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Electrostimulation to reduce synaptic scaling driven progression of Alzheimers (Rowan et al. 2014)

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Accession:154096
"... As cells die and synapses lose their drive, remaining cells suffer an initial decrease in activity. Neuronal homeostatic synaptic scaling then provides a feedback mechanism to restore activity. ... The scaling mechanism increases the firing rates of remaining cells in the network to compensate for decreases in network activity. However, this effect can itself become a pathology, ... Here, we present a mechanistic explanation of how directed brain stimulation might be expected to slow AD progression based on computational simulations in a 470-neuron biomimetic model of a neocortical column. ... "
Reference:
1 . Rowan MS, Neymotin SA, Lytton WW (2014) Electrostimulation to reduce synaptic scaling driven progression of Alzheimer's disease. Front Comput Neurosci 8:39 [PubMed]
Model Information (Click on a link to find other models with that property)
Model Type: Realistic Network;
Brain Region(s)/Organism: Neocortex;
Cell Type(s): Neocortex L5/6 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex L2/3 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex V1 interneuron basket PV GABA cell; Neocortex fast spiking (FS) interneuron; Neocortex spiny stellate cell; Neocortex spiking regular (RS) neuron; Neocortex spiking low threshold (LTS) neuron;
Channel(s):
Gap Junctions:
Receptor(s): GabaA; AMPA; NMDA;
Gene(s):
Transmitter(s): Gaba; Glutamate;
Simulation Environment: NEURON; Python;
Model Concept(s): Long-term Synaptic Plasticity; Aging/Alzheimer`s; Deep brain stimulation; Homeostasis;
Implementer(s): Lytton, William [bill.lytton at downstate.edu]; Neymotin, Sam [Samuel.Neymotin at nki.rfmh.org]; Rowan, Mark [m.s.rowan at cs.bham.ac.uk];
Search NeuronDB for information about:  Neocortex L5/6 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex L2/3 pyramidal GLU cell; Neocortex V1 interneuron basket PV GABA cell; GabaA; AMPA; NMDA; Gaba; Glutamate;
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RowanEtAl2014
batchscripts
mod
README
alz.hoc
alzinfo.m
autotune.hoc *
basestdp.hoc *
batch.hoc *
batch2.hoc *
batchcommon
checkirreg.hoc *
clusterrun.sh
col.dot *
col.hoc *
comppowspec.hoc *
condisconcellfig.hoc *
condisconpowfig.hoc *
declist.hoc *
decmat.hoc *
decnqs.hoc *
decvec.hoc *
default.hoc *
drline.hoc *
e2hubsdisconpow.hoc *
e2incconpow.hoc *
filtutils.hoc *
flexinput.hoc
geom.hoc *
graphplug.hoc *
grvec.hoc *
infot.hoc *
init.hoc *
labels.hoc *
load.hoc *
local.hoc *
makepopspikenq.hoc *
matfftpowplug.hoc *
matpmtmplug.hoc *
matpmtmsubpopplug.hoc *
matspecplug.hoc *
mosinit.hoc
network.hoc *
nload.hoc *
nqpplug.hoc *
nqs.hoc *
nqsnet.hoc *
nrnoc.hoc *
params.hoc
plot.py
plotavg.py
plotbatch.sh
plotbatchcluster.sh
plotdeletions.py
plotntes.py
powchgtest.hoc *
pyhoc.py
python.hoc *
pywrap.hoc *
ratlfp.dat *
redE2.hoc *
run.hoc
runsim.sh
setup.hoc *
shufmua.hoc *
sim.hoc
simctrl.hoc *
spkts.hoc *
stats.hoc *
syncode.hoc *
vsampenplug.hoc *
writedata.hoc
xgetargs.hoc *
                            
// $Id: params.hoc,v 1.273 2012/01/06 01:53:57 samn Exp $
print "Loading params.hoc..."
//* batch params
jrsvn_INTF6=1e3
jrsvd_INTF6=2e4
jrtm_INTF6 = 1e3

//* sim duration & some params

v_init=1000 // so keep v's as set randomly

// sim runs for:
//  PreDur s of baseline (A)
//  turn on zip <<-- only if EERed,EIRed != 1
//  ZipDur s              (B)
//  turn on plasticity
//  LearnDur s            (C)
//  turn off plasticity
//  PostDur s             (D)


// ***************
// For investigating synaptic scaling as a balancer for STDP (units in s):
// ***************
//declare("PreDur",800) // Num seconds to get baseline activity and allow scaling activity points to be found (was 100 in Sam's paper)
//declare("ZipDur",0) // For experiments on memory erasure with ZIP drug (not in use)
//declare("LearnDur",8000) // STDP (learning from signal, set to TrainRate Hz)
//declare("PostDur",800) // "Recall" (allowing non-STDP recurrent update) (was 100 in paper)

// ***************
// Alzheimer's pathology with STDP (for neurostimulation experiments) (units in s):
// ***************
//declare("PreDur",1600) // Equal to GetInfoDur + BaselineDur in alz.hoc -- allows baseline info and activity etc. to be obtained without interference.
//declare("ZipDur",0) // Not using ZIP for Alzheimer's experiments.
//declare("LearnDur",160000) // = DeletionDur in alz.hoc -- turns learning on for the duration of the run
// Requires 0 < TrainRate << 1 for this to work, and ideally also 0 < TrainW << 1.
// TrainRate and TrainW need to be both > 0 for STDP to be activated, but TrainRate > 0.1
// will mean a massive spike vector has to be initialised for this very long LearnDur.
// Likewise, TrainW should be very low (but still > 0) so the Training signal is
// essentially switched off, but is still present for the procedures which require it.
//declare("PostDur",0) // "Recall" state

// ***************
// Alzheimer's pathology WITHOUT STDP (for neurostimulation experiments) (units in s):
// ***************
declare("PreDur",161600) // Equal to BaselineDur + DeletionDur in alz.hoc
declare("ZipDur",0)
declare("LearnDur",0)
declare("PostDur",0) // "Recall" state

// *************
// Alzheimer's pathology with learning and STDP (for information contribution experiments) (units in s):
// *************
//declare("PreDur",1700) // Run at baseline with stim to get scaling targets (BaselineDur in alz.hoc)
//declare("ZipDur",0)
//declare("LearnDur",3100) // 31 patterns * 100s learning per pattern (also BaselineDur in alz.hoc)
//declare("PostDur",192000) // GetInfoDur + DeletionDur in alz.hoc

// *************
// Alzheimer's pathology with discrete stim patterns but without learning
// *************
//declare("PreDur",164800)
//declare("ZipDur",0)
//declare("LearnDur",0)
//declare("PostDur",0)



declare("use_nqLFP",0)
tstop=mytstop=htmax= (LearnDur + ZipDur + PreDur + PostDur) * 1e3

//* ARTC params
mg_INTF6=1.6
EAM_INTF6=65 // these are deviations above RMP
ENM_INTF6=90
EGA_INTF6=-15
declare("tauahpRS",400) // tauahp for RS cells

if(!autotune) {
  if(useplast) seadsetting_INTF6 = 3 // plasticity on
}

//* Declarations

dosetexvals=name_declared("wmatex")==0 // whether to set values in wmatex,ratex

sprint(tstr,"d[%d][%d]",CTYPi,STYPi)
declare("wmatex",tstr,"ratex",tstr) // weights,avg. rate of external inputs

declare("fih","o[1]","nstim","o[1]")
vseed_stats(223481)
rdm.MCellRan4(seed_stats)

declare("vsgrpp",new Vector(CTYPi)) //% X 100 of cells of a type to stim, used in stim,sgrcells
declare("vsgrsidx",new Vector(CTYPi)) //startind index of cell to stim when using topstim
declare("sgrdur",mytstop + 5e3) //duration of stim, make it longer so NetStims don't run out of spikes
declare("inputseed",1234)
declare("EXFctr",1)
declare("sgrhzEE",300*EXFctr,"sgrhzEI",300*EXFctr,"sgrhzII",125*EXFctr,"sgrhzIE",125*EXFctr,"sgrhzNM",50*EXFctr,"sgron",1,"sgrdel",0)
//declare("sgrhzEE",400*EXFctr,"sgrhzEI",400*EXFctr,"sgrhzII",80*EXFctr,"sgrhzIE",30*EXFctr,"sgrhzNM",50*EXFctr)
declare("sgron",1,"sgrdel",0,"sgrhzdel",0)//variance in sgrhz for an INTF6
declare("EXGain",15) // gain for external inputs
declare("lcstim",new List()) // list of CSTIM objects
declare("nqwmex",new NQS("ct","sy","w","rate")) // NQS passed to CSTIM init
{sprint(tstr,"d[%d]",numcols) declare("EIBalance",tstr)} // whether to balance rate of external E/I inputs
declare("usens",1) // whether to use NetStims in CSTIM
declare("E2WEXGain",1,"E2REXGain",1) // gains for external inputs to E2 (1st is for E weights, 2nd is for E rates)

SCAHP=SCTH=1

//* shock-related params
declare("MAXSHOCK",10)
sprint(tstr,"d[%d][%d][%d][%d]",numcols,CTYPi,STYPi,MAXSHOCK)
declare("wshock",tstr,"durshock",tstr,"prctshock",tstr,"nshock",tstr,"isishock",tstr,"startshock",tstr)

//* "zip"-related params -- modulates strength of internal weights from E->X
declare("ZipONT",PreDur*1e3,"zid","o[1]","EERed",1,"EIRed",1,"ZIPNM2",0) // EERed,EIRed only work on AM2 unless ZIPNM2==1
declare("ZipOFFT",-1) // zip stays on full sim -- -1==never zip off

//* EGA-related params
declare("EGAONT",-1,"EGAOFFT",-1,"EGAINCT",0,"did","o[1]","EGAStart",0,"EGAInc",0)

//* "modulation"-related params -- just modulates external input weights to ModType
// applies modulation at t = modulationT ms.
// ModGain is scaling factor for AM2,NM2 synapses
declare("ModONT",0,"fid","o[1]","ModGain",1,"ModType",E2) // when to apply modulation to ModType
declare("ModOFFT",-1) // modulation stays on full sim -- -1==never modulate off

//* Training-signal related params
declare("vtrainty",new Vector(),"vtrainprct",new Vector())
vtrainty.append(E4)
vtrainprct.append(110)
declare("TrainRate",0.000001) // TrainRate is input rate for L4
declare("TrainNUM",0,"TrainW",0.0001,"TrainDUR",1,"TrainSY",AM2) // Set TrainW = weight for training signal
declare("TrainRand",0) // whether to randomize training spikes (keeps same # just removes correlations)
// start,stop time for training signal -- only used when TrainW,TrainISI>0
declare("TrainStart",(PreDur+ZipDur)*1e3, "TrainStop", tstop-PostDur*1e3) // train off when TrainW == 0
declare("PlastStart",(PreDur+ZipDur)*1e3,"PlastStop",tstop-PostDur*1e3)
//declare("plastEEinc",0.05,"plastEIinc",0.10,"plastEEmaxw",10*EERed,"plastEImaxw",15*EIRed)
//declare("plastIEinc",0.01*5,"plastIIinc",0.01*5,"plastIEmaxw",3,"plastIImaxw",3)
declare("plastEEinc",0.001,"plastEIinc",0,"plastEEmaxw",4,"plastEImaxw",1) // Changed to allow only E->E STDP
declare("plastIEinc",0,"plastIIinc",0,"plastIEmaxw",1,"plastIImaxw",1)
declare("nqplast","o[1]") // stores weights
sprint(tstr,"d[%d][%d]",CTYPi,CTYPi)
declare("dplastinc",tstr,"dplasttau",tstr,"dplastmaxw",tstr) // params for plasticity

if(DopeRL) {
  DOPE_INTF6=1
  EDOPE_INTF6=IDOPE_INTF6=1
  ESTDP_INTF6=ISTDP_INTF6=0  
} else {
  ESTDP_INTF6 = 1
  ISTDP_INTF6 = 0
}

if(LearnDur > 0) {
  plaststartT_INTF6 =  PlastStart
  plastendT_INTF6 =    PlastStop
} else plaststartT_INTF6 = plastendT_INTF6 = tstop + 1e3

TrainISI = 0
if(TrainRate > 0 && TrainW > 0) TrainISI = 1e3/TrainRate

//* ModulateON -- applies ModGain to AM2,NM2 inputs to ModType cells (NetCon weights)
proc ModulateON () { local i localobj nc,ncl
  print "Modulation of " , ModGain, " to " , CTYP.o(ModType).s, " ON at t = ", t
  for i=0,numcols-1 { ncl = col[i].cstim.ncl
    for ltr(nc,ncl) if(!isojt(nc.pre,INTF6[0]) && isojt(nc.syn,INTF6[0])) {
      if(nc.syn.type==ModType) {
        if(nc.weight(AM2)>0) nc.weight(AM2) = wmatex[ModType][AM2] * ModGain
        if(nc.weight(NM2)>0) nc.weight(NM2) = wmatex[ModType][NM2] * ModGain
      }
    }
  }
}

//* ModulateOFF -- applies E2ModGain to AM2,NM2 inputs to E2 cells (NetCon weights)
proc ModulateOFF () { local i localobj nc,ncl
  print "Modulation of " , ModGain, " to " , CTYP.o(ModType).s, " OFF at t = ", t
  for i=0,numcols-1 { ncl = col[i].cstim.ncl
    for ltr(nc,ncl) if(!isojt(nc.pre,INTF6[0]) && isojt(nc.syn,INTF6[0])) {
      if(nc.syn.type==ModType) {
        if(nc.weight(AM2)>0) nc.weight(AM2) = wmatex[ModType][AM2]
        if(nc.weight(NM2)>0) nc.weight(NM2) = wmatex[ModType][NM2]
      }
    }
  }
}

//* InitModulation
proc InitModulation () {
  if(ModGain!=1) {
    cvode.event(ModONT,"ModulateON()")
    if(ModOFFT > 0)  cvode.event(ModOFFT,"ModulateOFF()")
  }
}

//* ZipON([invert]) - turn on zip - reduce internal AM2,NM2 weights
proc ZipON () { local i,j,k,c,fctr1,fctr2,inv,a localobj cel,vwt1,vwt2,vidx,ce
  if(numarg()>0) inv=$1 else inv=0
  if(inv) fctr1=EEREd else fctr1=1/EERed
  if(inv) fctr2=EIRed else fctr2=1/EIRed
  a=allocvecs(vwt1,vwt2,vidx)
  print "call ZipON at t = ", t, ", inv = ", inv
  for c=0,numcols-1 for col[c].ctt(&i) if(!ice(i)) {
    ce=col[c].ce
    if(wsetting_INTF6 == 1) {
      for j=col[c].ix[i],col[c].ixe[i] {
        cel = ce.o(j)
        vrsz(cel.getdvi(vidx),vwt1,vwt2)
        vwt1.fill(0)
        vwt2.fill(0)
        cel.getsywv(vwt1,vwt2)
        for k=0,vwt1.size-1 {
          if(ice(ce.o(vidx.x(k)).type)) {
            vwt1.x(k) *= fctr2
            if(ZIPNM2) vwt2.x(k) *= fctr2
          } else {
            vwt1.x(k) *= fctr1
            if(ZIPNM2) vwt2.x(k) *= fctr1
          }
        }
        cel.setsywv(vwt1,vwt2)
      }
    } else {
      for col[c].ctt(&j) if(col[c].div[i][j]) {
        if(ice(j)) {
          col[c].wd0[i][j][AM2] *= fctr2
          if(ZIPNM2) col[c].wd0[i][j][NM2] *= fctr2
        } else {
          col[c].wd0[i][j][AM2] *= fctr1
          if(ZIPNM2) col[c].wd0[i][j][NM2] *= fctr1
        }
      }
    }
  }
  dealloc(a)
}
//* ZipOFF - turn off zip - resets internal weights back up
proc ZipOFF () { ZipON(-1) }
//* InitZip
proc InitZip () {
  if(EERed!=1 || EIRed!=1) {
    cvode.event(ZipONT,"ZipON()")
    if(ZipOFFT > 0)  cvode.event(ZipOFFT,"ZipOFF()")
  }
}

//* UpdateEGA
proc UpdateEGA () {
  if(t == EGAONT) {
    print " t is ", t , " init EGA_INTF6 to " , EGAStart
    EGA_INTF6 = EGAStart
  } else {
    print "t is " , t, " changing EGA_INTF6 from ", EGA_INTF6 , " to " , EGA_INTF6+EGAInc
    EGA_INTF6 += EGAInc
  }
  if(t+EGAINCT <= EGAOFFT) cvode.event(t+EGAINCT,"UpdateEGA()")
}

//* InitEGA
proc InitEGA () {
  if(EGAONT >= 0 && EGAOFFT > EGAONT && EGAInc!=0) {
    cvode.event(EGAONT,"UpdateEGA()")
  }
}

//* setwmatex - set weights of external inputs to INTF6s
proc setwmatex () {  local ct,sy,lr,gn
  if(dosetexvals) {
    for ct=0,CTYPi-1 for sy=0,STYPi-1 wmatex[ct][sy]=0
    for ct=0,CTYPi-1 {
      ly=int(layer(ct))
      // if(ly==5) gn=0.875 else gn=1
      gn=1
      if(ice(ct)) {
        ratex[ct][AM2]=sgrhzEI * gn
        ratex[ct][GA2]=ratex[ct][GA]=sgrhzII * gn
      } else {
        ratex[ct][AM2]=sgrhzEE * gn
        ratex[ct][GA2]=ratex[ct][GA]=sgrhzIE * gn
      } 
      ratex[ct][NM2]=sgrhzNM * gn
      if(IsLTS(ct)) {
        wmatex[ct][AM2] = 0.2 * gn
        wmatex[ct][NM2] = 0.025 * gn
        wmatex[ct][GA]=wmatex[ct][GA2]=0.125 * gn
      } else if(ice(ct)) {
        wmatex[ct][NM2] = 0.100    * gn
        wmatex[ct][AM2] = 0.275  * gn
        wmatex[ct][GA]=wmatex[ct][GA2]=0.125 * gn
      }  else {
        wmatex[ct][NM2] = 0.05   * gn
        wmatex[ct][AM2] = 0.25 * gn
        wmatex[ct][GA]=wmatex[ct][GA2]=0.125 * gn
      }
      for sy=0,STYPi-1 wmatex[ct][sy] *= EXGain // apply gain control
    }    
    {wmatex[E2][AM2] *= E2WEXGain  wmatex[E2][NM2] *= E2WEXGain}
    {ratex[E2][AM2] *=E2REXGain  ratex[E2][NM2] *=E2REXGain}
  }
  nqwmex.clear()
  //wmatex[E4][AM2] *= 0.5 // @@@ CK: Add attentional modulation for the cell populations listed in batch.ho
  for ct=0,CTYPi-1 for sy=0,STYPi-1 if(wmatex[ct][sy]) nqwmex.append(ct,sy,wmatex[ct][sy],ratex[ct][sy])
}

//* RSparams - setup regular spiking excitatory cells
proc RSparams () { local ii,jj localobj xo,co
  for ltr(co,lcol) for case(&ii,E2,E4,E5R,E5B,E6) if(co.numc[ii]>0) {
    for jj=co.ix[ii],co.ixe[ii] { xo=co.ce.o(jj)
      
      xo.ahpwt=1
      xo.tauahp=tauahpRS
      if(ii==E2) {
        xo.RMP = -68 // -71.5
      } else if(ii==E4 || ii==E6) {
        xo.RMP = -66.4
      } else if(ii==E5R || ii==E5B) {
        xo.RMP = -63
      }
      xo.RMP = -65
      xo.VTH= -40 
      xo.refrac=  5
      xo.Vblock= -25
      
      xo.tauGA  = 10
      xo.tauGA2 = 20
      xo.tauAM2 = 20
      xo.tauNM2 = 300

      xo.tauRR = 1 //4 //8 
      xo.RRWght = 0.5 // .75 
    }
  }
}

//* LTSparams - setup low-threshold spiking interneurons
proc LTSparams () { local ii,jj localobj xo,co
  for ltr(co,lcol) for case(&ii,I2L,I4L,I5L,I6L) if(co.numc[ii]>0) {
    for jj=co.ix[ii],co.ixe[ii] { xo=co.ce.o(jj)  
      xo.ahpwt=0.5
      xo.refrac= 1.25
      xo.tauahp=50
      xo.Vblock=-10    
      xo.RMP = -65
      xo.VTH= -47

      xo.tauGA  = 10
      xo.tauGA2 = 20
      xo.tauAM2 = 20
      xo.tauNM2 = 300
      
      xo.tauRR = 1
      xo.RRWght = 0.25
    }
  }
}

//* FSparams - setup fast spiking interneurons
proc FSparams () { local ii,jj localobj xo,co
  for ltr(co,lcol) for case(&ii,I2,I2C,I4,I5,I6,I6C) if(co.numc[ii]>0) {
    for jj=co.ix[ii],co.ixe[ii] { xo=co.ce.o(jj)    
      xo.ahpwt=0.5
      xo.refrac= 1.25
      xo.tauahp=50
      xo.Vblock=-10    
      xo.RMP = -63
      xo.VTH= -40

      xo.tauGA  = 10
      xo.tauGA2 = 20
      xo.tauAM2 = 20
      xo.tauNM2 = 300
      
      xo.tauRR = 1
      xo.RRWght = 0.25
    }
  }
}

//* setNMParams(col,celltype,mg0 factor,maxnmc) 
proc setNMParams () { local ct,mgf,maxnmc,idx localobj col,ce
  col=$o1 ce=col.ce ct=$2 mgf=$3 maxnmc=$4
  for idx=col.ix[ct],col.ixe[ct] {
    ce.o(idx).mg0 = 3.57 * mgf
    ce.o(idx).maxnmc = maxnmc
  }
}

//* setNMIParams(col[,mg0 factor,maxnmc])
proc setNMI () { local mgf,maxnmc,ct localobj col
  col=$o1
  if(numarg()>1) mgf=$2 else mgf=1 
  if(numarg()>2) maxnmc=$3 else maxnmc=1
  for ct=0,CTYPi-1 if(ice(ct)) setNMParams(col,ct,mgf,maxnmc)
}

//* schizon - turn on schizo params
proc schizon () { local c,ct
  for c=0,numcols-1 {
    setNMI(col[c],0.75,0.75)
    setNMParams(col[c],E4,1.25,1.25)
    for case(&ct,E2,E5R,E5B) setNMParams(col[c],ct,0.75,0.9)
  }
}
//* schizon - turn off schizo params
proc schizoff () { local c,ct
  for c=0,numcols-1 {
    setNMI(col[c],1,1)
    setNMParams(col[c],E4,1,1)
    for case(&ct,E2,E5R,E5B) setNMParams(col[c],ct,1,1)
  }
}


proc rewt () {} // nothing needs to be done since copy directly into wd0[][][]

//* setcstim - set external inputs to COLUMNs using CSTIM
proc setcstim () { local i,seed
  for i=0,lcol.count-1 {
    if(dbgcols)seed=inputseed else seed=(i+1)*inputseed
    lcstim.append(new CSTIM(lcol.o(i),seed,sgrdur,sgrhzdel,EIBalance[i],usens))
    lcstim.o(lcstim.count-1).setwm(nqwmex)
    lcstim.o(lcstim.count-1).setspks()
  }
  print "set external inputs"
}

//* clrshock -- clear all shock params and actual shocks
proc clrshock () { local i,j,k,l
  for i=0,numcols-1 for j=0,CTYPi-1 for k=0,STYPi-1 for l=0,MAXSHOCK-1 {
    wshock[i][j][k][l]=durshock[i][j][k][l]=prctshock[i][j][k][l]=nshock[i][j][k][l]=isishock[i][j][k][l]=startshock[i][j][k][l]=0
  }
  setshock(1)
}

//* setshockparms -- setup matrices for shock params used by setshock
proc setshockparms () { local i,x,tm
  for i=0,1 {
    wshock[0][E4][AM2][i] = wshock[0][E4][NM2][i] = 15.25
    durshock[0][E4][AM2][i] = 1
    prctshock[0][E4][AM2][i] = 100
    if(i==0) {
      startshock[0][E4][AM2][i] = 100e3
      isishock[0][E4][AM2][i] = 100
      nshock[0][E4][AM2][i] = 50
    } else {
      startshock[0][E4][AM2][i] = 200e3
      isishock[0][E4][AM2][i] = 1e3 / 15
      nshock[0][E4][AM2][i] = 50
    }
  }
}

//* setshockp(celltype,column,synapsetype,weight,starttime,prctcells,nshocks,isi,dur,shocknum)
proc setshockp () { local i,x,cty,col,syty,wt,tm,prct,ns,isi,dur,shockn
  cty=$1 col=$2 syty=$3 wt=$4 tm=$5 prct=$6 ns=$7 isi=$8 dur=$9 shockn=$10
  wshock[col][cty][syty][shockn] = wt
  durshock[col][cty][syty][shockn] = dur
  prctshock[col][cty][syty][shockn] = prct
  nshock[col][cty][syty][shockn] = ns
  isishock[col][cty][syty][shockn] = isi
  startshock[col][cty][syty][shockn] = tm
}

//* setshock([clear vq first]) - set stims using shock matrices , NB: DEFAULT IS TO CLEAR vq FIRST
proc setshock () { local clr,i,j,k,l,tt,set,ns
  if(numarg()>0) clr=$1 else clr=1
  for i=0,numcols-1 for ns=0,1 {
    set=0 // whether setting new spikes
    if(clr) {col[i].cstim.vq.clear() col[i].ce.o(0).clrvspks()} // clear shocks to this column?
    for j=0,CTYPi-1 for k=0,STYPi-1 if(wshock[i][j][k][ns]>0 && nshock[i][j][k][ns]>0) {
      set = 1
      tt = startshock[i][j][k][ns] // time
      for l=0,nshock[i][j][k][ns]-1 {
        col[i].cstim.shock(durshock[i][j][k][ns],prctshock[i][j][k][ns],j,tt,9342*(i+1)*(j+1)*(k+1)*(l+1),k,wshock[i][j][k][ns]) 
        tt += isishock[i][j][k][ns] // inc by ISI
      }
    }
    if(set) {col[i].cstim.pushspks() print col[i].cstim.vq.size(-1)}
  }
}

//* setplast
proc setplast () { local i,j,ty2,xiinc,xeinc,ximaxw,xemaxw,xired,xered,gn,ly1,ly2,a localobj xo,vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw,vidx
  a=allocvecs(vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw,vidx)
  for i=0,CTYPi-1 if(col.numc[i]) {
    if(ice(i)) {
      xiinc = plastIIinc
      xeinc = plastIEinc
      ximaxw = plastIImaxw
      xemaxw = plastIEmaxw
      xered = xired = 1
    } else {
      xiinc = plastEIinc
      xeinc = plastEEinc
      ximaxw = plastEImaxw
      xemaxw = plastEEmaxw
      xered = EERed
      xired = EIRed
    }
    ly1=int(layer(i))
    for j=0,CTYPi-1 if(col.div[i][j]) {
      gn=1
      ly2=int(layer(j))
//      if(ly2==2 || ly2==4) gn=1
//      if(int(layer(i))==int(layer(j))) gn=1 else gn=2
//      if(int(layer(i))==2 && int(layer(j))==5) gn=1
//      if(int(layer(i))==4 && int(layer(j))==2) gn=1
      if(ice(j)) {
        dplastinc[i][j] = xiinc * gn
        dplasttau[i][j] = 10 * 2
        if(DopeRL) dplasttau[i][j] = 205
        dplastmaxw[i][j] = ximaxw * xired
      } else {
        dplastinc[i][j] = xeinc * gn
        dplasttau[i][j] = 10 * 2
        if(DopeRL) dplasttau[i][j] = 205
        dplastmaxw[i][j] = xemaxw * xered
      }
    }
  }
  if(plaststartT_INTF6 < 0) {
    plaststartT_INTF6 = tstop/3.0
    plastendT_INTF6   = tstop*2.0/3.0
  }
  maxplastt_INTF6 = 40 * 3 // max time interval over which to consider plasticiy
  for ltr(xo,col.ce) {
    xo.getdvi(vidx)
    vrsz(vidx.size,vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw)
    vwg.fill(1)
    for i=0,vidx.size-1 {
      ty2 = col.ce.o(vidx.x(i)).type
      vtau.x(i) = dplasttau[xo.type][ty2]
      vinc.x(i) = dplastinc[xo.type][ty2]
      vmaxw.x(i) = dplastmaxw[xo.type][ty2]
    }
    if(0) print ice(xo.type),vtau.min,vtau.max,vinc.min,vinc.max,vmaxw.min,vmaxw.max
    xo.setplast(vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw)
  }  
  dealloc(a)
}

//* getplastnq(col) - make an NQS with plasticity info, so can load later
obfunc getplastnq () { local i,a localobj nq,col,xo,vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw
  a=allocvecs(vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw) col=$o1
  nq=new NQS("id","gid","vwg","vtau","vinc","vmaxw")
  {nq.odec("vwg") nq.odec("vtau") nq.odec("vinc") nq.odec("vmaxw")}
  for ltr(xo,col.ce) {
    vrsz(xo.getdvi,vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw)
    xo.getplast(vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw)
    nq.append(xo.id,xo.gid,vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw)
  }
  dealloc(a)
  return nq
}

//* setplastnq(nq,col) - load plasticity weights,info into col INTF6 cells
// should set resetplast_INTF6 to 0 if using this function
func setplastnq () { localobj nq,col,xo,vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw
  nq=$o1 col=$o2
  for ltr(xo,col.ce) {
    if(nq.select(-1,"gid",xo.gid)!=1) {
      print "can't find gid " , xo.gid , " in nqs!"
      return 0
    }
    vwg=nq.get("vwg",nq.ind.x(0)).o
    vtau=nq.get("vtau",nq.ind.x(0)).o
    vinc=nq.get("vinc",nq.ind.x(0)).o
    vmaxw=nq.get("vmaxw",nq.ind.x(0)).o
    if((i=xo.getdvi)!=vwg.size) {
      print "wrong size ", i, " != " , vwg.size
      return 0
    }
    xo.setplast(vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw)
  }
  return 1
}
//* plastoff
proc plastoff () { local i,j,ty2,a localobj xo,vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw,vidx
  a=allocvecs(vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw,vidx)
  for ltr(xo,col.ce) {
    xo.getdvi(vidx)
    vrsz(vidx.size,vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw)
    vwg.fill(1)
    for i=0,vidx.size-1 {
      ty2 = col.ce.o(vidx.x(i)).type
      vtau.x(i) = dplasttau[xo.type][ty2]
      vinc.x(i) = 0 
      vmaxw.x(i) = dplastmaxw[xo.type][ty2]
    }
    xo.setplast(vwg,vtau,vinc,vmaxw)
  }  
  dealloc(a) 
}

//* trainsig(isi,signal number,weight,ty,dur,prct[,clear]) - setup training signal
proc trainsig () { local a,i,nsumshocks,isi,clr,w,ty,dur,prct,sy,ty2 localobj rdm,vty
  a=allocvecs(vty)
  if(numarg()>7) clr=$8 else clr=0
  if(clr) clrshock()
  isi=$1
  numshocks = (TrainStop - TrainStart) / isi
  w=$3 ty=$4 dur=$5 prct=$6 sy=$7
  if(ty < 0) {
    if(int(layer(-ty))==4) {
      vty.append(E4,I4,I4L)
    } else if(int(layer(-ty))==2) {
      vty.append(E2,I2,I2L)
    } else if(int(layer(-ty))==5) {
      vty.append(E5R,E5B,I5,I5L)
    } else if(int(layer(-ty))==6) {
      vty.append(E6,I6,I6L)
    }
    for i=0,numcols-1 for vtr(&ty2,vty) setshockp(ty2,i,sy,w,TrainStart,prct,numshocks,isi,dur,$2)
  } else for i=0,numcols-1 setshockp(ty,i,sy,w,TrainStart,prct,numshocks,isi,dur,$2)
  dealloc(a)
}

//* settrainsig - setup training sig
proc settrainsig () { local ii localobj rdm
  if(TrainW<=0 || TrainISI<=0) return
  for ii=0,vtrainty.size-1 { //training signal during plasticity period
    trainsig(TrainISI,0,TrainW,vtrainty.x(ii),TrainDUR,vtrainprct.x(ii),TrainSY)
  }
  setshock(0)
  if(TrainRand) {
    rdm=new Random()
    rdm.ACG(inputseed^2)
    rdm.uniform(TrainStart,TrainStop)
    for ii=0,numcols-1 {
      col[ii].cstim.vq.getcol("time").setrand(rdm)
      col[ii].cstim.pushspks()
    }
  }
}

//* function calls

setwmatex()

{RSparams() LTSparams() FSparams()}

if (!jcn) rjinet() //means no jitcon

if(disinhib) inhiboff()

setcstim()

// how to shock:
// setup params for shock << timing, weights, bursts, isi, etc.
// {clrshock() setshockparms() setshock()}

// sets up modulation events to ModType, only matters if ModGain != 1 (supposed to be < 1 for damage)
// fid = new FInitializeHandler(1,"InitModulation()") 

// sets up Zip, if applicable (only iff EERed !=1 or EIRed != 1)
zid = new FInitializeHandler(1,"InitZip()") 

// sets up changes to EGA, if applicable
did = new FInitializeHandler(1,"InitEGA()")

if(seadsetting_INTF6==3) setplast() // setup plasticity params

settrainsig()

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