""" PYHOC Python module for using other Python modules via the hoc interpreter. You will need to begin with this: objref p p = new PythonObject() nrnpython("import pyhoc") Many of the usage examples expect an input consisting of one or two long vectors representing time series, here called A and B. The following code generates such vectors. Simply copy and paste this code into the NEURON interpreter, then copy and paste the example code for a given module, and the script should run. objref A, B, r1, r2 // Initialize variables r1 = r2 = new Random() // Create random variables r1.normal(0,1) r2.normal(0,1) // Set random variables to normal distribution A = new Vector(20000) // Initialize the first time series A.indgen(0.01) A.sin(5,0) A.addrand(r1) // Populate it B = new Vector(20000) // Initialize the second time series B.indgen(0.01) B.sin(5,15) B.addrand(r2) // Populate it Alternatively, if you're working in an intfcol-based environment, a more realistic pair of time series (i.e. actual LFP time series) can be obtained as follows: objref A, B A=nqLFP[0].v[0] B=nqLFP[0].v[1] Version: 2011apr28 """ # BSMART def bsmart(nqx1,nqx2,ntrls=1,npts=-1,p=12,fs=200,freq=100): # Set defaults for everything except the data x """ This is the wrapper for the BSMART code. Usage is similar to bsmart.py: grangernqs=pyhoc.bsmart(x1,x2,[ntrls,npts,p,fs,freq]); where x1 = vector representing first time series x2 = vector representing second time series ntrls = number of trials in the time series (best set to 1) npts = length of input (if set to -1, is calculated automatically) p = polynomial order for fitting (lower = smoother fit) fs = sampling rate for the time series (in Hz) freq = maximum frequency to be returned (usually fs/2) where grangernqs has the following fields: F -- vector of frequencies for each of the following pp1 -- power spectrum for first time series pp2 -- power spectrum for second time series cohe -- coherence between the two time series Fx2y -- causality from first to second time series Fy2x -- causality from second to first time series Fxy -- nondirectional causality Example usage from NEURON is as follows: objref output output=p.pyhoc.bsmart(A,B) output.gr("Fx2y","F") // Strong causality output.gr("Fy2x","F") // No causality Version: 2011apr21 """ ## Import packages from numpy import array, zeros, size # Shorten useful functions from bsmart import pwcausalr from neuron import h ## Initialize data vectors tmp1=array(nqx1) # Convert NQS table to Numpy arrays tmp2=array(nqx2) if npts==-1: npts=size(tmp1,0) # Reset npts if needed x=array(zeros((2,npts))) # Store both time series in one matrix x[0,]=tmp1 x[1,]=tmp2 ## Do the analysis F,pp,cohe,Fx2y,Fy2x,Fxy=pwcausalr(x,int(ntrls),int(npts),int(p),fs,int(freq)); # Do the analysis ## Initialize hoc objects h('objref grangernqs') # Initialize NQS object h('objref F, pp1, pp2, cohe, Fx2y, Fy2x, Fxy, tmp') # Initialize vectors h('F =new Vector()') h('pp1 =new Vector()') h('pp2 =new Vector()') h('cohe=new Vector()') h('Fx2y=new Vector()') h('Fy2x=new Vector()') h('Fxy=new Vector()') ## Convert from Python to hoc h.tmp=F ; h('F=F.from_python(tmp)') h.tmp=pp[0,:] ; h('pp1=pp1.from_python(tmp)') h.tmp=pp[1,:] ; h('pp2=pp2.from_python(tmp)') h.tmp=cohe[0,:]; h('cohe=cohe.from_python(tmp)') h.tmp=Fx2y[0,:]; h('Fx2y=Fx2y.from_python(tmp)') h.tmp=Fy2x[0,:]; h('Fy2x=Fy2x.from_python(tmp)') h.tmp=Fxy[0,:] ; h('Fxy=Fxy.from_python(tmp)') ## Convert from hoc to Python h('grangernqs=new NQS("F","pp1","pp2","cohe","Fx2y","Fy2x","Fxy")') h('grangernqs.setcol("F",F)') # Save the data to the NQS table h('grangernqs.setcol("pp1",pp1)') h('grangernqs.setcol("pp2",pp2)') h('grangernqs.setcol("cohe",cohe)') h('grangernqs.setcol("Fx2y",Fx2y)') h('grangernqs.setcol("Fy2x",Fy2x)') h('grangernqs.setcol("Fxy",Fxy)') grangernqs=h.grangernqs return grangernqs # DOWNSAMPLE def downsample(olddata,oldrate=10000,newrate=200): # Too different from the original code to even call. """ This function downsamples a given vector or matrix. Usage: newdata=pyhoc.downsample(olddata,origrate,newrate) where: newdata = downsampled data olddata = data at original sampling rate origrate = original sampling rate (default 10 kHz) newrate = desired sampling rate (default 200 Hz) If olddata has multiple columns, these are assumed to be different time series. Thus, an original matrix of N rows by M columns will be downsampled to a matrix of N' rows and M columns, where N' = N*origrate/newrate. Example usage from NEURON is as follows: objref output1, output2 output1=p.pyhoc.downsample(A) // output2=p.pyhoc.downsample(A,10000,1000) A.size() // = 20000 -- original vector size output1.size() // = 400 -- downsampled by a factor of 50 output2.size() // = 2000 -- downsampled by a factor of 10 Version: 2011apr28 """ ## Load packages from scipy import array, shape, size, reshape, zeros from neuron import h ## Convert data ratio=oldrate/float(newrate) # Calculate ratio of sampling rates olddata=array(olddata) # Make sure it's an array if olddata.ndim==1: olddata=reshape(olddata,(size(olddata,0),1)) # Turn vector into an array rows,cols=shape(olddata) # Find out how many rows and columns there are newrows=int(rows/ratio); # Calculate how many rows the new file will have ## Perform downsampling newdata=zeros((newrows,cols)); # Initialize new array for i in range(cols): # Loop over time series for j in range(newrows): # Loop over new time points tstart=int(j*ratio) # This is the starting time of the average tfinish=int((j+1)*ratio) # This is the finishing time of the average newdata[j,i]=olddata[tstart:tfinish,i].mean(); # Calculate mean across the original time points ## Convert from PythonObjet to hoc array h('objref tmpinput, tmpoutput') h('tmpoutput = new Vector()') h.tmpinput=newdata h('tmpoutput=tmpoutput.from_python(tmpinput)') output=h.tmpoutput return output # SPKLFP def spklfp(): """ This function takes the data structures generated by an intfcol-based simulation and uses them to plot every quantity of general interest: a spike raster, per-cell firing rate histogram, population firing rates, raw LFP time series, and LFP spectra. Usage is as follows: p.pyhoc.spklfp() It requires the following to run: - Matplotlib 1.0.1 or later - NQS table storing LFPs called "nqLFP" - NQS table storing spikes called "snq" Version: 2011apr28 """ print 'Converting data...' flattendata() # Convert data import spklfp # Run code return 0 # SPECTROGRAM def spectrogram(ts,fs=200,window=2,maxfreq=50,tsmooth=2,fsmooth=2): """ This function takes a given time series and turns it into a spectrogram (i.e. a 3-D plot where one axis is time, one is frequency, and one is amplitude). Usage: pyhoc.spectrogram(ts,[fs,window,maxfreq,tsmooth,fsmooth]) where: ts = time series to be spectrogrammed fs = sampling rate (in Hz) window = length of window for computing spectra (in s) maxfreq = maximum frequency to plot (in Hz) tsmooth = amount of smoothing to do along time axis fsmooth = amount of smoothing to do along frequency axis Example usage from NEURON is as follows: p.pyhoc.spectrogram(A) Version: 2011apr28 """ from spectrogram import plotspectrogram from pylab import array ts=array(ts) plotspectrogram(ts,fs,window,maxfreq,int(tsmooth),int(fsmooth)) return 0 # VIEWLFPS def viewlfps(ncols=1,trimdata=1,fs=200,tmax=0,fmax=50,fftsmooth=50,mtpar=4,order=12): """ This function provides an interative way of visualizing LFPs for a particular simulation -- it allows you to visualize LFP time series or spectra, the latter calculated in one of three ways (plain FFT, multitaper spectrum, or auto- regressive fitting via BSMART). The non-hoc version allows for the comparison of multiple columns and multiple simulations; however, due to the limitations of the hoc interpreter, only one simulation can be viewed at a time in this version. The simulation must have been run in such a way as to generate "nqLFP" (i.e. it must be an intfcol-based simulation) , which is then read in by this script. Usage: pyhoc.viewlfps([ncols,trimdata,fs,tmax,fmax,fftsmooth,mtpar,order]) where: ncols = number of columns; M = ncols * number of layers (default 1) trimdata = number of seconds' worth of data to trim off each end of the LFP (default 1) fs = data sampling rate (default 200 Hz) tmax = maximum time to display; set to 0 for all (default 0) fmax = maximum frequency to display; set to 0 for all (default 50) fftsmooth = the amount of smoothing to do on the FFT (default 50) mtpar = the window size for the multitaper method (default 4) order = polynomial order for BSMART (default 12) Example usage from NEURON is as follows: p.pyhoc.viewlfps() Requires: - NQS table storing LFPs called "nqLFP" Version: 2011apr28 """ from pylab import loadtxt, shape from viewlfps import plotlfps ## Define options fs=200.0 # Sampling rate in Hz tmax=0 # Maximum time in s fmax=50 # Maximum frequency in Hz fftsmooth=50 # How much to smooth the raw FFT -- 50-100 is good mtpar=3.5 # The parameter for the multitaper method -- 2-4 is good order=10 # The polynomial order for BSMART -- 10-30 is good ## Convert data print 'Converting data...' flattendata() # Convert data ## Import data print 'Importing data...' filenames=['/tmp/pyhoc-lfp.txt'] # Originally /home/cliffk/bill/ckintf/data/1102/juemo/lfp; alternative '/home/cliffk/bill/ckintf/data/1104/07-chrislfp1.txt' killdata=trimdata*fs # How much data to cut off each end alldata=[] alldata.append(loadtxt(filenames[0])) npts=shape(alldata[0])[0] if npts<=killdata*3: # If killdata is too big for the length of the data, make it smaller print 'Warning: trimming data would have result in nothing left!' killdata=int(npts/3.) alldata[0]=alldata[0][killdata:-killdata-1,:] # Remove bad data ## Plot LFPs plotlfps(alldata,ncols,fs,tmax,fmax,int(fftsmooth),mtpar,int(order)) print '...done.' return 0 # FLATTENDATA def flattendata(): """ This function is a hoc script to convert NQS tables generated by an intfcol-based simulation to a form readable by Python. Not to be used directly by the user. Based on $ckintf/batch.hoc. Version: 2011apr28 """ from neuron import h from subprocess import call h('oldhz=nqLFP.cob.v.size/tstop*1000 // Original sampling rate; *1000 because tstop is in ms') h('newhz=200 // The new frequency to sample at, in Hz') h('ratio=oldhz/newhz // Calculate the ratio betwen the old and new sampling rates') h('npts=tstop/1000*newhz // Number of points in the resampled time seris') h('nlayers=nqLFP.m // Number of layers (usually 5 -- 2/3, 4, 5, 6, all)') h('objref tempvec // Temporary place to store NQS column as a vector') h('objref tempstr // Name of the NQS column being selected') h('objref storelfp // Create matrix to store results in') h('storelfp = new Matrix(npts, nlayers*numcols) // Combine layers/columns into one dimension') h('count=-1 // Set column of storelfp to zero') h('for i=0,numcols-1 { for j=0,nlayers-1 { count+=1 tempstr=nqLFP[i].s[j] tempvec=nqLFP[i].getcol(tempstr.s) for k=0,npts-1 {storelfp.x[k][count]=tempvec.mean(k*ratio,(k+1)*ratio-1)}}}') h('objref fobj') h('fobj = new File("/tmp/pyhoc-lfp.txt")') h('fobj.wopen()') h('storelfp.fprint(fobj,"%10.1f") // Its usually in the thousands so one d.p. should do') h('fobj.close()') h('skipsnq=0 // flag to create NQS with spike times, one per column') h('initAllMyNQs() // setup of NQS objects with spike/other information') h('objref storespikes, tmpt, tmpid, tmptype, tmpcol // Initialize vectors and matrices -- the tmp vectors are for storing parts of the NQS arrays') h('totalnumberofspikes=0 // Calculate the total number of spikes generated across all columns') h('for i=0,numcols-1 totalnumberofspikes+=snq[i].cob.v.size') h('storespikes = new Matrix(totalnumberofspikes, 4) // Four columns: spike time, cell ID, cell type, and spike time') h('count=-1 // Initialize row count') h('for i=0,numcols-1 { tmpt=snq[i].getcol("t") tmpid=snq[i].getcol("id") tmptype=snq[i].getcol("type") tmpcol=snq[i].getcol("col") for j=0,snq[i].cob.v.size-1 { count+=1 storespikes.x[count][0]=tmpt.x[j] storespikes.x[count][1]=tmpid.x[j] storespikes.x[count][2]=tmptype.x[j] storespikes.x[count][3]=tmpcol.x[j]}}') h('objref fobj2') h('fobj2 = new File("/tmp/pyhoc-spk.txt")') h('fobj2.wopen()') h('storespikes.fprint(fobj2,"%6.0f") // All quantities are integers, so this should be fine') h('fobj2.close()') call(['sed','-i','1d','/tmp/pyhoc-spk.txt']) call(['sed','-i','1d','/tmp/pyhoc-lfp.txt'])