papers: JJ Hopfield and CD Brody (2000) JJ Hopfield and CD Brody (2001). Instructions are provided in the below readme.txt file.
213.	Hypocretin and Locus Coeruleus model neurons (Carter et al 2012)
		Conductance based model of the hypocretin neurons (HCRT) and another one of the Locus Coeruleus one (LC). The HCRT drive the LCs via the HCRT receptor on the LCs. The LCs lead to the awakening of the mice if the number of spikes raises over 10 spikes in 10 seconds window.
214.	I A in Kenyon cells resemble Shaker currents (Pelz et al 1999)
		Cultured Kenyon cells from the mushroom body of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, show a voltage-gated, fast transient K1 current that is sensitive to 4-aminopyridine, an A current. The kinetic properties of this A current and its modulation by extracellular K1 ions were investigated in vitro with the whole cell patch-clamp technique. The A current was isolated from other voltage-gated currents either pharmacologically or with suitable voltage-clamp protocols. Hodgkin- and Huxley-style mathematical equations were used for the description of this current and for the simulation of action potentials in a Kenyon cell model. The data of the A current were incorporated into a reduced computational model of the voltage-gated currents of Kenyon cells. In addition, the model contained a delayed rectifier K current, a Na current, and a leakage current. The model reproduces several experimental features and makes predictions. See paper for details and results.
215.	IA and IT interact to set first spike latency (Molineux et al 2005)
		Using patch clamp and modeling, we illustrate that spike latency characteristics are the product of an interplay between I(A) and low-threshold calcium current (I(T)) that requires a steady-state difference in the inactivation parameters of the currents. Furthermore, we show that the unique first-spike latency characteristics of stellate cells have important implications for the integration of coincident IPSPs and EPSPs, such that inhibition can shift first-spike latency to differentially modulate the probability of firing.
216.	Ih tunes oscillations in an In Silico CA3 model (Neymotin et al. 2013)
		" ... We investigated oscillatory control using a multiscale computer model of hippocampal CA3, where each cell class (pyramidal, basket, and oriens-lacunosum moleculare cells), contained type-appropriate isoforms of Ih. Our model demonstrated that modulation of pyramidal and basket Ih allows tuning theta and gamma oscillation frequency and amplitude. Pyramidal Ih also controlled cross-frequency coupling (CFC) and allowed shifting gamma generation towards particular phases of the theta cycle, effected via Ih’s ability to set pyramidal excitability. ..."
217.	Impact of dendritic atrophy on intrinsic and synaptic excitability (Narayanan & Chattarji, 2010)
		These simulations examined the atrophy induced changes in electrophysiological properties of CA3 pyramidal neurons. We found these neurons change from bursting to regular spiking as atrophy increases. Region-specific atrophy induced region-specific increases in synaptic excitability in a passive dendritic tree. All dendritic compartments of an atrophied neuron had greater synaptic excitability and a larger voltage transfer to the soma than the control neuron.
218.	Impedance spectrum in cortical tissue: implications for LFP signal propagation (Miceli et al. 2017)
		" ... Here, we performed a detailed investigation of the frequency dependence of the conductivity within cortical tissue at microscopic distances using small current amplitudes within the typical (neuro)physiological micrometer and sub-nanoampere range. We investigated the propagation of LFPs, induced by extracellular electrical current injections via patch-pipettes, in acute rat brain slice preparations containing the somatosensory cortex in vitro using multielectrode arrays. Based on our data, we determined the cortical tissue conductivity over a 100-fold increase in signal frequency (5-500 Hz). Our results imply at most very weak frequency-dependent effects within the frequency range of physiological LFPs. Using biophysical modeling, we estimated the impact of different putative impedance spectra. Our results indicate that frequency dependencies of the order measured here and in most other studies have negligible impact on the typical analysis and modeling of LFP signals from extracellular brain recordings."
219.	INa and IKv4.3 heterogeneity in canine LV myocytes (Flaim et al 2006)
		"The roles of sustained components of INa and IKv43 in shaping the action potentials (AP) of myocytes isolated from the canine left ventricle (LV) have not been studied in detail. Here we investigate the hypothesis that these two currents can contribute substantially to heterogeneity of early repolarization and arrhythmic risk.... The resulting simulations illustrate ways in which KChIP2- and Ca2+- dependent control of IKv43 can result in a sustained outward current that can neutralize INaL in a rate- and myocyte subtype-dependent manner. Both these currents appear to play significant roles in modulating AP duration and rate dependence in midmyocardial myocytes. ... By design, these models allow upward integration into organ models or may be used as a basis for further investigations into cellular heterogeneities." See paper for more and details.
220.	Infraslow intrinsic rhythmogenesis in a subset of AOB projection neurons (Gorin et al 2016)
		We investigated patterns of spontaneous neuronal activity in mouse accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells, the direct neural link between vomeronasal sensory input and limbic output. Both in vitro and in vivo, we identify a subpopulation of mitral cells that exhibit slow stereotypical rhythmic discharge. In intrinsically rhythmogenic neurons, these periodic activity patterns are maintained in absence of fast synaptic drive. The physiological mechanism underlying mitral cell autorhythmicity involves cyclic activation of three interdependent ionic conductances: subthreshold persistent Na(+) current, R-type Ca(2+) current, and Ca(2+)-activated big conductance K(+) current. Together, the interplay of these distinct conductances triggers infraslow intrinsic oscillations with remarkable periodicity, a default output state likely to affect sensory processing in limbic circuits. The model reproduces the intrinsic firing in a reconstructed single AOB mitral cell with ion channels kinetics fitted to experimental measurements of their steady state and time course.
221.	Interneuron Specific 3 Interneuron Model (Guet-McCreight et al, 2016)
		In this paper we develop morphologically detailed multi-compartment models of Hippocampal CA1 interneuron specific 3 interneurons using cell current-clamp recordings and dendritic calcium imaging data. In doing so, we developed several variant models, as outlined in the associated README.html file.
222.	Intracortical synaptic potential modulation by presynaptic somatic potential (Shu et al. 2006, 2007)
		" ... Here we show that the voltage fluctuations associated with dendrosomatic synaptic activity propagate significant distances along the axon, and that modest changes in the somatic membrane potential of the presynaptic neuron modulate the amplitude and duration of axonal action potentials and, through a Ca21- dependent mechanism, the average amplitude of the postsynaptic potential evoked by these spikes. These results indicate that synaptic activity in the dendrite and soma controls not only the pattern of action potentials generated, but also the amplitude of the synaptic potentials that these action potentials initiate in local cortical circuits, resulting in synaptic transmission that is a mixture of triggered and graded (analogue) signals."
223.	Ionic mechanisms of bursting in CA3 pyramidal neurons (Xu and Clancy 2008)
		"... We present a single-compartment model of a CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neuron based on recent experimental data. We then use the model to determine the roles of primary depolarizing currents in burst generation. The single compartment model incorporates accurate representations of sodium (Na+) channels (NaV1.1) and T-type calcium (Ca2+) channel subtypes (CaV3.1, CaV3.2, and CaV3.3). Our simulations predict the importance of Na+ and T-type Ca2+ channels in hippocampal pyramidal cell bursting and reveal the distinct contribution of each subtype to burst morphology. We also performed fastslow analysis in a reduced comparable model, which shows that our model burst is generated as a result of the interaction of two slow variables, the T-type Ca2+ channel activation gate and the Ca2+-dependent potassium (K+) channel activation gate. The model reproduces a range of experimentally observed phenomena including afterdepolarizing potentials, spike widening at the end of the burst, and rebound. Finally, we use the model to simulate the effects of two epilepsy-linked mutations: R1648H in NaV1.1 and C456S in CaV3.2, both of which result in increased cellular excitability."
224.	Ionic mechanisms of dendritic spikes (Almog and Korngreen 2014)
		We used a combined experimental and numerical parameter peeling procedure was implemented to optimize a detailed ionic mechanism for the generation and propagation of dendritic spikes in neocortical L5 pyramidal neurons. Run the cc_run.hoc to get a demo for dendritic calcium spike generated by coincidence of a back-propagating AP and distal synaptic input.
225.	Kenyon cells in the honeybee (Wustenberg et al 2004)
		The mushroom body of the insect brain is an important locus for olfactory information processing and associative learning. ... Current- and voltage-clamp analyses were performed on cultured Kenyon cells from honeybees. ... Voltage-clamp analyses characterized a fast transient Na+ current (INa), a delayed rectifier K+ current (IK,V) and a fast transient K+ current (IK,A). Using the neurosimulator SNNAP, a Hodgkin-Huxley type model was developed and used to investigate the roles of the different currents during spiking. The model led to the prediction of a slow transient outward current (IK,ST) that was subsequently identified by reevaluating the voltage-clamp data. Simulations indicated that the primary currents that underlie spiking are INa and IK,V, whereas IK,A and IK,ST primarily determined the responsiveness of the model to stimuli such constant or oscillatory injections of current. See paper for more details.
226.	Ketamine disrupts theta modulation of gamma in a computer model of hippocampus (Neymotin et al 2011)
		"Abnormalities in oscillations have been suggested to play a role in schizophrenia. We studied theta-modulated gamma oscillations in a computer model of hippocampal CA3 in vivo with and without simulated application of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist and psychotomimetic. Networks of 1200 multi-compartment neurons (pyramidal, basket and oriens-lacunosum moleculare, OLM, cells) generated theta and gamma oscillations from intrinsic network dynamics: basket cells primarily generated gamma and amplified theta, while OLM cells strongly contributed to theta. ..."
227.	Kv4.3, Kv1.4 encoded K channel in heart cells & tachy. (Winslow et al 1999, Greenstein et al 2000)
		(1999) We present a model of the canine midmyocardial ventricular action potential and Ca2+ transient. The model is used to estimate the degree of functional upregulation and downregulation of Na/Ca exchanger protein and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase in heart failure using data obtained from 2 different experimental protocols. (2000): A model of canine I:(to1) (the Ca(2+)-independent transient outward current) is formulated as the combination of Kv4.3 and Kv1.4 currents and is incorporated into an existing canine ventricular myocyte model. Simulations demonstrate strong coupling between L-type Ca(2+) current and I:(Kv4.3) and predict a bimodal relationship between I:(Kv4.3) density and APD whereby perturbations in I:(Kv4.3) density may produce either prolongation or shortening of APD, depending on baseline I:(to1) current level. See each paper for more and details.
228.	Kv4.3, Kv1.4 encoded K(+) channel in heart cells (Greenstein et al 2000) (XPP)
		A model of canine I:(to1) (the Ca(2+)-independent transient outward current) is formulated as the combination of Kv4.3 and Kv1.4 currents and is incorporated into an existing canine ventricular myocyte model. Simulations demonstrate strong coupling between L-type Ca(2+) current and I:(Kv4.3) and predict a bimodal relationship between I:(Kv4.3) density and APD whereby perturbations in I:(Kv4.3) density may produce either prolongation or shortening of APD, depending on baseline I:(to1) current level. The model files were submitted by: Dr. Sheng-Nan Wu, Dr. Ruey J. Sung, Ya-Jean Wang and Jiun-Shian Wu e-mail: snwu@mail.ncku.edu.tw
229.	L5 PFC microcircuit used to study persistent activity (Papoutsi et al. 2014, 2013)
		Using a heavily constrained biophysical model of a L5 PFC microcircuit we investigate the mechanisms that underlie persistent activity emergence (ON) and termination (OFF) and search for the minimum network size required for expressing these states within physiological regimes.
230.	L5 PFC pyramidal neurons (Papoutsi et al. 2017)
		" ... Here, we use a modeling approach to investigate whether and how the morphology of the basal tree mediates the functional output of neurons. We implemented 57 basal tree morphologies of layer 5 prefrontal pyramidal neurons of the rat and identified morphological types which were characterized by different response features, forming distinct functional types. These types were robust to a wide range of manipulations (distribution of active ionic mechanisms, NMDA conductance, somatic and apical tree morphology or the number of activated synapses) and supported different temporal coding schemes at both the single neuron and the microcircuit level. We predict that the basal tree morphological diversity among neurons of the same class mediates their segregation into distinct functional pathways. ..."
231.	L5b PC model constrained for BAC firing and perisomatic current step firing (Hay et al., 2011)
		"... L5b pyramidal cells have been the subject of extensive experimental and modeling studies, yet conductance-based models of these cells that faithfully reproduce both their perisomatic Na+-spiking behavior as well as key dendritic active properties, including Ca2+ spikes and back-propagating action potentials, are still lacking. Based on a large body of experimental recordings from both the soma and dendrites of L5b pyramidal cells in adult rats, we characterized key features of the somatic and dendritic firing and quantified their statistics. We used these features to constrain the density of a set of ion channels over the soma and dendritic surface via multi-objective optimization with an evolutionary algorithm, thus generating a set of detailed conductance-based models that faithfully replicate the back-propagating action potential activated Ca2+ spike firing and the perisomatic firing response to current steps, as well as the experimental variability of the properties. ... The models we present provide several experimentally-testable predictions and can serve as a powerful tool for theoretical investigations of the contribution of single-cell dynamics to network activity and its computational capabilities. "
232.	Lamprey spinal CPG neuron (Huss et al. 2007)
		This is a model of a generic locomotor network neuron in the lamprey spinal cord. The given version is assumed to correspond to an interneuron; motoneurons can also be modelled by changing the dendritic tree morphology.
233.	Large scale model of the olfactory bulb (Yu et al., 2013)
		The readme file currently contains links to the results for all the 72 odors investigated in the paper, and the movie showing the network activity during learning of odor k3-3 (an aliphatic ketone).
234.	Lateral dendrodenditic inhibition in the Olfactory Bulb (David et al. 2008)
		Mitral cells, the principal output neurons of the olfactory bulb, receive direct synaptic activation from primary sensory neurons. Shunting inhibitory inputs delivered by granule cell interneurons onto mitral cell lateral dendrites are believed to influence spike timing and underlie coordinated field potential oscillations. Lateral dendritic shunt conductances delayed spiking to a degree dependent on both their electrotonic distance and phase of onset. Recurrent inhibition significantly narrowed the distribution of mitral cell spike times, illustrating a tendency towards coordinated synchronous activity. This result suggests an essential role for early mechanisms of temporal coordination in olfaction. The model was adapted from Davison et al, 2003, but include additional noise mechanisms, long lateral dendrite, and specific synaptic point processes.
235.	Layer V PFC pyramidal neuron used to study persistent activity (Sidiropoulou & Poirazi 2012)
		"... Here, we use a compartmental modeling approach to search for discriminatory features in the properties of incoming stimuli to a PFC pyramidal neuron and/or its response that signal which of these stimuli will result in persistent activity emergence. Furthermore, we use our modeling approach to study cell-type specific differences in persistent activity properties, via implementing a regular spiking (RS) and an intrinsic bursting (IB) model neuron. ... Collectively, our results pinpoint to specific features of the neuronal response to a given stimulus that code for its ability to induce persistent activity and predict differential roles of RS and IB neurons in persistent activity expression. "
236.	Layer V pyramidal cell functions and schizophrenia genetics (Mäki-Marttunen et al 2019)
		Study on how GWAS-identified risk genes of shizophrenia affect excitability and integration of inputs in thick-tufted layer V pyramidal cells
237.	Layer V pyramidal cell model with reduced morphology (Mäki-Marttunen et al 2018)
		" ... In this work, we develop and apply an automated, stepwise method for fitting a neuron model to data with fine spatial resolution, such as that achievable with voltage sensitive dyes (VSDs) and Ca2+ imaging. ... We apply our method to simulated data from layer 5 pyramidal cells (L5PCs) and construct a model with reduced neuronal morphology. We connect the reduced-morphology neurons into a network and validate against simulated data from a high-resolution L5PC network model. ..."
238.	LCN-HippoModel: model of CA1 PCs deep-superficial theta firing dynamics (Navas-Olive et al 2020)
		Using a biophysically realistic model of CA1 pyramidal cells together with a combination of single-cell and multisite electrophysiological recordings, we have studied factors underlying the internal theta phase preference of identified cell types from the dorsal CA1. We found that perisomatic inhibition delivered by complementary populations of basket cells interacts with input pathways to shape phase-locked specificity of deep and superficial CA1 pyramidal cells. Somatodendritic integration of fluctuating glutamatergic inputs defined cycle-by-cycle by nested waveforms demonstrated that firing selection is tuneable across sublayers under the relevant influence of intrinsic factors. Our data identify a set of testable physiological mechanisms underlying a phase specific firing reservoir that can be repurposed for high-level flexible dynamical representations. Documentation in https://acnavasolive.github.io/LCN-HippoModel/. More info: http://hippo-circuitlab.es/
239.	Learning intrinsic excitability in Medium Spiny Neurons (Scheler 2014)
		"We present an unsupervised, local activation-dependent learning rule for intrinsic plasticity (IP) which affects the composition of ion channel conductances for single neurons in a use-dependent way. We use a single-compartment conductance-based model for medium spiny striatal neurons in order to show the effects of parameterization of individual ion channels on the neuronal membrane potential-curent relationship (activation function). We show that parameter changes within the physiological ranges are sufficient to create an ensemble of neurons with significantly different activation functions. ... "
240.	Leech Heart (HE) Motor Neuron conductances contributions to NN activity (Lamb & Calabrese 2013)
		"... To explore the relationship between conductances, and in particular how they influence the activity of motor neurons in the well characterized leech heartbeat system, we developed a new multi-compartmental Hodgkin-Huxley style leech heart motor neuron model. To do so, we evolved a population of model instances, which differed in the density of specific conductances, capable of achieving specific output activity targets given an associated input pattern. ... We found that the strengths of many conductances, including those with differing dynamics, had strong partial correlations and that these relationships appeared to be linked by their influence on heart motor neuron activity. Conductances that had positive correlations opposed one another and had the opposite effects on activity metrics when perturbed whereas conductances that had negative correlations could compensate for one another and had similar effects on activity metrics. "
241.	Levodopa-Induced Toxicity in Parkinson's Disease (Muddapu et al, 2022)
		"... We present a systems-level computational model of SNc-striatum, which will help us understand the mechanism behind neurodegeneration postulated above and provide insights into developing disease-modifying therapeutics. It was observed that SNc terminals are more vulnerable to energy deficiency than SNc somas. During L-DOPA therapy, it was observed that higher L-DOPA dosage results in increased loss of terminals in SNc. It was also observed that co-administration of L-DOPA and glutathione (antioxidant) evades L-DOPA-induced toxicity in SNc neurons. Our proposed model of the SNc-striatum system is the first of its kind, where SNc neurons were modeled at a biophysical level, and striatal neurons were modeled at a spiking level. We show that our proposed model was able to capture L-DOPA-induced toxicity in SNc, caused by energy deficiency."
242.	Lobster STG pyloric network model with calcium sensor (Gunay & Prinz 2010) (Prinz et al. 2004)
		This pyloric network model simulator is a C/C++ program that saves 384 different calcium sensor values that are candidates for activity sensors (Gunay and Prinz, 2010). The simulator was used to scan all of the 20 million pyloric network models that were previously collected in a database (Prinz et al, 2004).
243.	Long time windows from theta modulated inhib. in entorhinal–hippo. loop (Cutsuridis & Poirazi 2015)
		"A recent experimental study (Mizuseki et al., 2009) has shown that the temporal delays between population activities in successive entorhinal and hippocampal anatomical stages are longer (about 70–80 ms) than expected from axon conduction velocities and passive synaptic integration of feed-forward excitatory inputs. We investigate via computer simulations the mechanisms that give rise to such long temporal delays in the hippocampus structures. ... The model shows that the experimentally reported long temporal delays in the DG, CA3 and CA1 hippocampal regions are due to theta modulated somatic and axonic inhibition..."
244.	Mature and young adult-born dentate granule cell models (T2N interface) (Beining et al. 2017)
		... Here, we present T2N, a powerful interface to control NEURON with Matlab and TREES toolbox, which supports generating models stable over a broad range of reconstructed and synthetic morphologies. We illustrate this for a novel, highly-detailed active model of dentate granule cells (GCs) replicating a wide palette of experiments from various labs. By implementing known differences in ion channel composition and morphology, our model reproduces data from mouse or rat, mature or adult-born GCs as well as pharmacological interventions and epileptic conditions. ... T2N is suitable for creating robust models useful for large-scale networks that could lead to novel predictions. ..." See modeldb accession number 231818 for NEURON only code.
245.	MEC layer II stellate cell: Synaptic mechanisms of grid cells (Schmidt-Hieber & Hausser 2013)
		This study investigates the cellular mechanisms of grid field generation in Medial Entorhinal Cortex (MEC) layer II stellate cells.
246.	Mechanisms of fast rhythmic bursting in a layer 2/3 cortical neuron (Traub et al 2003)
		This simulation is based on the reference paper listed below. This port was made by Roger D Traub and Maciej T Lazarewicz (mlazarew at seas.upenn.edu) Thanks to Ashlen P Reid for help with porting a morphology of the cell.
247.	Medial vestibular neuron models (Quadroni and Knopfel 1994)
		The structure and the parameters of the model cells were chosen to reproduce the responses of type A and type B MVNns as described in electrophysiological recordings. The emergence of oscillatory firing under these two specific experimental conditions is consistent with electrophysiological recordings not used during construction of the model. We, therefore, suggest that these models have a high predictive value.
248.	Microcircuits of L5 thick tufted pyramidal cells (Hay & Segev 2015)
		"... We simulated detailed conductance-based models of TTCs (Layer 5 thick tufted pyramidal cells) forming recurrent microcircuits that were interconnected as found experimentally; the network was embedded in a realistic background synaptic activity. ... Our findings indicate that dendritic nonlinearities are pivotal in controlling the gain and the computational functions of TTCs microcircuits, which serve as a dominant output source for the neocortex. "
249.	Mixed mode oscillations as a mechanism for pseudo-plateau bursting (Vo et al. 2010)
		"We combine bifurcation analysis with the theory of canard-induced mixed mode oscillations to investigate the dynamics of a novel form of bursting. This bursting oscillation, which arises from a model of the electrical activity of a pituitary cell, is characterized by small impulses or spikes riding on top of an elevated voltage plateau. ..."
250.	Model of SK current`s influence on precision in Globus Pallidus Neurons (Deister et al. 2009)
		" ... In numerical simulations, the availability of both Na+ and A-type K+ channels during autonomous firing were reduced when SK channels were removed, and a nearly equal reduction in Na+ and K+ subthreshold-activated ion channel availability produced a large decrease in the neuron's slope conductance near threshold. This change made the neuron more sensitive to intrinsically generated noise. In vivo, this change would also enhance the sensitivity of GP (Globus Pallidus) neurons to small synaptic inputs."
251.	Model of the cerebellar granular network (Sudhakar et al 2017)
		"The granular layer, which mainly consists of granule and Golgi cells, is the first stage of the cerebellar cortex and processes spatiotemporal information transmitted by mossy fiber inputs with a wide variety of firing patterns. To study its dynamics at multiple time scales in response to inputs approximating real spatiotemporal patterns, we constructed a large-scale 3D network model of the granular layer. ..."
252.	Modeling interactions in Aplysia neuron R15 (Yu et al 2004)
		"The biophysical properties of neuron R15 in Aplysia endow it with the ability to express multiple modes of oscillatory electrical activity, such as beating and bursting. Previous modeling studies examined the ways in which membrane conductances contribute to the electrical activity of R15 and the ways in which extrinsic modulatory inputs alter the membrane conductances by biochemical cascades and influence the electrical activity. The goals of the present study were to examine the ways in which electrical activity influences the biochemical cascades and what dynamical properties emerge from the ongoing interactions between electrical activity and these cascades." See paper for more and details.
253.	Modelling reduced excitability in aged CA1 neurons as a Ca-dependent process (Markaki et al. 2005)
		"We use a multi-compartmental model of a CA1 pyramidal cell to study changes in hippocampal excitability that result from aging-induced alterations in calcium-dependent membrane mechanisms. The model incorporates N- and L-type calcium channels which are respectively coupled to fast and slow afterhyperpolarization potassium channels. Model parameters are calibrated using physiological data. Computer simulations reproduce the decreased excitability of aged CA1 cells, which results from increased internal calcium accumulation, subsequently larger postburst slow afterhyperpolarization, and enhanced spike frequency adaptation. We find that aging-induced alterations in CA1 excitability can be modelled with simple coupling mechanisms that selectively link specific types of calcium channels to specific calcium-dependent potassium channels."
254.	Modulation of septo-hippocampal theta activity by GABAA receptors (Hajos et al. 2004)
		Theta frequency oscillation of the septo-hippocampal system has been considered as a prominent activity associated with cognitive function and affective processes. ... In the present experiments we applied a combination of computational and physiological techniques to explore the functional role of GABAA receptors in theta oscillation. ... In parallel to these experimental observations, a computational model has been constructed by implementing a septal GABA neuron model with a CA1 hippocampal model containing three types of neurons (including oriens and basket interneurons and pyramidal cells; latter modeled by multicompartmental techniques; for detailed model description with network parameters see online addendum: http://geza.kzoo.edu/theta). This connectivity made the network capable of simulating the responses of the septo-hippocampal circuitry to the modulation of GABAA transmission, and the presently described computational model proved suitable to reveal several aspects of pharmacological modulation of GABAA receptors. In addition, computational findings indicated different roles of distinctively located GABAA receptors in theta generation.
255.	Morphological determinants of action potential dynamics in substantia nigra (Moubarak et al 2022)
		This model allows to simulate pacemaking activity in 37 fully reconstructed neurons. Calcium and sodium conductances vary by 11 increments in the Axon bearing dendrite part to simulate a 11*11*37 models. For each model Action potential (AP) properties are measured : frequency, amplitude, Threshold, Half duration, max first and second derivative. AP and conductances traces are then saved in a csv file.
256.	Multi-comp. CA1 O-LM interneuron model with varying dendritic Ih distributions (Sekulic et al 2015)
		The model presented here was used to investigate possible dendritic distributions of the HCN channel-mediated current (Ih) in models of oriens-lacunosum/moleculare (O-LM) CA1 hippocampal interneurons. Physiological effects of varying the dendritic distributions consisted of examining back-propagating action potential speeds.
257.	Multicompartmental cerebellar granule cell model (Diwakar et al. 2009)
		A detailed multicompartmental model was used to study neuronal electroresponsiveness of cerebellar granule cells in rats. Here we show that, in cerebellar granule cells, Na+ channels are enriched in the axon, especially in the hillock, but almost absent from soma and dendrites. Numerical simulations indicated that granule cells have a compact electrotonic structure allowing EPSPs to diffuse with little attenuation from dendrites to axon. The spike arose almost simultaneously along the whole axonal ascending branch and invaded the hillock, whose activation promoted spike back-propagation with marginal delay (<200 micros) and attenuation (<20 mV) into the somato-dendritic compartment. For details check the cited article.
258.	Multiscale interactions between chemical and electric signaling in LTP (Bhalla 2011)
		"Synaptic plasticity leads to long-term changes in excitability, whereas cellular homeostasis maintains excitability. Both these processes involve interactions between molecular events, electrical events, and network activity. Here I explore these intersections with a multilevel model that embeds molecular events following synaptic calcium influx into a multicompartmental electrical model of a CA1 hippocampal neuron. ..."
259.	Multiscale simulation of the striatal medium spiny neuron (Mattioni & Le Novere 2013)
		"… We present a new event-driven algorithm to synchronize different neuronal models, which decreases computational time and avoids superfluous synchronizations. The algorithm is implemented in the TimeScales framework. We demonstrate its use by simulating a new multiscale model of the Medium Spiny Neuron of the Neostriatum. The model comprises over a thousand dendritic spines, where the electrical model interacts with the respective instances of a biochemical model. Our results show that a multiscale model is able to exhibit changes of synaptic plasticity as a result of the interaction between electrical and biochemical signaling. …"
260.	Multitarget pharmacology for Dystonia in M1 (Neymotin et al 2016)
		" ... We developed a multiscale model of primary motor cortex, ranging from molecular, up to cellular, and network levels, containing 1715 compartmental model neurons with multiple ion channels and intracellular molecular dynamics. We wired the model based on electrophysiological data obtained from mouse motor cortex circuit mapping experiments. We used the model to reproduce patterns of heightened activity seen in dystonia by applying independent random variations in parameters to identify pathological parameter sets. ..."
261.	MyFirstNEURON (Houweling, Sejnowski 1997)
		MyFirstNEURON is a NEURON demo by Arthur Houweling and Terry Sejnowski. Perform experiments from the book 'Electrophysiology of the Neuron, A Companion to Shepherd's Neurobiology, An Interactive Tutorial' by John Huguenard & David McCormick, Oxford University Press 1997, or design your own one or two cell simulation.
262.	Na channel mutations in the dentate gyrus (Thomas et al. 2009)
		These are source files to generate the data in Figure 6 from "Mossy fiber sprouting interacts with sodium channel mutations to increase dentate gyrus excitability" Thomas EA, Reid CA, Petrou S, Epilepsia (2009)
263.	NAcc medium spiny neuron: effects of cannabinoid withdrawal (Spiga et al. 2010)
		Cannabinoid withdrawal produces a hypofunction of dopaminergic neurons targeting medium spiny neurons (MSN) of the forebrain. Administration of a CB1 receptor antagonist to control rats provoked structural abnormalities, reminiscent of those observed in withdrawal conditions and support the regulatory role of cannabinoids in neurogenesis, axonal growth and synaptogenesis. Experimental observations were incorporated into a realistic computational model which predicts a strong reduction in the excitability of morphologically-altered MSN, yielding a significant reduction in action potential output. These paper provided direct morphological evidence for functional abnormalities associated with cannabinoid dependence at the level of dopaminergic neurons and their post synaptic counterpart, supporting a hypodopaminergic state as a distinctive feature of the “addicted brain”.
264.	Neocortical Layer I: I-A and I-K (Zhou, Hablitz 1996)
		NEURON mod files for the I-A and I-K currents from the paper: Zhou FM, Hablitz JJ. Layer I neurons of the rat neocortex. II. Voltage-dependent outward currents. J Neurophysiol 1996 76:668-82.
265.	Network model of the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex (Maex, De Schutter 1998)
		We computed the steady-state activity of a large-scale model of the granular layer of the rat cerebellum. Within a few tens of milliseconds after the start of random mossy fiber input, the populations of Golgi and granule cells became entrained in a single synchronous oscillation, the basic frequency of which ranged from 10 to 40 Hz depending on the average rate of firing in the mossy fiber population. ... The synchronous, rhythmic firing pattern was robust over a broad range of biologically realistic parameter values and to parameter randomization. Three conditions, however, made the oscillations more transient and could desynchronize the entire network in the end: a very low mossy fiber activity, a very dominant excitation of Golgi cells through mossy fiber synapses (rather than through parallel fiber synapses), and a tonic activation of granule cell GABAA receptors (with an almost complete absence of synaptically induced inhibitory postsynaptic currents). The model predicts that, under conditions of strong mossy fiber input to the cerebellum, Golgi cells do not only control the strength of parallel fiber activity but also the timing of the individual spikes. Provided that their parallel fiber synapses constitute an important source of excitation, Golgi cells fire rhythmically and synchronized with granule cells over large distances along the parallel fiber axis. See paper for more and details.
266.	Network model with neocortical architecture (Anderson et al 2007,2012; Azhar et al 2012)
		Architecturally realistic neocortical model using seven classes of excitatory and inhibitory single compartment Hodgkin-Huxley cells. This is an addendum to ModelDB Accession # 98902, Studies of stimulus parameters for seizure disruption (Anderson et al. 2007). Wiring is adapted from the minicolumn hypothesis and incorporates visual and neocortical wiring data. Simulation demonstrates spontaneous bursting onset and cessation. This activity can be induced by random fluctuations in the surrounding background input.
267.	Network recruitment to coherent oscillations in a hippocampal model (Stacey et al. 2011)
		"... Here we demonstrate, via a detailed computational model, a mechanism whereby physiological noise and coupling initiate oscillations and then recruit neighboring tissue, in a manner well described by a combination of Stochastic Resonance and Coherence Resonance. We develop a novel statistical method to quantify recruitment using several measures of network synchrony. This measurement demonstrates that oscillations spread via preexisting network connections such as interneuronal connections, recurrent synapses, and gap junctions, provided that neighboring cells also receive sufficient inputs in the form of random synaptic noise. ..."
268.	Neuronal dendrite calcium wave model (Neymotin et al, 2015)
		"... We developed a reaction-diffusion model of an apical dendrite with diffusible inositol triphosphate (IP3 ), diffusible Ca2+, IP3 receptors (IP3 Rs), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ leak, and ER pump (SERCA) on ER. ... At least two modes of Ca2+ wave spread have been suggested: a continuous mode based on presumed relative homogeneity of ER within the cell; and a pseudo-saltatory model where Ca2+ regeneration occurs at discrete points with diffusion between them. We compared the effects of three patterns of hypothesized IP3 R distribution: 1. continuous homogeneous ER, 2. hotspots with increased IP3R density (IP3 R hotspots), 3. areas of increased ER density (ER stacks). All three modes produced Ca2+ waves with velocities similar to those measured in vitro (~50 - 90µm /sec). ... The measures were sensitive to changes in density and spacing of IP3 R hotspots and stacks. ... An extended electrochemical model, including voltage gated calcium channels and AMPA synapses, demonstrated that membrane priming via AMPA stimulation enhances subsequent Ca2+ wave amplitude and duration. Our modeling suggests that pharmacological targeting of IP3 Rs and SERCA could allow modulation of Ca2+ wave propagation in diseases where Ca2+ dysregulation has been implicated. "
269.	Neuronal morphology goes digital ... (Parekh & Ascoli 2013)
		An illustration of a NEURON model and why reconstructing morphologies is useful in this regard (i.e. investigating spatial/temporal aspect of how different currents and voltage propagate in dendrites).
270.	Neurophysiological impact of inactivation pathways in A-type K+ channels (Fineberg et al 2012)
		These models predict the differential effects of varying pathways of inactivation (closed state inactivation, CSI, or open state inactivation, OSI). Specifically, Markov models of Kv4 potassium channels with CSI or CSI+OSI were inserted into the CA1 pyramidal neuron model from Migliore et al (1999; ModelDB accession #2796) to determine the neurophysiological impact of inactivation pathways. Furthermore, Markov models of Kv4.2 and Kv3.4 channels are used to illustrate a method by which to test what pathway of inactivation a channel uses.
271.	Nigral dopaminergic neurons: effects of ethanol on Ih (Migliore et al. 2008)
		We use a realistic computational model of dopaminergic neurons in vivo to suggest that ethanol, through its effects on Ih, modifies the temporal structure of the spiking activity. The model predicts that the dopamine level may increase much more during bursting than pacemaking activity, especially in those brain regions with a slow dopamine clearance rate. The results suggest that a selective pharmacological remedy could thus be devised against the rewarding effects of ethanol that are postulated to mediate alcohol abuse and addiction, targeting the specific HCN genes expressed in dopaminergic neurons.
272.	NMDA subunit effects on Calcium and STDP (Evans et al. 2012)
		Effect of NMDA subunit on spike timing dependent plasticity.
273.	Nodose sensory neuron (Schild et al. 1994, Schild and Kunze 1997)
		This is a simulink implementation of the model described in Schild et al. 1994, and Schild and Kunze 1997 papers on Nodose sensory neurons. These papers describe the sensitivity these models have to their parameters and the match of the models to experimental data.
274.	Normal ripples, abnormal ripples, and fast ripples in a hippocampal model (Fink et al. 2015)
		"...We use a computational model of hippocampus to investigate possible network mechanisms underpinning normal ripples, pathological ripples, and fast ripples. Our results unify several prior findings regarding HFO mechanisms, and also make several new predictions regarding abnormal HFOs. We show that HFOs are generic, emergent phenomena whose characteristics reflect a wide range of connectivity and network input. Although produced by different mechanisms, both normal and abnormal HFOs generate similar ripple frequencies, underscoring that peak frequency is unable to distinguish the two. Abnormal ripples are generic phenomena that arise when input to pyramidal cells overcomes network inhibition, resulting in high-frequency, uncoordinated firing. In addition, fast ripples transiently and sporadically arise from the precise conditions that produce abnormal ripples. Lastly, we show that such abnormal conditions do not require any specific network structure to produce coherent HFOs, as even completely asynchronous activity is capable of producing abnormal ripples and fast ripples in this manner. These results provide a generic, network-based explanation for the link between pathological ripples and fast ripples, and a unifying description for the entire spectrum from normal ripples to pathological fast ripples."
275.	O-LM interneuron model (Lawrence et al. 2006)
		Exploring the kinetics and distribution of the muscarinic potassium channel, IM, in 2 O-LM interneuron morphologies. Modulation of the ion channel by drugs such as XE991 (antagonist) and retigabine (agonist) are simulated in the models to examine the role of IM in spiking properties.
276.	Olfactory bulb granule cell: effects of odor deprivation (Saghatelyan et al 2005)
		The model supports the experimental findings on the effects of postnatal odor deprivation, and shows that a -10mV shift in the Na activation or a reduction in the dendritic length of newborn GC could independently explain the observed increase in excitability.
277.	Olfactory bulb microcircuits model with dual-layer inhibition (Gilra & Bhalla 2015)
		A detailed network model of the dual-layer dendro-dendritic inhibitory microcircuits in the rat olfactory bulb comprising compartmental mitral, granule and PG cells developed by Aditya Gilra, Upinder S. Bhalla (2015). All cell morphologies and network connections are in NeuroML v1.8.0. PG and granule cell channels and synapses are also in NeuroML v1.8.0. Mitral cell channels and synapses are in native python.
278.	Olfactory bulb mitral and granule cell column formation (Migliore et al. 2007)
		In the olfactory bulb, the processing units for odor discrimination are believed to involve dendrodendritic synaptic interactions between mitral and granule cells. There is increasing anatomical evidence that these cells are organized in columns, and that the columns processing a given odor are arranged in widely distributed arrays. Experimental evidence is lacking on the underlying learning mechanisms for how these columns and arrays are formed. We have used a simplified realistic circuit model to test the hypothesis that distributed connectivity can self-organize through an activity-dependent dendrodendritic synaptic mechanism. The results point to action potentials propagating in the mitral cell lateral dendrites as playing a critical role in this mechanism, and suggest a novel and robust learning mechanism for the development of distributed processing units in a cortical structure.
279.	Olfactory bulb mitral and granule cell: dendrodendritic microcircuits (Migliore and Shepherd 2008)
		This model shows how backpropagating action potentials in the long lateral dendrites of mitral cells, together with granule cell actions on mitral cells within narrow columns forming glomerular units, can provide a mechanism to activate strong local inhibition between arbitrarily distant mitral cells. The simulations predict a new role for the dendrodendritic synapses in the multicolumnar organization of the granule cells.
280.	Olfactory bulb mitral cell gap junction NN model: burst firing and synchrony (O`Connor et al. 2012)
		In a network of 6 mitral cells connected by gap junction in the apical dendrite tuft, continuous current injections of 0.06 nA are injected into 20 locations in the apical tufts of two of the mitral cells. The current injections into one of the cells starts 10 ms after the other to generate asynchronous firing in the cells (Migliore et al. 2005 protocol). Firing of the cells is asynchronous for the first 120 ms. However after the burst firing phase is completed the firing in all cells becomes synchronous.
281.	Olfactory bulb mitral cell: synchronization by gap junctions (Migliore et al 2005)
		In a realistic model of two electrically connected mitral cells, the paper shows that the somatically-measured experimental properties of Gap Junctions (GJs) may correspond to a variety of different local coupling strengths and dendritic distributions of GJs in the tuft. The model suggests that the propagation of the GJ-induced local tuft depolarization is a major mechanim for intraglomerular synchronization of mitral cells.
282.	Olfactory Bulb Network (Davison et al 2003)
		A biologically-detailed model of the mammalian olfactory bulb, incorporating the mitral and granule cells and the dendrodendritic synapses between them. The results of simulation experiments with electrical stimulation agree closely in most details with published experimental data. The model predicts that the time course of dendrodendritic inhibition is dependent on the network connectivity as well as on the intrinsic parameters of the synapses. In response to simulated odor stimulation, strongly activated mitral cells tend to suppress neighboring cells, the mitral cells readily synchronize their firing, and increasing the stimulus intensity increases the degree of synchronization. For more details, see the reference below.
283.	Olfactory bulb network model of gamma oscillations (Bathellier et al. 2006; Lagier et al. 2007)
		This model implements a network of 100 mitral cells connected with asynchronous inhibitory "synapses" that is meant to reproduce the GABAergic transmission of ensembles of connected granule cells. For appropriate parameters of this special synapse the model generates gamma oscillations with properties very similar to what is observed in olfactory bulb slices (See Bathellier et al. 2006, Lagier et al. 2007). Mitral cells are modeled as single compartment neurons with a small number of different voltage gated channels. Parameters were tuned to reproduce the fast subthreshold oscillation of the membrane potential observed experimentally (see Desmaisons et al. 1999).
284.	Olfactory Computations in Mitral-Granule cell circuits (Migliore & McTavish 2013)
		Model files for the entry "Olfactory Computations in Mitral-Granule Cell Circuits" of the Springer Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience by Michele Migliore and Tom Mctavish. The simulations illustrate two typical Mitral-Granule cell circuits in the olfactory bulb of vertebrates: distance-independent lateral inhibition and gating effects.
285.	Olfactory Mitral Cell (Bhalla, Bower 1993)
		This is a conversion to NEURON of the mitral cell model described in Bhalla and Bower (1993). The original model was written in GENESIS and is available by joining BABEL, the GENESIS users' group here http://www.genesis-sim.org/GENESIS/babel.html
286.	Olfactory Mitral Cell (Davison et al 2000)
		A four-compartment model of a mammalian olfactory bulb mitral cell, reduced from the complex 286-compartment model described by Bhalla and Bower (1993). The compartments are soma/axon, secondary dendrites, primary dendrite shaft and primary dendrite tuft. The reduced model runs 75 or more times faster than the full model, making its use in large, realistic network models of the olfactory bulb practical.
287.	Opposing roles for Na+/Ca2+ exchange and Ca2+-activated K+ currents during STDP (O`Halloran 2020)
		"Sodium Calcium exchanger (NCX) proteins utilize the electrochemical gradient of Na+ to generate Ca2+ efflux (forward mode) or influx (reverse mode). In mammals, there are three unique NCX encoding genes-NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3, that comprise the SLC8A family, and mRNA from all three exchangers is expressed in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Furthermore, mutant ncx2-/- and ncx3-/- mice have each been shown to exhibit altered long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 region due to delayed Ca2+ clearance after depolarization that alters synaptic transmission. In addition to the role of NCX at the synapse of hippocampal subfields required for LTP, the three NCX isoforms have also been shown to localize to the dendrite of hippocampal pyramidal cells. In the case of NCX1, it has been shown to localize throughout the basal and apical dendrite of CA1 neurons where it helps compartmentalize Ca2+ between dendritic shafts and spines. Given the role for NCX and calcium in synaptic plasticity, the capacity of NCX splice-forms to influence backpropagating action potentials has clear consequences for the induction of spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity (STDP). To explore this, we examined the effect of NCX localization, density, and allosteric activation on forward and back propagating signals and, next employed a STDP paradigm to monitor the effect of NCX on plasticity using back propagating action potentials paired with EPSPs. From our simulation studies we identified a role for the sodium calcium exchange current in normalizing STDP, and demonstrate that NCX is required at the postsynaptic site for this response. We also screened other mechanisms in our model and identified a role for the Ca2+ activated K+ current at the postsynapse in producing STDP responses. Together, our data reveal opposing roles for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger current and the Ca2+ activated K+ current in setting STDP."
288.	Orientation preference in L23 V1 pyramidal neurons (Park et al 2019)
		"Pyramidal neurons integrate synaptic inputs from basal and apical dendrites to generate stimulus-specific responses. It has been proposed that feed-forward inputs to basal dendrites drive a neuron’s stimulus preference, while feedback inputs to apical dendrites sharpen selectivity. However, how a neuron’s dendritic domains relate to its functional selectivity has not been demonstrated experimentally. We performed 2-photon dendritic micro-dissection on layer-2/3 pyramidal neurons in mouse primary visual cortex. We found that removing the apical dendritic tuft did not alter orientation-tuning. Furthermore, orientation-tuning curves were remarkably robust to the removal of basal dendrites: ablation of 2 basal dendrites was needed to cause a small shift in orientation preference, without significantly altering tuning width. Computational modeling corroborated our results and put limits on how orientation preferences among basal dendrites differ in order to reproduce the post-ablation data. In conclusion, neuronal orientation-tuning appears remarkably robust to loss of dendritic input."
289.	Origin of heterogeneous spiking patterns in spinal dorsal horn neurons (Balachandar & Prescott 2018)
		"Neurons are often classified by spiking pattern. Yet, some neurons exhibit distinct patterns under subtly different test conditions, which suggests that they operate near an abrupt transition, or bifurcation. A set of such neurons may exhibit heterogeneous spiking patterns not because of qualitative differences in which ion channels they express, but rather because quantitative differences in expression levels cause neurons to operate on opposite sides of a bifurcation. Neurons in the spinal dorsal horn, for example, respond to somatic current injection with patterns that include tonic, single, gap, delayed and reluctant spiking. It is unclear whether these patterns reflect five cell populations (defined by distinct ion channel expression patterns), heterogeneity within a single population, or some combination thereof. We reproduced all five spiking patterns in a computational model by varying the densities of a low-threshold (KV1-type) potassium conductance and an inactivating (A-type) potassium conductance and found that single, gap, delayed and reluctant spiking arise when the joint probability distribution of those channel densities spans two intersecting bifurcations that divide the parameter space into quadrants, each associated with a different spiking pattern. ... "
290.	Paired turbulence and light effect on calcium increase in Hermissenda (Blackwell 2004)
		The sea slug Hermissenda learns to associate light and hair cell stimulation, but not when the stimuli are temporally uncorrelated...These issues were addressed using a multi-compartmental computer model of phototransduction, calcium dynamics, and ionic currents of the Hermissenda photoreceptor...simulations show that a potassium leak channel, which closes with an increase in calcium, is required to produce both the untrained LLD and the enhanced LLD due to the decrease in voltage dependent potassium currents.
291.	Paradoxical GABA-mediated excitation (Lewin et al. 2012)
		"GABA is the key inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system, but in some circumstances can lead to a paradoxical excitation that has been causally implicated in diverse pathologies from endocrine stress responses to diseases of excitability including neuropathic pain and temporal lobe epilepsy. We undertook a computational modeling approach to determine plausible ionic mechanisms of GABAA-dependent excitation in isolated post-synaptic CA1 hippocampal neurons because it may constitute a trigger for pathological synchronous epileptiform discharge. In particular, the interplay intracellular chloride accumulation via the GABAA receptor and extracellular potassium accumulation via the K/Cl co-transporter KCC2 in promoting GABAA-mediated excitation is complex. ..."
292.	Parallel odor processing by mitral and middle tufted cells in the OB (Cavarretta et al 2016, 2018)
		"[...] experimental findings suggest that MC and mTC may encode parallel and complementary odor representations. We have analyzed the functional roles of these pathways by using a morphologically and physiologically realistic three-dimensional model to explore the MC and mTC microcircuits in the glomerular layer and deeper plexiform layers. [...]"
293.	Parallel Tempering MCMC on Liu et al 1998 (Wang et al 2022)
		"... we propose using a particular Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, which has the advantage of inferring parameters in a Bayesian framework. The Bayesian approach is designed to be suitable for multimodal solutions to inverse problems. We introduce and demonstrate the method using a three-channel HH model. We then focus on the inference of nine parameters in an eight-channel HH model, which we analyze in detail. We explore how the MCMC algorithm can uncover complex relationships between inferred parameters using five injected current levels. The MCMC method provides as a result a nine-dimensional posterior distribution, which we analyze visually with solution maps or landscapes of the possible parameter sets..."
294.	Parametric computation and persistent gamma in a cortical model (Chambers et al. 2012)
		Using the Traub et al (2005) model of the cortex we determined how 33 synaptic strength parameters control gamma oscillations. We used fractional factorial design to reduce the number of runs required to 4096. We found an expected multiplicative interaction between parameters.
295.	Phase response curve of a globus pallidal neuron (Fujita et al. 2011)
		We investigated how changes in ionic conductances alter the phase response curve (PRC) of a globus pallidal (GP) neuron and stability of a synchronous activity of a GP network, using a single-compartmental conductance-based neuron model. The results showed the PRC and the stability were influenced by changes in the persistent sodium current, the Kv3 potassium, the M-type potassium and the calcium-dependent potassium current.
296.	Pleiotropic effects of SCZ-associated genes (Mäki-Marttunen et al. 2017)
		Python and MATLAB scripts for studying the dual effects of SCZ-related genes on layer 5 pyramidal cell firing and sinoatrial node cell pacemaking properties. The study is based on two L5PC models (Hay et al. 2011, Almog & Korngreen 2014) and SANC models (Kharche et al. 2011, Severi et al. 2012).
297.	Preserving axosomatic spiking features despite diverse dendritic morphology (Hay et al., 2013)
		The authors found that linearly scaling the ion channel conductance densities of a reference model with the conductance load in 28 3D reconstructed layer 5 thick-tufted pyramidal cells was necessary to match the experimental statistics of these cells electrical firing properties.
298.	Principles of Computational Modelling in Neuroscience (Book) (Sterratt et al. 2011)
		"... This book provides a step-by-step account of how to model the neuron and neural circuitry to understand the nervous system at all levels, from ion channels to networks. Starting with a simple model of the neuron as an electrical circuit, gradually more details are added to include the effects of neuronal morphology, synapses, ion channels and intracellular signaling. The principle of abstraction is explained through chapters on simplifying models, and how simplified models can be used in networks. This theme is continued in a final chapter on modeling the development of the nervous system. Requiring an elementary background in neuroscience and some high school mathematics, this textbook is an ideal basis for a course on computational neuroscience."
299.	Pyramidal neuron coincidence detection tuned by dendritic branching pattern (Schaefer et al 2003)
		"... We examined the relationship between dendritic arborization and the coupling between somatic and dendritic action potential (AP) initiation sites in layer 5 (L5) neocortical pyramidal neurons. Coupling was defined as the relative reduction in threshold for initiation of a dendritic calcium AP due to a coincident back-propagating AP. Simulations based on reconstructions of biocytin-filled cells showed that addition of oblique branches of the main apical dendrite in close proximity to the soma (d < 140 um) increases the coupling between the apical and axosomatic AP initiation zones, whereas incorporation of distal branches decreases coupling. ... We conclude that variation in dendritic arborization may be a key determinant of variability in coupling (49+-17%; range 19-83%; n = 37) and is likely to outweigh the contribution made by variations in active membrane properties. Thus coincidence detection of inputs arriving from different cortical layers is strongly regulated by differences in dendritic arborization."
300.	Pyramidal Neuron Deep: Constrained by experiment (Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen et al. 2005)
		"... As a practical demonstration of the use of CoCoDat we constructed a detailed computer model of an intrinsically bursting (IB) layer V pyramidal neuron from the rat barrel cortex supplementing experimental data (Schubert et al., 2001) with information extracted from the database. The pyramidal neuron morphology (Fig. 10B) was reconstructed from histological sections of a biocytin-stained IB neuron using the NeuroLucida software package..."
301.	Pyramidal Neuron Deep: K+ kinetics (Korngreen, Sakmann 2000)
		NEURON mod files for the slow and fast K+ currents from the paper: Voltage-gated K+ channels in layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurones from young rats: subtypes and gradients A. Korngreen and B. Sakmann, J.Physiol. 525.3, 621-639 (2000).
302.	Pyramidal neuron, fast, regular, and irregular spiking interneurons (Konstantoudaki et al 2014)
		This is a model network of prefrontal cortical microcircuit based primarily on rodent data. It includes 16 pyramidal model neurons, 2 fast spiking interneuron models, 1 regular spiking interneuron model and 1 irregular spiking interneuron model. The goal of the paper was to use this model network to determine the role of specific interneuron subtypes in persistent activity
303.	Rapid desynchronization of an electrically coupled Golgi cell network (Vervaeke et al. 2010)
		Electrical synapses between interneurons contribute to synchronized firing and network oscillations in the brain. However, little is known about how such networks respond to excitatory synaptic input. In addition to detailed electrophysiological recordings and histological investigations of electrically coupled Golgi cells in the cerebellum, a detailed network model of these cells was created. The cell models are based on reconstructed Golgi cell morphologies and the active conductances are taken from an earlier abstract Golgi cell model (Solinas et al 2007, accession no. 112685). Our results show that gap junction coupling can sometimes be inhibitory and either promote network synchronization or trigger rapid network desynchronization depending on the synaptic input. The model is available as a neuroConstruct project and can executable scripts can be generated for the NEURON simulator.
304.	Reduced-morphology model of CA1 pyramidal cells optimized + validated w/ HippoUnit (Tomko et al '21)
		Here we employ the HippoUnit tests to optimize and validate our new compartmental model with reduced morphology. We show that our model is able to account for the following six well-established characteristic anatomical and physiological properties of CA1 pyramidal cells: (1) The reduced dendritic morphology contains all major dendritic branch classes. In addition to anatomy, the model reproduces also 5 key physiological features, including (2) somatic electrophysiological responses, (3) depolarization block, (4) EPSP attenuation (5) action potential (AP) backpropagation, and (6) synaptic integration at oblique dendrites.
305.	Regulation of firing frequency in a midbrain dopaminergic neuron model (Kuznetsova et al. 2010)
		A dopaminergic (DA) neuron model with a morphologicaly realistic dendritic architecture. The model captures several salient features of DA neurons under different pharmacological manipulations and exhibits depolarization block for sufficiently high current pulses applied to the soma.
306.	Regulation of the firing pattern in dopamine neurons (Komendantov et al 2004)
		Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons in vivo exhibit two major firing patterns: single-spike firing and burst firing. The firing pattern expressed is dependent on both the intrinsic properties of the neurons and their excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Experimental data suggest that the activation of NMDA and GABAA receptors is crucial contributor to the initiation and suppression of burst firing, respectively, and that blocking calcium-activated potassium channels can facilitate burst firing. This multi-compartmental model of a DA neuron with a branching structure was developed and calibrated based on in vitro experimental data to explore the effects of different levels of activation of NMDA and GABAA receptors as well as the modulation of the SK current on the firing activity.
307.	Retinal Ganglion Cell: I-A (Benison et al 2001)
		NEURON mod files for the K-A current from the papers: (model) Benison G, Keizer J, Chalupa LM, Robinson DW. Modeling temporal behavior of postnatal cat retinal ganglion cells. J.Theor.Biol. 210:187-199 (2001) and (experiment) Skaliora I, Robinson DW, Scobey RP, Chalupa LM., Properties of K+ conductances in cat retinal ganglion cells during the period of activity-mediated refinements in retinofugal pathways. Eur.J.Neurosci. 7:1558-1568 (1995).
308.	Rhesus Monkey Layer 3 Pyramidal Neurons: Young vs aged PFC (Coskren et al. 2015)
		Layer 3 (L3) pyramidal neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of rhesus monkeys exhibit dendritic regression, spine loss and increased action potential (AP) firing rates during normal aging. The relationship between these structural and functional alterations, if any, is unknown. Computational models using the digital reconstructions with Hodgkin-Huxley and AMPA channels allowed us to assess relationships between demonstrated age-related changes and to predict physiological changes that have not yet been tested empirically. Tuning passive parameters for each model predicted significantly higher membrane resistance (Rm) in aged versus young neurons. This Rm increase alone did not account for the empirically observed fI-curves, but coupling these Rm values with subtle differences in morphology and membrane capacitance Cm did. The predicted differences in passive parameters (or other parameters with similar effects) are mathematically plausible, but must be tested empirically.
309.	Rhesus Monkey Young and Aged L3 PFC Pyramidal Neurons (Rumbell et al. 2016)
		A stereotypical pyramidal neuron morphology with ion channel parameter combinations that reproduce firing patterns of one young and one aged rhesus monkey L3 PFC pyramidal neurons. Parameters were found through an automated optimization method.
310.	Robust and tunable bursting requires slow positive feedback (Franci et al 2018)
		"We highlight that the robustness and tunability of a bursting model critically rely on currents that provide slow positive feedback to the membrane potential. Such currents have the ability to make the total conductance of the circuit negative in a timescale that is termed “slow” because it is intermediate between the fast timescale of the spike upstroke and the ultraslow timescale of even slower adaptation currents. We discuss how such currents can be assessed either in voltage-clamp experiments or in computational models. We show that, while frequent in the literature, mathematical and computational models of bursting that lack the slow negative conductance are fragile and rigid. Our results suggest that modeling the slow negative conductance of cellular models is important when studying the neuromodulation of rhythmic circuits at any broader scale."
311.	Role of afferent-hair cell connectivity in determining spike train regularity (Holmes et al 2017)
		"Vestibular bouton afferent terminals in turtle utricle can be categorized into four types depending on their location and terminal arbor structure: lateral extrastriolar (LES), striolar, juxtastriolar, and medial extrastriolar (MES). The terminal arbors of these afferents differ in surface area, total length, collecting area, number of boutons, number of bouton contacts per hair cell, and axon diameter (Huwe JA, Logan CJ, Williams B, Rowe MH, Peterson EH. J Neurophysiol 113: 2420 –2433, 2015). To understand how differences in terminal morphology and the resulting hair cell inputs might affect afferent response properties, we modeled representative afferents from each region, using reconstructed bouton afferents. ..."
312.	Role of the AIS in the control of spontaneous frequency of dopaminergic neurons (Meza et al 2017)
		Computational modeling showed that the size of the Axon Initial Segment (AIS), but not its position within the somatodendritic domain, is the major causal determinant of the tonic firing rate in the intact model, by virtue of the higher intrinsic frequency of the isolated AIS. Further mechanistic analysis of the relationship between neuronal morphology and firing rate showed that dopaminergic neurons function as a coupled oscillator whose frequency of discharge results from a compromise between AIS and somatodendritic oscillators.
313.	Roles of I(A) and morphology in AP prop. in CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites (Acker and White 2007)
		" ...Using conductance-based models of CA1 pyramidal cells, we show that underlying “traveling wave attractors” control action potential propagation in the apical dendrites. By computing these attractors, we dissect and quantify the effects of IA channels and dendritic morphology on bAP amplitudes. We find that non-uniform activation properties of IA can lead to backpropagation failure similar to that observed experimentally in these cells. ... "
314.	Salamander retinal ganglian cells: morphology influences firing (Sheasby, Fohlmeister 1999)
		Nerve impulse entrainment and other excitation and passive phenomena are analyzed for a morphologically diverse and exhaustive data set (n=57) of realistic (3-dimensional computer traced) soma-dendritic tree structures of ganglion cells in the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) retina.
315.	Salamander retinal ganglion cell: ion channels (Fohlmeister, Miller 1997)
		A realistic five (5) channel spiking model reproduces the bursting behavior of tiger salamander ganglion cells in the retina. Please see the readme for more information.
316.	Self-organized olfactory pattern recognition (Kaplan & Lansner 2014)
		" ... We present a large-scale network model with single and multi-compartmental Hodgkin–Huxley type model neurons representing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the epithelium, periglomerular cells, mitral/tufted cells and granule cells in the olfactory bulb (OB), and three types of cortical cells in the piriform cortex (PC). Odor patterns are calculated based on affinities between ORNs and odor stimuli derived from physico-chemical descriptors of behaviorally relevant real-world odorants. ... The PC was implemented as a modular attractor network with a recurrent connectivity that was likewise organized through Hebbian–Bayesian learning. We demonstrate the functionality of the model in a one-sniff-learning and recognition task on a set of 50 odorants. Furthermore, we study its robustness against noise on the receptor level and its ability to perform concentration invariant odor recognition. Moreover, we investigate the pattern completion capabilities of the system and rivalry dynamics for odor mixtures."
317.	Serotonergic modulation of Aplysia sensory neurons (Baxter et al 1999)
		The present study investigated how the modulation of these currents altered the spike duration and excitability of sensory neurons and examined the relative contributions of PKA- and PKC-mediated effects to the actions of 5-HT. A Hodgkin-Huxley type model was developed that described the ionic conductances in the somata of sensory neurons. The descriptions of these currents and their modulation were based largely on voltageclamp data from sensory neurons. Simulations were preformed with the program SNNAP (Simulator for Neural Networks and Action Potentials). The model was sufficient to replicate empirical data that describes the membrane currents, action potential waveform and excitability as well as their modulation by application of 5-HT, increased levels of adenosine cyclic monophosphate or application of active phorbol esters. The results provide several predictions that warrant additional experimental investigation and illustrate the importance of considering indirect as well as direct effects of modulatory agents on the modulation of membrane currents. See paper for more details.
318.	Shaping NMDA spikes by timed synaptic inhibition on L5PC (Doron et al. 2017)
		This work (published in "Timed synaptic inhibition shapes NMDA spikes, influencing local dendritic processing and global I/O properties of cortical neurons", Doron et al, Cell Reports, 2017), examines the effect of timed inhibition over dendritic NMDA spikes on L5PC (Based on Hay et al., 2011) and CA1 cell (Based on Grunditz et al. 2008 and Golding et al. 2001).
319.	Small world networks of Type I and Type II Excitable Neurons (Bogaard et al. 2009)
		Implemented with NEURON 5.9, four model neurons with varying excitability properties affect the spatiotemporal patterning of small world networks of homogeneous and heterogeneous cell population.
320.	Spatial summation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs in pyramidal neurons (Hao et al. 2010)
		"... Based on realistic modeling and experiments in rat hippocampal slices, we derived a simple arithmetic rule for spatial summation of concurrent excitatory glutamatergic inputs (E) and inhibitory GABAergic inputs (I). The somatic response can be well approximated as the sum of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), and a nonlinear term proportional to their product (k*EPSP*IPSP), where the coefficient k reflects the strength of shunting effect. ..."
321.	Specific inhibition of dendritic plateau potential in striatal projection neurons (Du et al 2017)
		We explored dendritic plateau potentials in a biophysically detailed SPN model. We coupled the dendritic plateaus to different types of inhibitions (dendritic fast and slow inhibitions, perisomatic inhibition from FS interneurons , etc.) We found the inhibition provides precise control over the plateau potential, and thus the spiking output of SPNs.
322.	Spinal Motor Neuron: Na, K_A, and K_DR currents (Safronov, Vogel 1995)
		NEURON mod files for the Na, K-A, and K-DR currents from the paper: Safronov, B.V. and Vogel,W. Single voltage-activated Na+ and K+ channels in the somata of rat motorneurons. Journal of Physiology 487.1:91-106 (1995). See the readme.txt file for more information.
323.	Spiny Projection Neuron Ca2+ based plasticity is robust to in vivo spike train (Dorman&Blackwell)
		"...we address the sensitivity of plasticity to trial-to-trial variability and delineate how spatiotemporal synaptic input patterns produce plasticity with in vivo-like conditions using a data-driven computational model with a calcium-based plasticity rule. Using in vivo spike train recordings as inputs, we show that plasticity is strongly robust to trial-to-trial variability of spike timing, and derive general synaptic plasticity rules describing how spatiotemporal patterns of synaptic inputs control the magnitude and direction of plasticity..."
324.	State dependent drug binding to sodium channels in the dentate gyrus (Thomas & Petrou 2013)
		A Markov model of sodium channels was developed that includes drug binding to fast inactivated states. This was incorporated into a model of the dentate gyrus to investigate the effects of anti-epileptic drugs on neuron and network properties.
325.	STDP and BDNF in CA1 spines (Solinas et al. 2019)
		Storing memory traces in the brain is essential for learning and memory formation. Memory traces are created by joint electrical activity in neurons that are interconnected by synapses and allow transferring electrical activity from a sending (presynaptic) to a receiving (postsynaptic) neuron. During learning, neurons that are co-active can tune synapses to become more effective. This process is called synaptic plasticity or long-term potentiation (LTP). Timing-dependent LTP (t-LTP) is a physiologically relevant type of synaptic plasticity that results from repeated sequential firing of action potentials (APs) in pre- and postsynaptic neurons. T-LTP is observed during learning in vivo and is a cellular correlate of memory formation. T-LTP can be elicited by different rhythms of synaptic activity that recruit distinct synaptic growth processes underlying t-LTP. The protein brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is released at synapses and mediates synaptic growth in response to specific rhythms of t-LTP stimulation, while other rhythms mediate BDNF-independent t-LTP. Here, we developed a realistic computational model that accounts for our previously published experimental results of BDNF-independent 1:1 t-LTP (pairing of 1 presynaptic with 1 postsynaptic AP) and BDNF-dependent 1:4 t-LTP (pairing of 1 presynaptic with 4 postsynaptic APs). The model explains the magnitude and time course of both t-LTP forms and allows predicting t-LTP properties that result from altered BDNF turnover. Since BDNF levels are decreased in demented patients, understanding the function of BDNF in memory processes is of utmost importance to counteract Alzheimer’s disease.
326.	STDP depends on dendritic synapse location (Letzkus et al. 2006)
		This model was published in Letzkus, Kampa & Stuart (2006) J Neurosci 26(41):10420-9. The simulation creates several plots showing voltage and NMDA current and conductance changes at different apical dendritic locations in layer 5 pyramidal neurons during STDP induction protocols. Created by B. Kampa (2006).
327.	Stochastic 3D model of neonatal rat spinal motoneuron (Ostroumov 2007)
		" ... Although existing models of motoneurons have indicated the distributed role of certain conductances in regulating firing, it is unclear how the spatial distribution of certain currents is ultimately shaping motoneuron output. Thus, it would be helpful to build a bridge between histological and electrophysiological data. The present report is based on the construction of a 3D motoneuron model based on available parameters applicable to the neonatal spinal cord. ..."
328.	Stochastic ion channels and neuronal morphology (Cannon et al. 2010)
		"... We introduce and validate new computational tools that enable efficient generation and simulation of models containing stochastic ion channels distributed across dendritic and axonal membranes. Comparison of five morphologically distinct neuronal cell types reveals that when all simulated neurons contain identical densities of stochastic ion channels, the amplitude of stochastic membrane potential fluctuations differs between cell types and depends on sub-cellular location. ..." The code is downloadable and more information is available at <a href="http://www.psics.org/">http://www.psics.org/</a>
329.	Striatal D1R medium spiny neuron, including a subcellular DA cascade (Lindroos et al 2018)
		We are investigating how dopaminergic modulation of single channels can be combined to make the D1R possitive MSN more excitable. We also connect multiple channels to substrates of a dopamine induced subcellular cascade to highlight that the classical pathway is too slow to explain DA induced kinetics in the subsecond range (Howe and Dombeck, 2016. doi: 10.1038/nature18942)
330.	Striatal Spiny Projection Neuron, inhibition enhances spatial specificity (Dorman et al 2018)
		We use a computational model of a striatal spiny projection neuron to investigate dendritic spine calcium dynamics in response to spatiotemporal patterns of synaptic inputs. We show that spine calcium elevation is stimulus-specific, with supralinear calcium elevation in cooperatively stimulated spines. Intermediate calcium elevation occurs in neighboring non-stimulated dendritic spines, predicting heterosynaptic effects. Inhibitory synaptic inputs enhance the difference between peak calcium in stimulated spines, and peak calcium in non-stimulated spines, thereby enhancing stimulus specificity.
331.	Striatum D1 Striosome and Matrix Upstates (Prager et al., 2020)
		"...We show that dopamine oppositely shapes responses to convergent excitatory inputs in mouse striosome and matrix striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Activation of postsynaptic D1 dopamine receptors promoted the generation of long-lasting synaptically evoked 'up-states' in matrix SPNs but opposed it in striosomes, which were more excitable under basal conditions. Differences in dopaminergic modulation were mediated, in part, by dendritic voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs): pharmacological manipulation of L-type VGCCs reversed compartment-specific responses to D1 receptor activation..."
332.	Studies of stimulus parameters for seizure disruption using NN simulations (Anderson et al. 2007)
		Architecturally realistic neocortical model using seven classes of excitatory and inhibitory single compartment Hodgkin-Huxley cells. Wiring is adapted to minicolumn hypothesis and incorporates visual and neocortical data. Simulation demonstrates spontaneous bursting onset and cessation, and activity can be altered with external electric field.
333.	Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurone (Briant et al. 2014)
		A model of a sympathetic preganglionic neurone of muscle vasoconstrictor-type.
334.	Synaptic gating at axonal branches, and sharp-wave ripples with replay (Vladimirov et al. 2013)
		The computational model of in vivo sharp-wave ripples with place cell replay. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials at dendrites gate antidromic spikes arriving from the axonal collateral, and thus determine when the soma and the main axon fire. The model allows synchronous replay of pyramidal cells during sharp-wave ripple event, and the replay is possible in both forward and reverse directions.
335.	Synaptic information transfer in computer models of neocortical columns (Neymotin et al. 2010)
		"... We sought to measure how the activity of the network alters information flow from inputs to output patterns. Information handling by the network reflected the degree of internal connectivity. ... With greater connectivity strength, the recurrent network translated activity and information due to contribution of activity from intrinsic network dynamics. ... At still higher internal synaptic strength, the network corrupted the external information, producing a state where little external information came through. The association of increased information retrieved from the network with increased gamma power supports the notion of gamma oscillations playing a role in information processing."
336.	Synaptic integration in tuft dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons (Larkum et al. 2009)
		Simulations used in the paper. Voltage responses to current injections in different tuft locations; NMDA and calcium spike generation. Summation of multiple input distribution.
337.	Synaptic integration of an identified nonspiking interneuron in crayfish (Takashima et al 2006)
		This GENESIS simulation shows how a single or compound excitatory synaptic potential evoked by mechanosensory stimulation spreads over the dendrites of the LDS interneuron that is one of the identified nonspiking interneurons in the central nervous system of crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The model is based on physiological experiments carried out by Akira Takashima using single-electrode voltage clamp techniques and also 3-D morphometry of the interneuron carried out by Ryou Hikosaka using confocal laser scanning microscopic techniques. The physiological and morphological studies were coordinated by Masakazu Takahata.
338.	Synchrony by synapse location (McTavish et al. 2012)
		This model considers synchrony between mitral cells induced via shared granule cell interneurons while taking into account the spatial constraints of the system. In particular, since inhibitory inputs decay passively along the lateral dendrites, this model demonstrates that an optimal arrangement of the inhibitory synapses will be near the cell bodies of the relevant mitral cells.
339.	Systematic integration of data into multi-scale models of mouse primary V1 (Billeh et al 2020)
		"Highlights • Two network models of the mouse primary visual cortex are developed and released • One uses compartmental-neuron models and the other point-neuron models • The models recapitulate observations from in vivo experimental data • Simulations identify experimentally testable predictions about cortex circuitry"
340.	Temperature-Dependent Pyloric Pacemaker Kernel (Caplan JS et al., 2014)
		"... Here we demonstrate that biophysical models of channel noise can give rise to two kinds of recently discovered stochastic facilitation effects in a Hodgkin-Huxley-like model of auditory brainstem neurons. The first, known as slope-based stochastic resonance (SBSR), enables phasic neurons to emit action potentials that can encode the slope of inputs that vary slowly relative to key time constants in the model. The second, known as inverse stochastic resonance (ISR), occurs in tonically firing neurons when small levels of noise inhibit tonic firing and replace it with burstlike dynamics. ... our results show that possible associated computational benefits may occur due to channel noise in neurons of the auditory brainstem. ... "
341.	Thalamic neuron: Modeling rhythmic neuronal activity (Meuth et al. 2005)
		The authors use an in vitro cell model of a single acutely isolated thalamic neuron in the NEURON simulation environment to address and discuss questions in an undergraduate course. Topics covered include passive electrical properties, composition of action potentials, trains of action potentials, multicompartment modeling, and research topics. The paper includes detailed instructions on how to run the simulations in the appendix.
342.	Thalamocortical augmenting response (Bazhenov et al 1998)
		In the cortical model, augmenting responses were more powerful in the "input" layer compared with those in the "output" layer. Cortical stimulation of the network model produced augmenting responses in cortical neurons in distant cortical areas through corticothalamocortical loops and low-threshold intrathalamic augmentation. ... The predictions of the model were compared with in vivo recordings from neurons in cortical area 4 and thalamic ventrolateral nucleus of anesthetized cats. The known intrinsic properties of thalamic cells and thalamocortical interconnections can account for the basic properties of cortical augmenting responses. See reference for details. NEURON implementation note: cortical SU cells are getting slightly too little stimulation - reason unknown.
343.	Thalamocortical relay neuron models constrained by experiment and optimization (Iavarone et al 2019)
344.	The activity phase of postsynaptic neurons (Bose et al 2004)
		We show, in a simplified network consisting of an oscillator inhibiting a follower neuron, how the interaction between synaptic depression and a transient potassium current in the follower neuron determines the activity phase of this neuron. We derive a mathematical expression to determine at what phase of the oscillation the follower neuron becomes active. This expression can be used to understand which parameters determine the phase of activity of the follower as the frequency of the oscillator is changed. See paper for more.
345.	The APP in C-terminal domain alters CA1 neuron firing (Pousinha et al 2019)
		"The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is central to AD pathogenesis and we recently showed that its intracellular domain (AICD) could modify synaptic signal integration. We now hypothezise that AICD modifies neuron firing activity, thus contributing to the disruption of memory processes. Using cellular, electrophysiological and behavioural techniques, we showed that pathological AICD levels weakens CA1 neuron firing activity through a gene transcription-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, increased AICD production in hippocampal neurons modifies oscillatory activity, specifically in the gamma frequency range, and disrupts spatial memory task. Collectively, our data suggest that AICD pathological levels, observed in AD mouse models and in human patients, might contribute to progressive neuron homeostatic failure, driving the shift from normal ageing to AD."
346.	The microcircuits of striatum in silico (Hjorth et al 2020)
		"Our aim is to reconstruct a full-scale mouse striatal cellular level model to provide a framework to integrate and interpret striatal data. We represent the main striatal neuronal subtypes, the two types of projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs) giving rise to the direct and indirect pathways, the fast-spiking interneurons, the low threshold spiking interneurons, and the cholinergic interneurons as detailed compartmental models, with properties close to their biological counterparts. Both intrastriatal and afferent synaptic inputs (cortex, thalamus, dopamine system) are optimized against existing data, including short-term plasticity. This model platform will be used to generate new hypotheses on striatal function or network dynamic phenomena."
347.	The origin of different spike and wave-like events (Hall et al 2017)
		Acute In vitro models have revealed a great deal of information about mechanisms underlying many types of epileptiform activity. However, few examples exist that shed light on spike and wave (SpW) patterns of pathological activity. SpW are seen in many epilepsy syndromes, both generalised and focal, and manifest across the entire age spectrum. They are heterogeneous in terms of their severity, symptom burden and apparent anatomical origin (thalamic, neocortical or both), but any relationship between this heterogeneity and underlying pathology remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that physiological delta frequency rhythms act as an effective substrate to permit modelling of SpW of cortical origin and may help to address this issue. ..."
348.	The relationship between two fast/slow analysis techniques for bursting oscill. (Teka et al. 2012)
		"Bursting oscillations in excitable systems reflect multi-timescale dynamics. These oscillations have often been studied in mathematical models by splitting the equations into fast and slow subsystems. Typically, one treats the slow variables as parameters of the fast subsystem and studies the bifurcation structure of this subsystem. This has key features such as a z-curve (stationary branch) and a Hopf bifurcation that gives rise to a branch of periodic spiking solutions. In models of bursting in pituitary cells, we have recently used a different approach that focuses on the dynamics of the slow subsystem. Characteristic features of this approach are folded node singularities and a critical manifold. … We find that the z-curve and Hopf bifurcation of the twofast/ one-slow decomposition are closely related to the voltage nullcline and folded node singularity of the one-fast/two-slow decomposition, respectively. They become identical in the double singular limit in which voltage is infinitely fast and calcium is infinitely slow."
349.	The STN-GPe network; subthalamic nucleus, prototypic GPe, and arkypallidal GPe neurons (Kitano 2023)
350.	Theta phase precession in a model CA3 place cell (Baker and Olds 2007)
		"... The present study concerns a neurobiologically based computational model of the emergence of theta phase precession in which the responses of a single model CA3 pyramidal cell are examined in the context of stimulation by realistic afferent spike trains including those of place cells in entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus, and other CA3 pyramidal cells. Spike-timing dependent plasticity in the model CA3 pyramidal cell leads to a spatially correlated associational synaptic drive that subsequently creates a spatially asymmetric expansion of the model cell’s place field. ... Through selective manipulations of the model it is possible to decompose theta phase precession in CA3 into the separate contributing factors of inheritance from upstream afferents in the dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex, the interaction of synaptically controlled increasing afferent drive with phasic inhibition, and the theta phase difference between dentate gyrus granule cell and CA3 pyramidal cell activity."
351.	Theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling in a hippocampal CA1 microcircuit (Ponzi et al. 2023)
		Using a data-driven model of a hippocampal microcircuit, we demonstrate that theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling (PAC) can naturally emerge from a single feedback mechanism involving an inhibitory and excitatory neuron population, which interplay to generate theta frequency periodic bursts of higher frequency gamma..
352.	Tonic firing in substantia gelatinosa neurons (Melnick et al 2004)
		Ionic conductances underlying excitability in tonically firing neurons (TFNs) from substantia gelatinosa (SG) were studied by the patch-clamp method in rat spinal cord slices. ... Suppression of Ca2+ and KCA currents ... did not abolish the basic pattern of tonic firing, indicating that it was generated by voltage-gated Na+ and K+ currents. ... on the basis of present data, we created a model of TFN and showed that Na+ and KDR currents are sufficient to generate a basic pattern of tonic firing. It is concluded that the balanced contribution of all ionic conductances described here is important for generation and modulation of tonic firing in SG neurons. See paper for more and details.
353.	Unbalanced peptidergic inhibition in superficial cortex underlies seizure activity (Hall et al 2015)
		" ...Loss of tonic neuromodulatory excitation, mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine or serotonin (5HT3A) receptors, of 5HT3-immunopositive interneurons caused an increase in amplitude and slowing of the delta rhythm until each period became the "wave" component of the spike and wave discharge. As with the normal delta rhythm, the wave of a spike and wave discharge originated in cortical layer 5. In contrast, the "spike" component of the spike and wave discharge originated from a relative failure of fast inhibition in layers 2/3-switching pyramidal cell action potential outputs from single, sparse spiking during delta rhythms to brief, intense burst spiking, phase-locked to the field spike. The mechanisms underlying this loss of superficial layer fast inhibition, and a concomitant increase in slow inhibition, appeared to be precipitated by a loss of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-mediated local circuit inhibition and a subsequent increase in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-mediated disinhibition. Blockade of NPY Y1 receptors was sufficient to generate spike and wave discharges, whereas blockade of VIP receptors almost completely abolished this form of epileptiform activity. These data suggest that aberrant, activity-dependent neuropeptide corelease can have catastrophic effects on neocortical dynamics."
354.	Updated Tritonia Swim CPG (Calin-Jagemann et al. 2007)
		Model of the 3-cell core CPG (DSI, C2, and VSI-B) mediating escape swimming in Tritonia diomedea. Cells use a hybrid integrate-and-fire scheme pioneered by Peter Getting. Each model cell is reconstructed from extensive physiological measurements to precisely mimic I-F curves, synaptic waveforms, and functional connectivity.
355.	Ventromedial Thalamocortical Neuron (Bichler et al 2021)
		"Biophysical computer modeling of a thalamic neuron demonstrated that an increase in rebound spiking can also be accounted for by a decrease in the M-type potassium current. Modeling also showed that an increase in sag with hyperpolarizing steps found after 6-OHDA treatment could in part but not fully be accounted for by the decrease in M-type current. These findings support the hypothesis that homeostatic changes in BGMT neural properties following 6-OHDA treatment likely influence the signal processing taking place in the BG thalamocortical network in Parkinson's disease."
356.	Vomeronasal sensory neuron (Shimazaki et al 2006)
		NEURON model files from the papers: Shimazaki et al, Chem. Senses, epub ahead of print (2006) Electrophysiological properties and modeling of murine vomeronasal sensory neurons in acute slice preparations. The model reproduces quantitatively the experimentally observed firing rates of these neurons under a wide range of input currents.
357.	VTA dopamine neuron (Tarfa, Evans, and Khaliq 2017)
		In our model of a midbrain VTA dopamine neuron, we show that the decay kinetics of the A-type potassium current can control the timing of rebound action potentials.
358.	Zebrafish Mauthner-cell model (Watanabe et al 2017)
		The NEURON model files encode the channel generator and firing simulator for simulating development and differentiation of the Mauthner cell (M-cell) excitability in zebrafish. The channel generator enables us to generate arbitrary Na+ and K+ channels by changing parameters of a Hodgkin-Huxley model under emulation of two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings in Xenopus oocyte system. The firing simulator simulates current-clamp recordings to generate firing patterns of the model M-cell, which are implemented with arbitrary-generated basic Na+ and K+ conductances and low-threshold K+ channels Kv7.4/KCNQ4 and sole Kv1.1 or Kv1.1 coexpressed with Kvbeta2.

Re-display model names without descriptions