Retina bipolar GLU cell

- - - RET - INT - bipolar - - glu
Properties are:  Present   Absent 
Input Receptors
Intrinsic Currents
Output Transmitters
Distal equivalent dendrite
horizontal cell? Gaba
The pharmacologically isolated, GABAergic synaptic currents in bipolar cells were long-lasting (compared with those in in ganglion cells, which are relatively brief). The GABAA receptor component of the bipolar cell response was relatively brief compared with the GABAC receptor component (Lukasiewicz PD and Shields CR, 19986 ). In retinal bipolar cells of bullfrog, both axon terminals and dendrites showed high GABA sensitivity mediated by both GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors. GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors may play different roles in the outer and inner retina and the differential complements of the two receptors on OFF and ON BCs may be closely related to physiological functions of these cells (Du JL and Yang XL, 20004 ). GABA(A) receptors mediate GABAergic inhibition on bipolar cell dendrites in the OPL, that GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors mediate inhibition on axon terminals in the IPL, and that the GABA(C):GABA(A) on the terminals may tune the response characteristics of the bipolar cell (Shields CR et al, 20005 ).
From photoreceptor Glutamate
The balance between synaptic (glutamatergic) and non-synaptic conductance indicates that the synapse will not shunt the cell and the conductance ratio serves to maximize incremental gain at the photoreceptor to ON bipolar synapse.(Tian N and Slaughter MM, 19957 ). Three types of glutamate receptors for 1) cone-activated receptors of HCs; 2) cone-activated receptors of OFF-BPs; and 3) rod-activated receptors found in HCs and BPs (Kim HG and Miller RF, 19938 ). Response to glutamate in isolated bipolar cells(Attwell D et al, 19879 ).
Middle equivalent dendrite
Proximal equivalent dendrite
Soma
Glycine
Response of isolated bipolar cells to glycine (Attwell D et al, 19879 ).
Gaba
GABA and glycine conductances of isolated bipolar cells (Attwell D et al, 19879 ).
NMDA
In Salamander (Matsui K et al, 199815 ).
I L high threshold
(Straiker A et al, 199918 ).
I Calcium
Voltage-dependent Ca currents are seen in isolated bipolar cells (Lasater EM, 198826 ). In gold fish retinal bipolar cells, four currents are observed: Ca currents, voltage- and calcium-dependent K currents, and Ih current (Kaneko A and Tachibana M, 198527 ). In mouse retinal bipolar cells, T-type Ca currents were recorded in soma, while L-type currents were recorded from axonal terminal (Satoh H et al, 199819 ).
I Potassium
A slowly activating, outward rectifying potassium current is present in subpopulation of isolated bipolar cells (Lasater EM, 198826 ). In gold fish retinal bipolar cells, four currents are observed: Ca currents, voltage- and calcium-dependent K currents, and Ih current (Kaneko A and Tachibana M, 198527 ).
I K,Ca
Ca-dependent potassium currents are seen in dissociated cells (Lasater EM, 198826 ). In gold fish retinal bipolar cells, four currents are observed: Ca currents, voltage- and calcium-dependent K currents, and Ih current (Kaneko A and Tachibana M, 198527 ).
I h
In gold fish retinal bipolar cells, four currents are observed: Ca currents, voltage- and calcium-dependent K currents, and Ih current (Kaneko A and Tachibana M, 198527 ).
Axon hillock
Axon fiber
Axon terminal
Gaba
GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptor-mediated currents were observed in the isolated terminal (Pan ZH, 20011 ). Isolated rod-dominant on-center bipolar cells respond to GABA, the highest sensitivity of which being located at the axon terminal (Tachibana M and Kaneko A, 19872 ). Zn2+ modulates the inhibitory interaction between amacrine and bipolar cells, particularly that mediated by the GABA(C) receptor(Kaneda M et al, 20003 ). In retinal bipolar cells of bullfrog, both axon terminals and dendrites showed high GABA sensitivity mediated by both GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors. GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors may play different roles in the outer and inner retina and the differential complements of the two receptors on OFF and ON BCs may be closely related to physiological functions of these cells (Du JL and Yang XL, 20004 ). GABA(A) receptors mediate GABAergic inhibition on bipolar cell dendrites in the OPL, that GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors mediate inhibition on axon terminals in the IPL, and that the GABA(C):GABA(A) on the terminals may tune the response characteristics of the bipolar cell (Shields CR et al, 20005 ).
presynaptic receptors mGluR
Group III mGluRs mediate a direct suppression of bipolar cell transmitter release, through a mechanism of presynaptic autoreceptors (Awatramani GB and Slaughter MM, 200110 ).
amacrine Glycine
Depolarization induced transient outward currents that resembled IPSCs and were blocked by GABA and glycine receptor antagonists, suggesting that they arise from activation of amacrine feedback synapses (Protti DA and Llano I, 199811 ). The OFF cone bipolar cells seem dominated by glycinergic input and the ON cone bipolar and rod bipolar cells by GABAergic input (Grünert U, 200012 ).
amacrine Gaba
The rod-dominant ON-type bipolar cells and some bipolar cells with a small axon terminal receive negative feedback inputs from GABAergic amacrine cells (Tachibana M and Kaneko A, 198813 ). Depolarization induced transient outward currents that resembled IPSCs and were blocked by GABA and glycine receptor antagonists, suggesting that they arise from activation of amacrine feedback synapses (Protti DA and Llano I, 199811 ). The OFF cone bipolar cells seem dominated by glycinergic input and the ON cone bipolar and rod bipolar cells by GABAergic input (Grünert U, 200012 ). The responses of most retinal ganglion cells are transient because bipolar-to-ganglion cell transmission is truncated after 150 msec by a feedback inhibition to bipolar cell terminals from GABAergic amacrine cells; the feedback inhibition itself must be delayed by approximately 150 msec to allow the initial bipolar-ganglion cell transmission. One source of the delay appears to be glycinergic amacrine cells to GABAergic amacrine cells to bipolar cell terminals. Results suggest that, after a light flash, a population of glycinergic amacrine cells responds first, inhibiting a population of GABAergic amacrine cells for approximately 150 msec. The GABAergic amacrine cells feed back to bipolar terminals, only after the 150 msec delay, thus allowing the bipolar terminals to excite ganglion cells for the first 150 msec. (Roska B et al, 199814 ).
I T low threshold
Low-voltage-activated (LVA) and high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents were observed in the isolated rod bipolar cell terminal recordings(Pan ZH, 20011 ). T-type calcium current recorded in bipolar cells in slice in mouse (de la Villa P et al, 199816 ). (Hartveit E, 199917 ).
I L high threshold
High-voltage-activated (HVA) and low-voltage-activated (LVA) Ca2+ currents were observed in the isolated rod bipolar cell terminal recordings(Pan ZH, 20011 ). Whole-cell patch-clamp recording of ICa from presynaptic boutons are comparable to that obtained from somatic recordings, but elevation of intracellular Ca is restricted to the presynaptic terminals, with no somatic or axonal changes observed (Protti DA and Llano I, 199811 ). L-type ICa was found only in cells that retained axon terminals ramifying in the inner plexiform layer(de la Villa P et al, 199816 ). (Hartveit E, 199917 ).
I Calcium
Activation of the Ca2+ current by depolarization as short as 15 ms in a single bipolar cell evokes the glutamatergic postsynaptic currents, of both both NMDA and non-NMDA types, in the Ganglion cells (Matsui K et al, 199815 ). In mouse retinal bipolar cells, T-type Ca currents were recorded in soma, while L-type currents were recorded from axonal terminal (Satoh H et al, 199819 ).
I K,Ca
Ca2+ -activated K+ current at presynaptic terminals of goldfish retinal bipolar cells (Sakaba T et al, 199720 ).
I Cl,Ca
Ca -dependent Chloride current at the presynaptic terminals of goldfish retinal bipolar cells (Okada T et al, 199521 ).
I CNG
(Shiells RA and Falk G, 199022 ). (Nawy S and Jahr CE, 199023 ). (Nawy S and Jahr CE, 199124 ). (Shiells RA and Falk G, 199225 ).
Glutamate activate both NMDA and nonNMDA receptors of ganglion cells
Activation of the Ca2+ current by depolarization as short as 15 ms in a single bipolar cell evokes the glutamatergic postsynaptic currents, of both both NMDA and non-NMDA types, in the Ganglion cells (Matsui K et al, 199815 ). (Hartveit E, 199917 ).
Classical References: first publications on each compartmental property; search PubMed for complete list
1.  Pan ZH. (2001) Voltage-activated Ca2+ channels and ionotropic GABA receptors localized at axon terminals of mammalian retinal bipolar cells. Vis Neurosci 18:279-88.
2.  Tachibana M and Kaneko A. (1987) gamma-Aminobutyric acid exerts a local inhibitory action on the axon terminal of bipolar cells: evidence for negative feedback from amacrine cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:3501-5.
3.  Kaneda M, Andrásfalvy B and Kaneko A. (2000) Modulation by Zn2+ of GABA responses in bipolar cells of the mouse retina. Vis Neurosci 17:273-81.
4.  Du JL and Yang XL. (2000) Subcellular localization and complements of GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors on bullfrog retinal bipolar cells. J Neurophysiol 84:666-76 [Journal] .
5.  Shields CR, Tran MN, Wong RO and Lukasiewicz PD. (2000) Distinct ionotropic GABA receptors mediate presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition in retinal bipolar cells. J Neurosci 20:2673-82.
6.  Lukasiewicz PD and Shields CR. (1998) Different combinations of GABAA and GABAC receptors confer distinct temporal properties to retinal synaptic responses. J Neurophysiol 79:3157-67 [Journal] .
7.  Tian N and Slaughter MM. (1995) Functional properties of a metabotropic glutamate receptor at dendritic synapses of ON bipolar cells in the amphibian retina. Vis Neurosci 12:755-65.
8.  Kim HG and Miller RF. (1993) Properties of synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to bipolar cells in the mudpuppy retina. J Neurophysiol 69:352-60 [Journal] .
9.  Attwell D, Mobbs P, Tessier-Lavigne M and Wilson M. (1987) Neurotransmitter-induced currents in retinal bipolar cells of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. J Physiol 387:125-61.
10.  Awatramani GB and Slaughter MM. (2001) Intensity-dependent, rapid activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors at a central synapse. J Neurosci 21:741-9.
11.  Protti DA and Llano I. (1998) Calcium currents and calcium signaling in rod bipolar cells of rat retinal slices. J Neurosci 18:3715-24.
12.  Grünert U. (2000) Distribution of GABA and glycine receptors on bipolar and ganglion cells in the mammalian retina. Microsc Res Tech 50:130-40 [Journal] .
13.  Tachibana M and Kaneko A. (1988) Retinal bipolar cells receive negative feedback input from GABAergic amacrine cells. Vis Neurosci 1:297-305.
14.  Roska B, Nemeth E and Werblin FS. (1998) Response to change is facilitated by a three-neuron disinhibitory pathway in the tiger salamander retina. J Neurosci 18:3451-9.
15.  Matsui K, Hosoi N and Tachibana M. (1998) Excitatory synaptic transmission in the inner retina: paired recordings of bipolar cells and neurons of the ganglion cell layer. J Neurosci 18:4500-10.
16.  de la Villa P, Vaquero CF and Kaneko A. (1998) Two types of calcium currents of the mouse bipolar cells recorded in the retinal slice preparation. Eur J Neurosci 10:317-23.
17.  Hartveit E. (1999) Reciprocal synaptic interactions between rod bipolar cells and amacrine cells in the rat retina. J Neurophysiol 81:2923-36 [Journal] .
18.  Straiker A, Stella N, Piomelli D, Mackie K, Karten HJ and Maguire G. (1999) Cannabinoid CB1 receptors and ligands in vertebrate retina: localization and function of an endogenous signaling system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:14565-70.
19.  Satoh H, Aoki K, Watanabe SI and Kaneko A. (1998) L-type calcium channels in the axon terminal of mouse bipolar cells. Neuroreport 9:2161-5.
20.  Sakaba T, Ishikane H and Tachibana M. (1997) Ca2+ -activated K+ current at presynaptic terminals of goldfish retinal bipolar cells. Neurosci Res 27:219-28.
21.  Okada T, Horiguchi H and Tachibana M. (1995) Ca(2+)-dependent Cl- current at the presynaptic terminals of goldfish retinal bipolar cells. Neurosci Res 23:297-303.
22.  Shiells RA and Falk G. (1990) Glutamate receptors of rod bipolar cells are linked to a cyclic GMP cascade via a G-protein. Proc Biol Sci 242:91-4 [Journal] .
23.  Nawy S and Jahr CE. (1990) Suppression by glutamate of cGMP-activated conductance in retinal bipolar cells. Nature 346:269-71 [Journal] .
24.  Nawy S and Jahr CE. (1991) cGMP-gated conductance in retinal bipolar cells is suppressed by the photoreceptor transmitter. Neuron 7:677-83.
25.  Shiells RA and Falk G. (1992) Properties of the cGMP-activated channel of retinal on-bipolar cells. Proc Biol Sci 247:21-5 [Journal] .
26.  Lasater EM. (1988) Membrane currents of retinal bipolar cells in culture. J Neurophysiol 60:1460-80 [Journal] .
27.  Kaneko A and Tachibana M. (1985) A voltage-clamp analysis of membrane currents in solitary bipolar cells dissociated from Carassius auratus. J Physiol 358:131-52.