Hippocampus temporo-septal engram shift model (Lytton 1999)

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Accession:7400
Temporo-septal engram shift model of hippocampal memory. The model posits that memories gradually move along the hippocampus from a temporal encoding site to ever more septal sites from which they are recalled. We propose that the sense of time is encoded by the location of the engram along the temporo-septal axis.
Reference:
1 . Lytton WW, Lipton P (1999) Can the hippocampus tell time? The temporo-septal engram shift model. Neuroreport 10:2301-6 [PubMed]
Model Information (Click on a link to find other models with that property)
Model Type: Realistic Network;
Brain Region(s)/Organism: Hippocampus;
Cell Type(s):
Channel(s): I Na,t; I K;
Gap Junctions:
Receptor(s): GabaA; AMPA;
Gene(s):
Transmitter(s):
Simulation Environment: NEURON;
Model Concept(s): Pattern Recognition; Temporal Pattern Generation; Spatio-temporal Activity Patterns; Simplified Models;
Implementer(s): Lytton, William [bill.lytton at downstate.edu];
Search NeuronDB for information about:  GabaA; AMPA; I Na,t; I K;
/
lytton99
README
AMPA.mod
GABAA.mod
kdr.mod
matrix.mod *
naf.mod *
passiv.mod *
pulse.mod *
sinstim.mod *
vecst.mod
vecst.mod.orig
bg.inc *
bg_cvode.inc
boxes.hoc *
declist.hoc *
decvec.hoc *
default.hoc *
directory
fig1.gif
grvec.hoc
init.hoc
ivl.vecs
labels.hoc
loadr.hoc *
local.hoc
mosinit.hoc
net.hoc
netcon.inc
nrnoc.hoc
ovl.vecs
params.hoc *
params.hoc.SAV *
proc.hoc
run.hoc
simctrl.hoc *
spkts.hoc
syncode.hoc
tmpl.hoc
                            
// $Id: decvec.hoc,v 1.63 2001/06/14 21:13:40 billl Exp $

proc decvec() {}

//* Declarations
objref ind, vec, vec0, vec1, tmpvec, vrtmp, veclist
objref tmpobj, XO, YO, rdm
load_file("declist.hoc")  // declare list iterators
print "Loading decvec"

{ MSONUM=100 MSOSIZ=100 msomax=0 msoptr=0 objref mso[MSONUM] }
double x[4],y[4]
xx=0 // declare a scalar 
ind = new Vector(100)
vec = new Vector(100)
vec0 = new Vector()
vec1 = new Vector()
vrtmp = new Vector()
veclist = new List()
rdm = new Random()

if (! xwindows) {
  objref graphItem
  strdef temp_string_, temp_string2_
}
strdef xtmp
if (wopen("xtmp")) xtmp = "xtmp" else xtmp="/tmp/xtmp"  // scratch file to save system output to

//* stuff that doesn't belong here
objref dir
dir = new List()
//** dired(list,file) - put together list of files matching 'file', calls 'ls -1 file'
//   dired(list,file,1) file name to read for list of files
proc dired () {
  if (numarg()==0) { print "dired(list,filename) adds the filename to list (use wildcards)"
    return }
  if (numarg()==3) { 
    tmpfile.ropen($s2)
  } else {
    sprint(temp_string_,"ls -1R %s > %s",$s2,xtmp) // list in order of creation time
    system(temp_string_)
    tmpfile.ropen(xtmp)
  }
  while (tmpfile.scanstr(temp_string_) != -1) {
    tmpobj=new String()
    tmpobj.s=temp_string_
    $o1.append(tmpobj)
    tmpfile.gets(temp_string_)  // get rid of the rest of the line
  }
}

//** lbrw(list,name,action) is used to put up a browser
// note action given without '()'
proc lbrw () {
  $o1.browser($s2,"s")
  sprint($s2,"%s()",$s2)
  $o1.accept_action($s2)
}

//* vector iterator vtr
// usage 'for vtr(&x, vec) { print x }'
iterator vtr() { local i
  if (numarg()==3) {$&3=0} else {i1 = 0}
  for i = 0, $o2.size() - 1 {
    $&1 = $o2.x[i]
    iterator_statement
    if (numarg()==3) { $&3+=1 } else { i1+=1 }
  }
}

//* vector iterator vtr2, treat two vectors as pairs
// usage 'for vtr2(&x, &y, vec1, vec2) { print x,y }'
iterator vtr2() { local i
  if ($o3.size != $o4.size) { print "vtr2 ERROR: sizes differ." return }
  if (numarg()==5) {$&5=0} else {i1 = 0}
  for i = 0, $o3.size() - 1 {
    $&1 = $o3.x[i]
    $&2 = $o4.x[i]
    iterator_statement
    if (numarg()==5) { $&5+=1 } else { i1+=1 }
  }
}

//* iterator lvtr, step through a list and a vector together
// usage 'for lvtr(XO, &x, list, vec) { print XO,x }'
iterator lvtr() { local i
  if ($o3.count <  $o4.size) { print "lvtr ERROR: vecsize>listsize." return }
  if ($o3.count != $o4.size) { print "lvtr WARNING: sizes differ." }
  if (numarg()==5) {$&5=0} else {i1 = 0}
  for i = 0, $o4.size()-1 {
    $o1 = $o3.object(i)
    $&2 = $o4.x[i]
    iterator_statement
    if (numarg()==5) { $&5+=1 } else { i1+=1 }
  }
}

//* other iterators: case, scase, ocase
iterator case() { local i
  i1 = 0
  for i = 2, numarg() {
    $&1 = $i
    iterator_statement
    i1+=1
  }
}

iterator scase() { local i
  i1 = 0
  for i = 1, numarg() {
    temp_string_ = $si
    iterator_statement
    i1+=1
  }
}

// eg for scase2("a","b","c","d","e","f") print temp_string_,temp_string2_
iterator scase2() { local i
  i1 = 0
  if (numarg()%2==1) {print "ERROR: scase2 needs even number of args" return }
  for i = 1, numarg() {
    tmpobj=new String2()
    tmpobj.s=$si i+=1  tmpobj.t=$si
    iterator_statement
    i1+=1
  }
}

iterator ocase() { local i
  i1 = 0
  for i = 1, numarg() {
    XO = $oi
    iterator_statement
  }
  i1+=1
}

//* nind(targ,data,ind) fill the target vector with data NOT index by ind (opposite of v.index)
proc nind () { 
  if (! eqobj($o1,$o2)) $o1.copy($o2)
  $o1.indset($o3,-1e20)
  $o1.where($o1,">",-1e20)
}

//* vlk(vec)
// vlk(vec,max)
// vlk(vec,min,max)
// prints out a segment of a vector
vlk_width=20
proc vlk () { local i,j,min,max,dual,wdh,nonl
  j=dual=0 nl=1 wdh=vlk_width
  if (numarg()==1) { min=0 max=$o1.size-1 }
  if (numarg()==2) if ($2==0) { nl=min=0 max=$o1.size-1 // vlk(vec,0) flag to suppress new lines
      } else if ($2>0) { min=0 max=$2-1 } else { min=$o1.size+$2 max=$o1.size-1 }
  if (numarg()==3) if ($3>-1) { min=$2 max=$3 } else { min=0 max=$o1.size-1 dual=1 }
  if (numarg()==4) { min=$3 max=$4 dual=1 }
  if (min<0) min=0
  if (max>$o1.size-1) max=$o1.size-1
  if (dual) if (max>$o2.size-1) max=$o2.size-1
  for i=min,max { 
    if (dual) printf("%g:%g ",$o1.x[i],$o2.x[i]) else printf("%g ",$o1.x[i]) 
    if ((j=j+1)%vlk_width==0 && nl) { print "" }
  }
  if (nl) print ""
}

//* vprf() prints 1,2 or 3 vectors in parallel to output file
proc vprf () { local x2
  if (! tmpfile.isopen()) {
    print "Writing to temp file 'temp'"
    tmpfile.wopen("temp")
  }
  if (numarg()==1) { 
    for vtr(&x,$o1) { tmpfile.printf("%g\n",x) }
  } else if (numarg()==2) { 
    for vtr2(&x,&y,$o1,$o2) { tmpfile.printf("%g %g\n",x,y) }
  } else if (numarg()==3) { 
    for vtr2(&x,&y,$o1,$o2,&ii) { x2=$o3.x[ii] tmpfile.printf("%g %g %g\n",x,y,x2) }
  }
  tmpfile.close
}

//* vpr() prints 1,2 or 3 vectors in parallel to STDOUT
proc vpr () { local x2
  if (numarg()==1) { 
    for vtr(&x,$o1) { printf("%g ",x) }
  } else if (numarg()==2) { 
    for vtr2(&x,&y,$o1,$o2) { printf("%g:%g ",x,y) }
  } else if (numarg()==3) { 
    for vtr2(&x,&y,$o1,$o2,&ii) { x2=$o3.x[ii] printf("%g:%g:%g ",x,y,x2) }
  }
  print ""
}

//* readvec(vec) read from line
proc readvec () { 
  $o1.resize(0)
  while (read(xx)) $o1.append(xx)
  vlk($o1)
}
  
//* popvec(), savenums, readnums, vecsprint, savevec
proc pushvec () { local i // same as .append, retained for compatability
  for i=2, numarg() $o1.append($i)
}

proc revec () { local i // clear vector then append
  $o1.resize(0)
  for i=2, numarg() $o1.append($i)
}

// savenums(x[,y,...]) save numbers to tmpfile via a vector
proc savenums () { local vv,i
  vv=allocvecs(1)
  for i=1, numarg() mso[vv].append($i)
  mso[vv].vwrite(tmpfile)
  dealloc(vv)
}

// readnums(&x[,&y...]) recover nums from tmpfile via a vector
proc readnums () { local vv,i
  vv=allocvecs(1)
  mso[vv].vread(tmpfile)
  if (numarg()!=mso[vv].size) { print "Error: size in readnums" return }
  for i=1,numarg() $&i = mso[vv].x[i-1]
  dealloc(vv)
}

//* remove last entry
func popvec () { local sz, ret
  sz = $o1.size-1
  ret = $o1.x[sz]
  $o1.resize[sz]
  return ret
}

//* chkvec (look at last entry)
func chkvec () { if ($o1.size>0) return $o1.x[$o1.size-1] else return -1e10 }

// vecsprint(strdef,vec)
proc vecsprint () { local ii
  if ($o2.size>100) { return }
  for ii=0,$o2.size-1 { sprint($s1,"%s %g ",$s1,$o2.x[ii]) }
}

// savevec([list,]vec1[,vec2,...]) add vector onto veclist or other list if given as 1st arg
proc savevec () { local i,flag,beg
  if (isobj($o1,"List")) beg=2 else beg=1
  for i=beg, numarg() { 
    tmpvec = new Vector($oi.size)
    tmpvec.copy($oi)
    if (beg==2) $o1.append(tmpvec) else veclist.append(tmpvec)
    tmpvec = nil
  }
}

// tvecl() -- transpose veclist
proc tvecl () { local cnt,sz,err,ii,p
  err = 0
  cnt = veclist.count
  sz = veclist.object(0).size
  for ltr(XO,veclist) if (XO.size!=sz) err=i1
  if (err) { print "Wrong size vector is #",i1 return }
  p = allocvecs(1,cnt)  mso[p].resize(cnt)
  for ii=0,sz-1 {
    for jj=0,cnt-1 {
      XO=veclist.object(jj)
      mso[p].x[jj] = XO.x[ii]
    }
    savevec(mso[p])
  }
  for (jj=cnt-1;jj>=0;jj-=1) veclist.remove(jj)
}  
  

//* vinsect(v1,v2,v3) -- v1 gets intersection (common members) of v2,v3
//  replaced by v.insct() in vecst.mod
proc vinsect () {
  $o1.resize(0)
  for vtr(&x,$o2) for vtr(&y,$o3) if (x==y) $o1.append(x)
}

//* vecsplit(vec,vec1,vec2[,vec3,...])
// splits vec into other vecs given
proc vecsplit () { local num,ii,i
  num = numarg()-1 // how many
  for i=2,numarg() $oi.resize(0)
  for (ii=0;ii<$o1.size;ii+=num) {
    for i=2,numarg() if (ii+i-2<$o1.size) $oi.append($o1.x[ii+i-2])
  }
}

//* vecsort(vec,vec1,vec2[,vec3,...])
// sorts n vecs including first vec by first one
proc vecsort () { local i,inv,scr,narg
  narg=numarg()
  if (narg<2 || narg>10) {print "Wrong #args in decvec.hoc:vecsort" return}
  scr=inv=allocvecs(2) scr+=1
  $o1.sortindex(mso[inv])
  mso[scr].resize(mso[inv].size)
  sprint(temp_string_,"%s.fewind(%s,%s,%s",mso[scr],mso[inv],$o1,$o2)
  for i=3,narg sprint(temp_string_,"%s,%s",temp_string_,$oi)
  sprint(temp_string_,"%s)",temp_string_)
  execute(temp_string_)
  dealloc(inv)
}

//* vdelind()  -- delete a single index
proc vdelind () { local i,iin
  iin = $2
  if (iin<0) iin=$o1.size+iin
  if (iin>$o1.size-1 || iin<0) {
    printf("vdelind Error: index %d doesn't exist.\n",iin) return }
  if (iin<$o1.size-1) $o1.copy($o1,iin,iin+1,$o1.size-1)
  $o1.resize($o1.size-1)
}

//* mkveclist(num[,sz]) recreate veclist to have NUM vecs each of size SZ (or MSOSIZ)
proc mkveclist () { local ii,num,sz,diff
  num=$1 
  diff = num-veclist.count
  if (numarg()==2) { sz=$2 } else { sz = MSOSIZ }
  if (diff>0) {
    for ii=0,diff-1 {
    tmpvec = new Vector(sz)
    veclist.append(tmpvec)
    }
  } else if (diff<0) {
    for (ii=veclist.count-1;ii>=num;ii=ii-1) { veclist.remove(ii) }
  }
  for ltr(XO,veclist) { XO.resize(sz) }
}

//* allocvecs
// create temp set of vectors on mso
// returns starting point on mso 
// eg p = allocvecs(3)
// access these vectors by mso[p+0] ... [p+2]
func allocvecs () { local ii, llen, sz, newv
  if (numarg()==0) { print "p=allocvecs(#), access with mso[p], mso[p+1]..." return 0}
  newv = $1
  if (numarg()==2) { sz=$2 } else { sz=MSOSIZ }
  llen = msoptr
  for ii=msomax,msoptr+newv-1 { // may need new vectors
    if (ii>=MSONUM) { print "alloc ERROR: MSONUM exceeded." return 0 }
    mso[ii] = new Vector(sz)
  }
  for ii=0,newv-1 {
    mso[msoptr].resize(0)
    msoptr = msoptr+1
  }
  if (msomax<msoptr) msomax = msoptr
  return llen
}

//** dealloc(start)
// remove temp set of vectors from mso
proc dealloc () { local ii,min
  if (numarg()==0) { min = 0 } else { min = $1 }
  msomax = msoptr
  msoptr = min
}

//* vecconcat(vec1,vec2,...)
// destructive: concatenates all vecs onto vec1
proc vecconcat () { local i
  if (numarg()<2) { print "vecconcat(v1,v2,...) puts all into v1" return }
  for i=2,numarg() {
    $o1.copy($oi,$o1.size)
  }
}
  
//** vecelim(v1,v2)  eliminates items in v1 given by index vec v2
proc vecelim () {
  for vtr(&x,$o2) { $o1.x[x]= -1e20 }
  $o1.where($o1,"!=",-1e20)
}

//** veceq()  like vec.eq but don't have to be same size and shows discrepency
func veceq () { local sz1,sz2,eq,beg,ii,jj,kk
  sz1=$o1.size sz2=$o2.size
  if (numarg()==3) beg=$3 else beg=0
  if (sz1!=sz2) printf("%s %d; %s %d\n",$o1,sz1,$o2,sz2)
  ii=0 jj=beg
  while (ii<sz1 && jj<sz2) {
    if ($o1.x[ii]!=$o2.x[jj]) { 
      eq=0
      printf("Differ at %d %d\n",ii,jj) 
      for kk=-10,10 if ((ii+kk)>=0 && (ii+kk)<sz1 && (jj+kk)>=0 && (jj+kk)<sz2) {
        printf("(%d)%g:(%d)%g ",(ii+kk),$o1.x[ii+kk],(jj+kk),$o2.x[jj+kk])  }
      print ""
      break 
    } else eq=1
    ii+=1 jj=ii+beg
  }
  return eq
}

//* isstring() determine if object $o1 is of type string, if so return the string in $s2
func isstring () {
  sprint($s2,"%s",$o1)
  if (sfunc.substr($s2,"String")==0) {
    sprint($s2,"%s",$o1.s)
    return 1
  } else {
    sprint($s2,"%s",$o1)
    return 0
  }
}

//** isassigned() checks whether an object is Null
func isassigned () {
  sprint(temp_string_,"%s",$o1)
  if (sfunc.substr(temp_string_,"NULLobject")==0) {
    return 0
  } else {
    return 1
  }
}

//** eqobj(o1,o2) checks whether 2 objects are the same
func eqobj () {	return object_id($o1) == object_id($o2) }

//** isobj(o1,s2) checks whether object $o1 is of type $s2
func isobj () {
  sprint(temp_string_,"%s",$o1)
  if (sfunc.substr(temp_string_,$s2)==0) {
    return 1
  } else {
    return 0
  }
}

// destructive of $s1
func str2num () { local ii
  sscanf($s1,"%d",&x)
  return x
}

// like perl chop -- removes the last character
proc chop () { sfunc.left($s1,sfunc.len($s1)-1) }

// newlst() puts a newline in the middle of a string
proc newlst () { local l
  if (numarg()>1) l=$2 else l=int(sfunc.len($s1)/2)
  temp_string_=$s1
  temp_string2_=$s1
  sfunc.left(temp_string_,l)
  sfunc.right(temp_string2_,l)
  sprint($s1,"%s\n%s",temp_string_,temp_string2_)
}

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