1. Larkum ME, Watanabe S, Nakamura T, Lasser-Ross N and Ross WN. (2003) Synaptically activated Ca2+ waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Physiol 549:471-88 [Journal] .

NeuronCompartmentPropertyConnectivityNotes
Neocortex L5/6 pyramidal GLU cellDistal apical dendriteI Calcium.The developmental evolution of Ca-dependent spikes in the tuft was investigated using simultaneous somatic and dendritic recordings (Zhu JJ, 2000 [rat]2 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex L5/6 pyramidal GLU cellMiddle apical dendriteI Calcium.Dendritic fluorescence imaging showed that Ca2+ channels of several subtypes mediated the AP-evoked fluorescence transient in the proximal (100-170 microns) apical dendrite. The fluorescence resulted from Ca2+ entry through L, N, and P-type channels, and through Ca2+ channels (R-type) not sensitive to L-, N- and P-type Ca2+ channel blockers (Markram H et al, 1995 [rat]3 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex L5/6 pyramidal GLU cellProximal apical dendriteI Calcium.Dendritic fluorescence imaging showed that Ca2+ channels of several subtypes mediated the AP-evoked fluorescence transient in the proximal (100-170 microns) apical dendrite. The fluorescence resulted from Ca2+ entry through L, N, and P-type channels, and through Ca2+ channels (R-type) not sensitive to L-, N- and P-type Ca2+ channel blockers (Markram H et al, 1995 [rat]3 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex L2/3 pyramidal GLU cellSomaI Calcium.Intracellular recordings suggested different functional consequences for modulation of Ca2+ current subtypes. Based on the effects of specific organic Ca2+ channel blockers the sAHP was found to be coupled to N-, P-, and Q-type currents. P-type currents were coupled to the mAHP (Pineda JC et al, 19984 ). It has been suggested that the pharmacologically separable components of the HVA current in these neurons do not differ significantly in kinetics (Brown AM et al, 1993 [rat]5 ). Recordings from acute brain slices and in anesthetized rats using whole-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging found that single action potentials evoke substantial Ca2+ influx in the apical trunk. (Waters J et al, 20036 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex L5/6 pyramidal GLU cellSomaI Calcium.It has been suggested that the pharmacologically separable components of the HVA current in these neurons do not differ significantly in kinetics (Brown AM et al, 1993 [rat]5 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex L2/3 pyramidal GLU cellMiddle apical dendriteI Calcium.Recordings from acute brain slices and in anesthetized rats using whole-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging found that single action potentials evoke substantial Ca2+ influx in the apical trunk. (Waters J et al, 20036 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex L2/3 pyramidal GLU cellProximal apical dendriteI Calcium.Recordings from acute brain slices and in anesthetized rats using whole-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging found that single action potentials evoke substantial Ca2+ influx in the apical trunk. (Waters J et al, 20036 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex L2/3 pyramidal GLU cellDistal apical dendriteI Calcium.Recordings from acute brain slices and in anesthetized rats using whole-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging found that single action potentials evoke little or none Ca2+ influx in the dendritic tuft, unless is paired with synaptic input (Waters J et al, 20036 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex M1 L2/6 pyramidal intratelencephalic GLU cellSomaI Calcium.Intracellular recordings suggested different functional consequences for modulation of Ca2+ current subtypes. Based on the effects of specific organic Ca2+ channel blockers the sAHP was found to be coupled to N-, P-, and Q-type currents. P-type currents were coupled to the mAHP (Pineda JC et al, 19984 ). It has been suggested that the pharmacologically separable components of the HVA current in these neurons do not differ significantly in kinetics (Brown AM et al, 1993 [rat]5 ). Recordings from acute brain slices and in anesthetized rats using whole-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging found that single action potentials evoke substantial Ca2+ influx in the apical trunk. (Waters J et al, 20036 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex M1 L2/6 pyramidal intratelencephalic GLU cellMiddle apical dendriteI Calcium.Recordings from acute brain slices and in anesthetized rats using whole-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging found that single action potentials evoke substantial Ca2+ influx in the apical trunk. (Waters J et al, 20036 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex M1 L2/6 pyramidal intratelencephalic GLU cellProximal apical dendriteI Calcium.Recordings from acute brain slices and in anesthetized rats using whole-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging found that single action potentials evoke substantial Ca2+ influx in the apical trunk. (Waters J et al, 20036 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex M1 L2/6 pyramidal intratelencephalic GLU cellDistal apical dendriteI Calcium.Recordings from acute brain slices and in anesthetized rats using whole-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging found that single action potentials evoke little or none Ca2+ influx in the dendritic tuft, unless is paired with synaptic input (Waters J et al, 20036 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex M1 L6 pyramidal corticothalamic GLU cellDistal apical dendriteI Calcium.The developmental evolution of Ca-dependent spikes in the tuft was investigated using simultaneous somatic and dendritic recordings (Zhu JJ, 2000 [rat]2 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex M1 L6 pyramidal corticothalamic GLU cellMiddle apical dendriteI Calcium.Dendritic fluorescence imaging showed that Ca2+ channels of several subtypes mediated the AP-evoked fluorescence transient in the proximal (100-170 microns) apical dendrite. The fluorescence resulted from Ca2+ entry through L, N, and P-type channels, and through Ca2+ channels (R-type) not sensitive to L-, N- and P-type Ca2+ channel blockers (Markram H et al, 1995 [rat]3 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex M1 L6 pyramidal corticothalamic GLU cellProximal apical dendriteI Calcium.Dendritic fluorescence imaging showed that Ca2+ channels of several subtypes mediated the AP-evoked fluorescence transient in the proximal (100-170 microns) apical dendrite. The fluorescence resulted from Ca2+ entry through L, N, and P-type channels, and through Ca2+ channels (R-type) not sensitive to L-, N- and P-type Ca2+ channel blockers (Markram H et al, 1995 [rat]3 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).
Neocortex M1 L6 pyramidal corticothalamic GLU cellSomaI Calcium.It has been suggested that the pharmacologically separable components of the HVA current in these neurons do not differ significantly in kinetics (Brown AM et al, 1993 [rat]5 ). Using calcium imaging, calcium waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 neocortical somatosensory pyramidal neurons were examined in slices from 2- to 8-week-old rats (Larkum ME et al, 20031 ).

Classical References: first publications on each compartmental property; search PubMed for complete list
1.  Larkum ME, Watanabe S, Nakamura T, Lasser-Ross N and Ross WN. (2003) Synaptically activated Ca2+ waves in layer 2/3 and layer 5 rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Physiol 549:471-88 [Journal] .
2.  Zhu JJ. (2000) Maturation of layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons: amplifying salient layer 1 and layer 4 inputs by Ca2+ action potentials in adult rat tuft dendrites. J Physiol 526 Pt 3:571-87.
3.  Markram H, Helm PJ and Sakmann B. (1995) Dendritic calcium transients evoked by single back-propagating action potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Physiol 485 ( Pt 1):1-20.
4.  Pineda JC, Waters RS and Foehring RC. (1998) Specificity in the interaction of HVA Ca2+ channel types with Ca2+-dependent AHPs and firing behavior in neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 79:2522-34 [Journal] .
5.  Brown AM, Schwindt PC and Crill WE. (1993) Voltage dependence and activation kinetics of pharmacologically defined components of the high-threshold calcium current in rat neocortical neurons. J Neurophysiol 70:1530-43 [Journal] .
6.  Waters J, Larkum M, Sakmann B and Helmchen F. (2003) Supralinear Ca2+ influx into dendritic tufts of layer 2/3 neocortical pyramidal neurons in vitro and in vivo. J Neurosci 23:8558-67.