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Hippocampus temporo-septal engram shift model (Lytton 1999)

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Accession:7400
Temporo-septal engram shift model of hippocampal memory. The model posits that memories gradually move along the hippocampus from a temporal encoding site to ever more septal sites from which they are recalled. We propose that the sense of time is encoded by the location of the engram along the temporo-septal axis.
Reference:
1 . Lytton WW, Lipton P (1999) Can the hippocampus tell time? The temporo-septal engram shift model. Neuroreport 10:2301-6 [PubMed]
Model Information (Click on a link to find other models with that property)
Model Type: Realistic Network;
Brain Region(s)/Organism: Hippocampus;
Cell Type(s):
Channel(s): I Na,t; I K;
Gap Junctions:
Receptor(s): GabaA; AMPA;
Gene(s):
Transmitter(s):
Simulation Environment: NEURON;
Model Concept(s): Pattern Recognition; Temporal Pattern Generation; Spatio-temporal Activity Patterns; Simplified Models;
Implementer(s): Lytton, William [bill.lytton at downstate.edu];
Search NeuronDB for information about:  GabaA; AMPA; I Na,t; I K;
/
lytton99
README
AMPA.mod
GABAA.mod
kdr.mod
matrix.mod *
naf.mod *
passiv.mod *
pulse.mod *
sinstim.mod *
vecst.mod
vecst.mod.orig
bg.inc *
bg_cvode.inc
boxes.hoc *
declist.hoc *
decvec.hoc *
default.hoc *
directory
fig1.gif
grvec.hoc
init.hoc
ivl.vecs
labels.hoc
loadr.hoc *
local.hoc
mosinit.hoc
net.hoc
netcon.inc
nrnoc.hoc
ovl.vecs
params.hoc *
params.hoc.SAV *
proc.hoc
run.hoc
simctrl.hoc *
spkts.hoc
syncode.hoc
tmpl.hoc
                            
// $Id: nrnoc.hoc,v 1.29 2002/05/01 20:18:35 billl Exp $

proc nrnoc () {}

// Users should not edit nrnoc.hoc or default.hoc.  Any local 
// changes to these files should be made in local.hoc.

// key '*&*' is picked up by to indicate command for emacs
proc elisp () { printf("*&* %s\n",$s1) }
// if (not exists(simname)) { strdef simname, output_file, datestr, comment }

// Simctrl.hoc will automatically load stdgraph.hoc which automatically
// loads stdrun.hoc
strdef temp_string_, user_string_  // needed for simctrl
/* Global variable default values.  NOTE that stdrun.hoc, stdgraph.hoc
and simctrl.hoc all contain variable definitions and thus default.hoc
should be loaded after these files */
load_file("default.hoc")      /* Load default.hoc */

/* Allows arrays of strings */
objref hoc_obj_[2]
if (xwindows) {
  load_file("stdgui.hoc") // don't want to encounter other String tempate defs
  load_file("simctrl.hoc")
} else {
  load_file("stdlib.hoc")
  load_file("stdrunnoiv.hoc")
}

proc run () {

  stdinit()

  if (batch_flag == 1) {
    sprint(output_file,"data/b%s.%02d", datestr, runnum)
    batch_run(tstop, printStep, output_file)
    finish()
  } else {
    continueRun(tstop)
  }
}

proc continueRun() { local eventCount
  // Although this works properly "the first time" it may not properly "continue" a simulation 

  eventCount=0
  eventslow=1
  stoprun = 0

  while (t < $1 && stoprun == 0) { 
    for i = 1, nstep_steprun { fadvance() }
    outputData()
    
    eventCount = eventCount + 1
    if (xwindows && eventCount%eventStep < 0.1) { doEvents() }
  }

  finish()
}

proc stdinit() {
  realtime=0 startsw()
  t = 0
  stoprun = 0

  if (batch_flag == 1) {
    batch_save()
    batchSave()  // User defined program to set up stuff to save
  }

  init()
  init()

  if (graph_flag == 1) { 
    if (iv_flag == 1) {
      initPlot()
    } else {
      initGraph() 
    }
  }

  if (print_flag == 1) { initPrint() }
}


proc init () {
  initMech()

  initMisc1()

  /* Initialize state vars then calculate currents */
/* If user hand-set v in initMisc1() then v_init should be > 1000,
else all compartments will be set to v_init */
if (v_init < 1000) {
  finitialize(v_init)
} else {
  finitialize()
}
fcurrent()

/* Set ca pump and leak channel for steady state */
setMemb()

/* Recalculate currents with new pump and leak kinetics */
fcurrent()
fcurrent()

initMisc2()
if (cvode_active()) cvode.re_init()
}

proc initMech() { /* Initialization of mechanism variables */
/* NOTE: if any changes are made to the NEURON block of any local mod
file, the user must add the necessary inits to initMisc1() */

/** Range variables **/

forall {

  if (ismembrane("na_ion")) { 
    nai = na_init
    nai0_na_ion = na_init
  }
  
  if (ismembrane("k_ion")) {
    ki = k_init
    ki0_k_ion = k_init
  }
  
  if (ismembrane("ca_ion")) { 
    cai = ca_init
    cai0_ca_ion = ca_init
  }
}

/** Global variables **/
}

proc setMemb () { local i_forward, i_back, iSum
  // Setup steady state voltage using leak channel
  forall {
    if (ismembrane("pas")) {
      iSum = 0.0
      
      if (ismembrane("na_ion")) { iSum = iSum + ina }
      if (ismembrane("k_ion"))  { iSum = iSum + ik  }
      if (ismembrane("ca_ion")) { iSum = iSum + ica }
      if (ismembrane("ns_ion")) { iSum = iSum + ins } // Non-specific

      if (iSum == 0) {        // Pas cmp so set e_pas = v
        e_pas = v

      } else {
        if (g_pas > 0) {    // Assume g set by user, calc e
          e_pas = v + iSum/g_pas

        } else {            // Assume e set by user, calc g
          if (e_pas != v) {
            g_pas = iSum/(e_pas - v)

          } else {        // error: g_pas <= 0
            errorMsg("bad g", g_pas)
          }
        }

        if (e_pas < -100 || e_pas > 0) {
          printf(".")
          // printf("%s erev: %g %g %g\n",secname(),e_pas,ina,ik)
        }
      }

    } else if (ismembrane("Passive")) {
      iSum = 0.0
      
      if (ismembrane("na_ion")) { iSum = iSum + ina }
      if (ismembrane("k_ion"))  { iSum = iSum + ik  }
      if (ismembrane("ca_ion")) { iSum = iSum + ica }
      if (ismembrane("ns_ion")) { iSum = iSum + ins } // Non-specific

      if (iSum == 0) {        // Passive cmp so set erev_Passive = v
        erev_Passive = v

      } else {
        if (g_Passive > 0) {    // Assume g set by user, calc erev
          erev_Passive = v + iSum/g_Passive

        } else {            // Assume erev set by user, calc g
          if (erev_Passive != v) {
            g_Passive = iSum/(erev_Passive - v)

          } else {        // error: g_Passive <= 0
            errorMsg("bad g", g_Passive)
          }
        }

        if (erev_Passive < -100 || erev_Passive > 0) {
          printf(".")
          // errorMsg("erev out of bounds", erev_Passive)
        }
      }
    }
  }
  print ""
}

proc finish() {
  /* Called following completion of continueRun() */

finishMisc()

if (graph_flag == 1) {
  if (iv_flag == 1) {
    flushPlot()
  } else {
    graphmode(-1)
    plt(-1)
  }
}

if (print_flag == 1) {
  wopen("")
}
}

/*------------------------------------------------------------
User definable GRAPHICS and PRINTING routines
------------------------------------------------------------*/

proc outputData() {
  // Default procedure - if outputData() doesn't exist in the run file

  if (graph_flag == 1) {
    if (iv_flag == 1) {
      Plot()
      rt = stopsw()
      if (rt > realtime) {
        realtime = rt
        fastflushPlot()
        doNotify()
        if (realtime == 2 && eventcount > 50) {
          eventslow = int(eventcount/50) + 1
        }
        eventcount = 0
      }else{
        eventcount = eventcount + 1
        if ((eventcount%eventslow) == 0) {
          doEvents()
        }
      }

    } else {
      graph(t)
    }
  }

  if (print_flag == 1) { 
    if (t%printStep <= printStep) { printOut() }
  }
}

proc printOut() {
  /* Default procedure - if printOut() doesn't exist in the run file */
}

proc initGraph() {
  /* Default procedure - if initGraph() doesn't exist in the run file */

graph()
}

proc initPrint() {
  /* Default procedure - if initPrint() doesn't exist in the run file */

wopen(output_file)
}

/*------------------------------------------------------------
User definable BATCH RUN routines
------------------------------------------------------------*/

proc batchSave() {
  /* Default procedure - if batchSave() doesn't exist in the run file */
}

proc nextrun() {
  // Called from finishmisc() following completion of batch in an autorun
  wopen("")   
  runnum = runnum + 1
  sprint(output_file,"data/b%s.%02d", datestr, runnum)
}                       

// commands for emacs
proc update_runnum() { 
  runnum = $1
  sprint(output_file,"data/%s.%02d", datestr, runnum)
  print "^&^ (progn (sim-index-revert)(setq sim-runnum ",runnum,"))" }
proc nrn_write_index() { printf("&INDEX& %s\n",$s1) }
proc nrn_update () { elisp("nrn-update") }
proc nrn_message () { printf("!&! %s\n",$s1) } 

/*------------------------------------------------------------
User definable INITIALIZATION and FINISH routines
------------------------------------------------------------*/

// Default procedure - if initMisc1() doesn't exist in the run file 
// Initializations performed prior to finitialize() 
// This should contain point process inits and inits for any changes 
//        made to the NEURON block of any local mod file 
proc initMisc1() { }

// Default procedure - if initMisc2() doesn't exist in the run file 
// Initializations performed after finitialize() 
proc initMisc2() { }

// Default procedure - if finishMisc() doesn't exist in the run file 
proc finishMisc() { }

/*------------------------------------------------------------
Miscellaneous routines
------------------------------------------------------------*/

proc errorMsg() {
  /* Print warning, assumes arg1 is string and arg2 if present is a
  variable value */

sectionname(section)

if (numarg() == 0) {
  printf("ERROR in errorMsg(): Needs at least 1 argument.\n")
} else if (numarg() == 1) {
  printf("ERROR: %s in section %s.\n", $s1, section)
} else {
  printf("ERROR: %s in section %s (var=%g).\n", $s1, section, $2)
}
}

proc clear() {
  /* Clear non-interviews plot window */
plt(-3)
}

func mod() { local x, y
  /* Mod function for non-integers */

x=$1
y=$2

return (x/y - int(x/y))
}

proc whatSection() {
  /* Print name of section */
sectionname(section)
print section
}

proc print_pp_location() { local x //arg1 must be a point process
   x = $o1.get_loc()
   sectionname(temp_string_)
   printf("%s located at %s(%g)\n", $o1, temp_string_, x)
   pop_section()
}

//* Load local modifications to nrnoc.hoc and default.hoc
load_file("local.hoc")

if (xwindows && graph_flag) { nrnmainmenu() } // pwman_place(50,50)

print "Init complete.\n"

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